柑橘炭疽病高效杀菌剂的筛选及抗药性菌株的发现

采用生长速率法,用50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂(WP)、80%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂(WP)、10%苯醚甲环唑水分散剂(WG)、45%咪鲜胺水乳剂(EW)和25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂(FW)5种杀菌剂对来自广东不同地区和不同柑橘品种的10个柑橘炭疽病菌菌株进行了毒力测定.结果表明,咪鲜胺对柑橘炭疽病菌具有最好的抑制效果,其次是苯醚甲环唑;所有供试菌株对嘧菌酯和代森锰锌都具有一定程度的抗药性;不同地区的菌株对多菌灵的敏感性存在明显的差异,其中菌株CCMZ035、CCMZ004、CCST003和CCST026对多菌灵表现出很强的耐药性(抗药性).因此,咪鲜胺和苯醚甲环唑可作为防治柑橘炭疽病的首选药剂.     

四种不同植物病原真菌与多菌灵抗药性相关基因突变的比较

克隆了小麦赤霉病菌（Fusarium graminearum）、油菜菌核病菌（Scherotinia sclerotiorum）、辣椒炭疽病菌（Cal-letotrichum gloeosporiodies）和番茄灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）4种病原菌的9个菌株的β－微管蛋白基因、进而与典型模式菌粗糙麦孢霉（Neurospora crassa）进行序列比较，结果表明，4种病原真菌β－微管蛋白序列与粗糙表孢霉具高度同源性；油菜菌核病菌、辣椒炭疽病菌和番茄灰霉病菌的β－微管蛋白198位氨基酸由Glu突变为Ala，是导致上述病原菌产生对多菌灵（MBC）抗药性的主要原因；突变位点和突变类型与其他抗多菌灵真菌一致，且与乙霉威（NPC）之间存在明显负交互抗性。但小麦赤霉病MBC^S和MBC^R菌株的β－微管蛋白序列完全一样，且与NPC之间不存在负交互抗性，有关小麦赤霉病菌产生抗药性的机制有待于进一步的研究。     

我国草莓胶孢炭疽菌的多基因联合鉴定与致病性分析

为科学防控草莓炭疽根腐病,本研究在调查全国12个草莓主产区的109株草莓根部腐烂样品的基础上,对导致草莓根部腐烂的病原菌进行菌落形态鉴定、分离纯化与分子鉴定、多基因序列(ITS-ACT-GAPDH-CAL-TUB2-CHS)联合鉴定以及致病性鉴定。结果表明:109株草莓根部腐烂样品中有27.5%的样品是由草莓炭疽根腐病病原菌胶孢炭疽菌复合种(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex)引起;胶孢炭疽菌复合种可分为3种生理小种,分别为暹罗炭疽菌(C.siamense)、隐秘炭疽菌(C.aenigma)与果生刺盘孢菌(C.fructicola);3种炭疽菌致病力由高到低依次为隐秘炭疽菌、果生刺盘孢菌和暹罗炭疽菌。其中隐秘炭疽菌发病较快,引起的病症较重。综上,本研究可为草莓炭疽根腐病病害防控提供有价值的信息。     

不同地理来源芦笋茎枯病菌对杀菌剂抗药性的差异

为明确不同省份芦笋茎枯病菌对内吸性和保护性杀菌剂抗药性的差异,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了6个省24个菌株对多菌灵和代森锰锌2种杀菌剂的抗药水平,并比较了其差异。结果表明:各省份菌株对2种杀菌剂的抗药性均存在明显差异,其中山东省菌株对多菌灵的抗药性最强,平均EC50值为1.10 mg/L,江西省和福建省菌株次之,平均EC50值分别为0.58 mg/L和0.33 mg/L;福建省菌株对代森锰锌的抗药性最强,平均EC50值为34.53 mg/L,河北省和山东省菌株次之,平均EC50值分别为15.88 mg/L和14.19 mg/L。多菌灵相对代森锰锌更易产生抗药性,其抗药菌株为7个,平均抗性水平为3.66,抗性频率为29.17%;而代森锰锌抗性菌株为4个,平均抗性水平为1.90,抗性频率为16.67%。24个菌株中,SD4对多菌灵和代森锰锌的抗药性均较强,抗性水平分别为10.44和3.01,表现出多抗性。     

Detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence-related genes in Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus parauberis isolated from clinical bovine mastitis cases in northwestern China

The objectives of this study were to investigate antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus parauberis isolated from cows with bovine clinical mastitis in China and to examine the distribution of resistance- and virulence-related gene patterns. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the E-test. Genes encoding antimicrobial resistance and invasiveness factors were examined by PCR. A total of 27 strains were obtained from 326 mastitis milk samples. Streptococcus parauberis isolates (n=11) showed high resistance to erythromycin (90.9%), followed by tetracycline (45.5%), chloramphenicol (36.4%) and clindamycin (27.3%). Streptococcus uberis isolates (n=16) were highly resistant to tetracycline (81.3%) and clindamycin (62.5%). Both species were susceptible to ampicillin. The most prevalent resistance gene in S. uberis was tetM (80.0%), followed by blaZ (62.5%) and ermB (62.5%). However, tetM, blaZ, and ermB genes were only found in 27.3, 45.5, and 27.3%, respectively, of S. parauberis. In addition, all of the isolates carried at least one selected virulence-related gene. The most prevalent virulence-associated gene pattern in the current study was sua+pauA/skc+gapC+hasC detected in 22.2% of the strains. One S. uberis strain carried 7 virulence-associated genes and belonged to the sua+pauA/skc+gapC+cfu+hasA+hasB+hasC pattern. More than 59.3% of analysed strains carried 4 to 7 virulence-related genes. Our findings demonstrated that S. parauberis and S. uberis isolated from clinical bovine mastitis cases in China exhibited diverse molecular ecology, and that the strains were highly resistant to antibiotics commonly used in the dairy cow industry. The data obtained in the current study contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of bacteria in mastitis caused by these pathogens, and the findings are relevant to the development of multivalent vaccines and targeted prevention procedures.     

草莓根颈腐烂病的病原鉴定

【目的】明确草莓根颈腐烂病的病原,为草莓根颈腐烂病的防治及抗病育种提供依据。【方法】对取自湖北省武汉市的发病草莓植株分别进行发病组织培养、分离纯化。采用牙签根颈接种方法进行致病性测定;观察病原微生物在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基（potato dextrose agar,PDA）上的菌落形态;从所分离到的菌株中选择PDA培养基平板上形态不同的Zhd-3、Zhd-4-1和Zhd-5进行后续试验和分析。测定各菌株在18℃黑暗条件下的菌丝生长速度,然后用方差分析程序（ANOVA）对不同菌株间的差异显著性进行分析;采用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对病原菌在草莓叶柄上产生的分生孢子形态进行分析。分别以Zhd-3、Zhd-4-1和Zhd-5的基因组DNA为模板对这3个菌株的部分肌动蛋白基因（Actin,ACT）、β-维管蛋白基因（β-Tubulin 2,TUB2）和钙调蛋白基因（Calmodulin, CAL）进行PCR扩增,并将PCR产物测序。将Zhd-3、Zhd-4-1和Zhd-5与胶孢炭疽复合种内全部23个种的代表性菌株一起进行系统进化分析。采用Mega4.1软件和邻接法进行基于病原菌ACT、TUB2和CAL序列的多基因位点系统进化分析。【结果】从武汉市郊发病草莓植株上共分离纯化到15个菌株,不同菌株在PDA培养基平板上的正面形态没有显著差异,但是背面形态却明显不同,根据各菌株的PDA平板背面形态将15个菌株分成3组,分别从每组中选择Zhd-3、Zhd-4-1和Zhd-5进行后续形态学鉴定和系统进化分析。3个菌株在采用牙签接种法接种草莓根颈时均能使草莓植株发病;使用这3个菌株接种草莓叶柄时均能在病斑处产生分生孢子,但分生孢子形态没有显著差异;20个分生孢子的平均大小为11 μm×3.8 μm;3个菌株在18℃黑暗条件下的菌丝生长速度分别为0.82、0.68和0.88 cm?d-1;这些生物学特征表明这些菌株属于胶孢炭疽复合种。通过基于ACT、TUB2和CAL的多基因系统进化分析结果表明菌株Zhd-3、Zhd-4-1和Zhd-5与已鉴定为Colletotrichum siamense的菌株ICMP12567、ICMP17795、ICMP18121、CBS113199和CBS112983归在1个分支,其自展支持率为84%,能够与胶孢炭疽复合种内的其他物种区分开。【结论】通过对草莓根颈腐烂病菌的生物学特性、柯赫氏法则证病过程及基于ACT、TUB2和CAL的多基因系统进化分析,明确了引起武汉地区草莓根颈腐烂病的病原为胶孢炭疽菌复合种内的C. siamense。     

