耐盐种质芙蓉菊与6种菊属植物的营养器官解剖结构特征

以菊科芙蓉菊属的芙蓉菊和6种菊属植物(野生种:野菊(天堂寨)、野菊(天柱山)、毛华菊(安徽),品种:‘繁花似锦’‘寒露红’‘毛香玉’)的幼苗为试验材料,以NaCl浓度为200 mmol·L~(-1)的Hoagland营养液进行盐胁迫处理,在盐胁迫0、5、10、15 d分别取各材料的根、茎、叶,制作石蜡切片后用光学显微镜观察并测量其解剖结构特征值。结果显示:芙蓉菊为等面叶而6种菊属植物均为异面叶,芙蓉菊叶肉栅栏组织较发达,且在盐胁迫下栅栏组织变疏松,细胞间隙增多;芙蓉菊相对6种菊属植物其根与茎中的维管组织更为发达,对水分的输导能力更强。芙蓉菊在盐处理15 d后仍能保持根、茎、叶解剖结构的完整,而6种菊属植物的解剖结构从盐胁迫5 d开始就出现了不同程度的细胞解体和组织损坏,且叶和根相对于茎受到的盐害影响更大。盐胁迫下,芙蓉菊叶片中的栅栏组织厚度/叶厚、茎中的皮层厚度/茎半径、根中的中柱直径/根直径随胁迫时间延长而升高,同时茎和根中具有发达的维管组织,明显区别于6种菊属植物,都是其应对盐胁迫的积极响应,推测是其具有耐盐性的重要原因。     

山东滨海盐生植物根结构的比较研究

对山东沿海 1 0科 1 3属 1 3种盐生植物根结构的比较研究表明 ,长期生长在盐生环境中的植物 ,形成了某些相似的适应生境的结构特征 ,主要表现在 :1根中产生异常结构 ;2具有多个通气道 ;3薄壁组织发达 ;4根的表面保护组织增强。另外 ,有的植物根中有含晶细胞 