TUB2基因鉴定及其在毛壳菌中的转化

TUB2基因为植物病原菌抗苯并咪唑类杀菌剂基因 .以pRB12 9质粒为模板对该基因进行PCR扩增 ,得到一条长约 1 4kb的DNA片段 ,经酶切鉴定证明该DNA片段是TUB2基因 .利用PEG方法 ,将含有TUB2基因的pRB12 9质粒转化于毛壳菌原生质体中 ,并在高于毛壳菌敏感的多菌灵浓度 (10 μg mL)下筛选转化子 ,此质粒转化率为 3 (2× 10 5) .使得对多菌灵非常敏感的毛壳菌能够在 30 0 μg mL多菌灵的培养基上正常生长 ,其抗药性提高了30 0倍以上 ,而且转化子稳定性试验表明 ,其抗药性在非选择性培养基上连续培养 10代保持不变 .     

Molecular epidemiology,characterization of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance profile of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from dairy farms in China and Pakistan

Streptococcus agalactiae is one of the most common pathogens that cause bovine mastitis worldwide. Identifying pathogen prevalence and virulence factors is critical for developing prevention and control approaches. Herein, 1 161 milk samples from various dairy farms in China (n=558) and Pakistan (n=603) were collected between 2019–2021 and were subjected to S. agalactiae isolation. Prevalence, serotyping, virulence genes, and antibiotic-resistant genes of S. agalactiae were evaluated by PCR assay. All isolates were characterized for haemolysis, biofilm production, cytotoxicity, adhesion, and invasion on bovine mammary epithelial cells. The prevalence of S. agalactiae-induced mastitis in cattle was found to be considerably higher in Pakistan than in China. Jiangsu and Sindh provinces had the highest area-wise prevalence in China and Pakistan, respectively. Serotypes Ia and II were prevalent in both countries, whereas serotype III was found only in Pakistan. Moreover, all isolates tested positive for PI-2b gene but negative for PI-1 and PI-2a genes. All isolates harboured cfb, cylE, hylB, and fbsB virulent genes, whereas many of them lacked bibA, rib and bca. However, the absence of bac and scp genes in Chinese isolates and cspA in Pakistani isolates was noted, while spb1 and lmb were not detected in isolates of both countries. Pakistani isolates, particularly serotype Ia-positive, had a considerably higher ability to produce biofilm, haemolysis, cytotoxicity, adhesion, and invasion than Chinese isolates. Most of the isolates were phenotypically resistant to tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin and genotypic resistance was confirmed by the presence of ermA, ermB, tetM and tetO genes. Our study highlights the antimicrobial resistance profile and virulence-related factors contributing to the epidemiological spread of mastitis-causing S. agalactiae in China and Pakistan. The findings may facilitate future studies designed to develop improved treatment and control strategies against this pathogen.     

核桃炭疽病病原鉴定及抑菌药剂筛选

为四川省雅安市石棉县核桃炭疽病病害防治提供依据,对该地区发病叶片、果实和枝干分别进行发病组织培养、分离纯化,通过致病性测定、菌落形态观察和rDNA-ITS序列测定对病原菌进行鉴定,并采用菌丝生长速率法和孢子萌发法,室内测定25种杀菌剂配方对病原菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的抑制作用。结果表明:1)病原菌经分离纯化后得到的9个菌株,根据各菌株在PDA平板正反面的不同形态分为2类,分别选择1个具有代表性的菌株P51和P57作后续鉴定。2个菌株接种果实和叶片后发病率均为100%,病原重分离均得到接种的病原,其形态特征均与刺盘孢属Colletotrichum gloeosporioides真菌相似;将2个菌株rDNA-ITS序列与Genbank中相关菌株的ITS序列进行同源性比较,发现其与C.gloeosporioides真菌同源性达到100%。使用DNAMAN6.0邻接法进行序列同源性比对并构建系统发育树,菌株P51、P57与已鉴定为C.gloeosporioides的AB981196、HQ645082、KC355249和KJ676453以自展支持率100%聚类在一起。2)杀菌剂配方筛选:100%链霉素3 000倍液等5种配方对病原菌菌丝生长抑制作用最强,不同配方之间差异不显著;100%链霉素3 000倍液等4种配方之间差异不显著,对病原菌孢子萌发抑制作用最强,对菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制作用都强的是100%链霉素3 000倍液、25%咪鲜胺500倍液、50%福美双500倍液、70%甲基硫菌灵500倍液。通过上述研究结果可以确定引起雅安地区核桃炭疽病的病原为刺盘孢属C.gloeosporioides真菌;100%链霉素3 000倍液、25%咪鲜胺500倍液、50%福美双500倍液、70%甲基硫菌灵500倍液4种配方对C.gloeosporioides真菌生长萌发抑制作用最强。     

Characterization of blaCTX-M Gene in One Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolate from Sick Chickens in China

Two Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates (Kpc1 and Kpc2) were obtained from liver samples of seven dead chickens and identified with Vitek-32 automated identification system. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined by the microdilution broth method. Detection of genes encoding class A β-lactamases was performed by PCR amplification, and cloning of the ESBL gene was by plasmid restriction and fragments ligation. Conjugation assay, transformation experiments and plasmid profile analysis were performed. The incompatibility group of ESBL-carrying plasmid was determined by the PCR-based replicon typing method. Lastly, the genetic environment was analysed by direct sequencing of the DNA surrounding the ESBL gene. The genes associated with tetracycline and gentamicin resistance were also sought by PCR. The results revealed that the ESBL phenotype-negative strain Kpc2 only showed resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, and doxycycline and carried bla_TEM-1 and tet(A) genes. The ESBL-producing strain Kpc1 exhibited multidrug resistant phenotype and harbored bla_TEM-1, bla_CTX-M-14, tet(A), tet(B), and rmtB genes. K. pneumoniae Kpc1 contained four plasmids with molecular sizes of approximately 59, 6.9, 2.8, and 1.6 kb, but only a 59-kb plasmid, carried bla_TEM-1 and bla_CTX-M-14 genes, was observed in its transconjugant. The incompatibility group of plasmid carrying bla_CTX-M-14 gene could not be determined. The bla_CTX-M-14 gene was flanked upstream by an ISEcp1 insertion sequence and downstream by an IS903 element. This work shows that CTX-M-14 is present in K. pneumoniae isolates from chickens in China. The bla_CTX-M-14 gene was associated with an upstream ISEcp1 insertion sequence. Our results underline the need for continuous surveillance of the prevalence and evolution of this CTX-M-type β-lactamase in China.     

Non-target-site and target-site resistance to AHAS inhibitors in American sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne)

American sloughgrass (Beckmannia syzigachne (Steud.) Fernald) is one of the most competitive and malignant weeds in rice-wheat rotation fields in China. American sloughgrass populations in the Jiangsu Province of China became less sensitive to acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors after repeated application for many years in these areas. Two suspected resistant American sloughgrass populations (R1 and R2) collected in the field were detected the resistance to inhibitors of AHAS in whole-plant dose-response assays, compared to the susceptible (S) population. These assays indicated that R1 showed low resistance to mesosulfuron-methyl (3.32-fold), imazapic (2.84-fold) and pyroxsulam (1.55-fold), moderate resistance to flazasulfuron (4.67-fold) and pyribenzoxim (7.41-fold), and high resistance to flucarbazone (11.73-fold). However, using a combination of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor, malathion, with mesosulfuron-methyl resulted in a reduction in R1 resistance relative to mesosulfuron-methyl alone. Furthermore, R2 was highly resistant to flazasulfuron (34.90-fold), imazapic (11.30-fold), flucarbazone (49.20-fold), pyribenzoxim (12.94-fold), moderately resistant to mesosulfuron-methyl (9.77-fold) and pyroxsulam (6.26-fold), and malathion had no effect on R2 resistance to mesosulfuron-methyl. The full-length of AHAS genes was sequenced and the AHAS enzymes were assayed in vitro in order to clarify the mechanism of resistance to AHAS inhibitors in R1 and R2 populations. The results demonstrated that R2 had a Pro-197-Ser mutation in the AHAS gene, and the sensitivity of R2 to the five AHAS inhibitors was decreased, which may result in R2 resistance to AHAS inhibitors. There was no mutation in the AHAS gene of R1, and there were no significant differences in enzyme sensitivity between susceptible (S) and resistant (R1) populations. An enhanced metabolism may be the main mechanism of R1 resistance to AHAS inhibitors.     

Three Sclerotinia species as the cause of white mold on pea in Chongqing and Sichuan of China

White mold of pea caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a common disease in China. However, we discovered that the diverse Sclerotinia species could cause white mold on pea plants in Chongqing and Sichuan of China during recent disease surveys. Thus, the objective of this study was to confirm the causal agents from diseased pea plants. The obtained isolates of white mold from Chongqing and Sichuan were identified by morphological characters and molecular characterization to determine the pathogen species, and their pathogenicity was confirmed on pea through completing Koch's postulates. Fungal isolates of Sclerotinia-like were obtained from diseased plants or sclerotia. Based on morphological characteristics and molecular characterization, 30 isolates were identified to three species, six isolates as S. minor, seven as S. sclerotiorum, and 17 as S. trifoliorum. In pathogenicity tests on pea cultivars Zhongwan 4 and Longwan 1, all 30 isolates caused typical symptoms of white mold on the inoculated plants, and the inoculated pathogens were re-isolated from the diseased plants. This study confirmed that white mold of pea was caused by three Sclerotinia species, S. sclerotiorum, S. minor and S. trifoliorum in Chongqing and Sichuan. It is the first report that S. minor and S. trifoliorum cause white mold of pea in Southwest China.     

Detection and Characterization of ?-Lactam Resistance in Haemophilus parasuis Strains from Pigs in South China

To characterize the ?-lactam resistance in veterinary clinical isolates of Haemophilus parasuis, 115 isolates were examined for the ?-lactam resistance, the possession of ?-lactamase, and the presence of ?-lactamase genes. The genetic relationship among isolates was evaluated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Overall, the commonly detected resistance phenotypes were resistant to ampicillin (26.09%), penicillin (22.61%), amoxicillin (21.74%), cefazolin (14.78%), cefaclor (12.17%), and cefotaxime (6.96%). These strains showed high minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) to oxacillin. 20.87% strains produced ?-lactamase, and 4.35% strains showed extended-spectrum b-lactamase (ESBL) phenotype. Moreover, 19 strains harboured bla genes including TEM-1 (n=5), TEM-116 (n=10), and ROB-1 (n=5). Significantly, one strain possessed both TEM-1 and ROB-1, and displayed resistance to cefotaxime (MIC=8 mg L^-1). The epidemiological analysis of PFGE revealed high genetic diversity among bla-positive isolates. This work shows that TEM- and ROB-type ?-lactamases are prevalent in H. parasuis isolates in China.     

β_1-和β_2-微管蛋白基因在赤霉病菌抗多菌灵中的作用

【目的】揭示β1-微管蛋白基因(β1-tub)和β2-微管蛋白基因(β2-tub)在赤霉病菌(Gibberella zeae)对多菌灵的抗性过程中所起的作用。【方法】采用PCR克隆测序法测定Js449(EC50=7.911μg·m L-1)、Js462(EC50=6.515μg·m L-1)、Js484(EC50=5.031μg·m L-1)、Js506(EC50=8.455μg·m L-1)和Js519(EC50=6.280μg·m L-1)等5个多菌灵抗性菌株的α-、β1-、β2-、γ-tub序列,并与敏感菌株HG-1(EC50=0.552μg·m L-1)进行比对。采用实时荧光定量PCR(q PCR)测定β1-tub和β2-tub在多菌灵胁迫下的抗性菌株Js506中的相对表达量。构建β1-tub和β2-tub的超量表达载体,分别在HG-1中表达。运用split PCR获得含有潮霉素磷酸转移酶基因和目标基因的融合片段,并对Js506进行原生质体转化,通过同源重组获得β2-tub的敲除体和互补体。对菌株Js506、HG-1及其突变体分别进行多菌灵敏感性测定、菌落生长观察和致病力测定。【结果】基因比对结果表明,5个抗性菌株的α-、β1-、γ-tub基因序列与敏感菌株的一致。对β2-tub序列比对结果表明,Js449、Js462和Js506菌株的第167位氨基酸由苯丙氨酸(Phe)变为酪氨酸(Tyr)。Js484菌株的第200位氨基酸由苯丙氨酸(Phe)变为酪氨酸(Tyr)。Js519菌株的第198位氨基酸由谷氨酸(Glu)变为谷氨酰胺(Gln)。5μg·m L-1多菌灵能诱导Js506菌株的β1-tub表达量显著上调(P0.05)。10μg·m L-1的多菌灵对Js506菌株的β2-tub表达量影响不显著。β1-tub的超量表达使HG-1突变体的EC50增加至2.839μg·m L-1,抗药性显著增强(P0.05)。β2-tub超量表达突变体的抗性水平与野生型菌株无显著差异。对Js506菌株的β2-tub进行敲除试验,分别获得了2个转化体(△β2tub-Js506-1、△β2tubJs506-2),经潮霉素抗性筛选、PCR和Southern杂交验证,确认2个转化体均不含有β2-tub。与野生型菌株Js506相比,敲除体△β2tub-Js506-1(EC50=0.078μg·m L-1)和△β2tub-Js506-2(EC50=0.072μg·m L-1)对多菌灵均表现为超级敏感,且菌落生长变慢,致病力显著下降(P0.05)。对△β2tub-Js506-1进行互补转化获得了2个互补体,β2tub-Js506-C1(EC50=7.521μg·m L-1)和β2tub-Js506-C2(EC50=7.243μg·m L-1),2个互补转化体均使敲除体△β2tubJs506-1基本恢复了抗性、菌落生长速率和致病力。【结论】5个赤霉病菌菌株对多菌灵的抗性与β2-tub的第167、198、200位密码子突变有关,与α-、β1-和γ-tub序列的突变无关。β1-tub在多菌灵胁迫下诱导表达,且β1-tub的超量表达能增强赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性。β2-tub是小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵抗性所必需的,β1-tub和β2tub均能影响赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性。     

Molecular Typing of Aeromonas hydrophila Isolated from Common Carp in Northeast China

A total of 59 isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila were collected from common carp suffering from freshwater fish hemorrhage disease in 13 fishing grounds in the northeast China, and their phenotypic and genetic characteristics were investigated. All of the isolates were identified as A. hydrophila by traditional biochemical method and yielded a 686-bp DNA fragment of the 16S rDNA gene in the PCR experiments. Collected strains were also evaluated for their susceptibility to 17 different antibiotics. The isolates showed an even trend of the resistance and sensitivity to drugs, highly sensitive to antibiotics, such as Levofloxacin, PolymyxinB, Ofloxacin and resistant to antibiotics, such as Bristopen, Lincomycin, Ampicillin, Teicoplanin. Evaluation of genetic diversity was performed on all isolates by molecular typing with enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC-PCR) method. The results showed that three different types, i.e. type Ⅰ, Ⅱ, and type Ⅲ, were found in 59 isolates and type III accounted for a large proportion of 54.84%. There was no dominant difference between the tendency of the isolates of Heilongjiang Province and Jilin Province in these three types, which showed Ⅲ>Ⅰ>Ⅱ, while the isolates of Liaoning Province showed Ⅲ>Ⅱ>Ⅰ. The percentage of different types in different provinces varied in each other; however, they didn’t show any obvious regional or cluster-specific branches. In conclusion, the ability to distinguish Aeromonas hydrophila strains from diseased common carp with ERIC-PCR would be useful for epidemiological investigation and population genetic analysis of this pathogen in China.     

小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵和不同杀菌剂敏感性的相关分析

为探明江苏省小麦赤霉病菌[Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch]对多菌灵的抗药性和该药剂与其它杀菌剂的交互抗性,采用区分剂量法检测了采自江苏省26个县(市)的520株小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗药性,并采用菌丝生长速率法分别检测了对多菌灵不同敏感性的10个菌株对嘧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯、肟菌酯、唑胺菌酯、氟环唑、己唑醇、灭菌唑和咯菌腈等杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,江苏省各县(市)菌株对多菌灵的抗性频率差异较大,总抗性频率为50.58%;通过EC₅₀值相关性分析,小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵和上述杀菌剂之间不存在交互抗性。江苏省小麦赤霉病菌对多菌灵的抗性频率较高,迫切需要筛选新的杀菌剂防治小麦赤霉病。     

黄瓜种传镰刀菌种类的鉴定及其致病性研究

为明确我国主栽黄瓜品种的种子中携带镰刀菌的种类及其危害,对来自我国黄瓜主产区21个黄瓜品种的种子进行种传镰刀菌检测,从种胚和种子外部分离得到镰刀菌分离物9个,采用形态学及分子生物学的方法进行鉴定,并研究其对黄瓜种子发芽和幼苗致病性的影响.结果表明:9个分离物中,4个分离物为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),4个分离物为串珠镰刀菌(F.moniliforme),1个分离物为再育镰刀菌(F.proli feratum).4个尖孢镰刀菌分离物对黄瓜种子发芽均有显著影响,发芽指数、活力指数、根长和鲜重等指标均显著降低,且能导致黄瓜幼苗出现典型的枯萎症状,经柯赫氏法则检验证明其具有致病性.其他分离物对黄瓜种子发芽也有一定的抑制作用,但没有致病性.     

马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟吡菌胺抗性突变体的获得及其生物学性状

【目的】研究抗氟吡菌胺突变体对不同杀菌剂的交互抗性并评估马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟吡菌胺的抗性风险。【方法】通过紫外线照射菌丝体、紫外线照射孢子囊和药剂驯化的方法获得抗氟吡菌胺的马铃薯晚疫病菌突变体,计算突变体的突变频率,测定抗性突变体的抗性水平,研究突变体在无药条件下继代培养10代后抗性能否稳定遗传,测定突变体在RSA培养基和离体叶片上的适合度(菌丝生长速率、产孢子囊能力及复合适合度指数),比较抗性菌株与其亲本敏感菌株的竞争力,分析对氟吡菌胺表现不同敏感性的菌株对不同药剂的交互抗性,并通过笔者实验室建立的抗性风险量化标准评定马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟吡菌胺的抗性风险。【结果】共获得21个抗性菌株,抗性水平介于61—3 157倍,紫外线诱导孢子囊的突变率为2.78×10~(-7);大多数抗性突变体的适合度与其亲本菌株无显著性差异;竞争力测定试验中,2株突变体的第1、3、7代的共18次抗药频率测定中,有3次测定的抗药频率显著低于初始频率,有4次测定的抗药频率显著高于初始频率,其余11次测定的抗药频率与初始频率均无显著性差异;所有突变菌株的抗药性均能稳定遗传;抗氟吡菌胺菌株及其亲本菌株对氟吡菌胺的lgEC_(50)与这些菌株对嘧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯、霜脲氰、烯酰吗啉、双炔酰菌胺、甲霜灵、氟醚菌酰胺的lgEC_(50)之间的相关系数(r)分别为0.104(P=0.654)、0.311(P=0.170)、0.228(P=0.081)、0.376(P=0.093)、0.214(P=0.351)、0.122(P=0.599)、0.963(P=0.000);致病疫霉对氟吡菌胺基本抗性风险值为15。【结论】氟吡菌胺与氟醚菌酰胺之间存在交互抗性,与嘧菌酯、吡唑醚菌酯、霜脲氰、烯酰吗啉、双炔酰菌胺、甲霜灵之间无交互抗性,马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟吡菌胺的固有抗性风险为高度,应加强马铃薯晚疫病菌对氟吡菌胺的抗性风险管理,建议生产上将氟吡菌胺与其他类药剂交替或混合使用。     

Genetic characterization of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine mastitis cases in Northwest China

Staphylococcus aureus is the most common etiological pathogen of bovine mastitis. The resistant strains make the disease difficult to cure. The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic nature of the antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus cultured from bovine mastitis in Northwest China in 2014. A total of 44 S. aureus were isolated for antimicrobial resistance and resistance-related genes. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by disc diffusion and the corresponding resistance genes were detected by PCR. Phenotype indicated that S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin(84.09%), erythromycin(20.45%), tetracycline(15.91%), gentamicin(9.09%), tobramycin(6.82%), kanamycin(6.82%) and methicillin(2.27%). 9.09% of the S. aureus isolates were classified as multidrug resistant. In addition, genotypes showed that the isolates were resistant to rifampicin(100%, rpo B), penicillin(95.45%, bla Z), tetracycline(22.73%, tet K, tet M, alone or in combination), erythromycin(22.73%, erm B or erm C), gentamicin/tobramycin/kanamycin(2.27%, aac A-aph D), methicillin(2.27%, mec A) and vancomycin(2.27%, van A). Resistance to tetracycline was attributed to the genes tet K and tet M(r=0.558, P 0.001). This study noted high-level geno- and phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in S. aureus isolates from bovine mastitis cases in Northwest China.     

Genetic Diversity of Chinese Soybean mosaic virus Strains and Their Relationships with Other Plant Potyviruses Based on P3 Gene Sequences

Soybean mosaic virus （SMV）, a member of the genus Potyvirus, is a major pathogen of soybean plants in China, and 16 SMV strains have been identified nationwide based on a former detailed SMV classification system. As the P3 gene is thought to be involved in viral replication, systemic infection, pathogenicity, and overcoming resistance, knowledge of the P3 gene sequences of SMV and other potyviruses would be useful in efforts to know the genetic relationships among them and control the disease. P3 gene sequences were obtained from representative isolates of the above-mentioned 16 SMV strains and were compared with other SMV strains and 16 Potyvirus species from the National Center for Biotechnology GenBank database. The P3 genes from the 16 SMV isolates are composed of 1041 nucleotides, encoding 347 amino acids, and share 90.7-100% nucleotide （NT） sequence identities and 95.1-100% amino acid （AA） sequence identities. The P3 coding regions of the 16 SMV isolates share high identities （92.4-98.9% NT and 96.0-100% AA） with the reported Korean isolates, followed by the USA isolates （88.5-97.9% NT and 91.4-98.6% AA）, and share low identities （80.5-85.2% NT and 82.1-84.7% AA） with the reported HZ 1 and P isolates from Pinellia ternata. The sequence identities of the P3 genes between SMV and the 16 potyviruses varied from 44.4 to 81.9% in the NT sequences and from 21.4 to 85.3% in the AA sequences, respectively. Among them, SMV was closely related to Watermelon mosaic virus （WMV）, with 76.0-81.9% NT and 77.5-85.3% AA identities. In addition, the SMV isolates and potyvirus species were clustered into six distinct groups. All the SMV strains isolated from soybean were clustered in Group I, and the remaining species were clustered in other groups. A multiple sequence alignment analysis of the C-terminal regions indicated that the P3 genes within a species were highly conserved, whereas those among species were relatively variable.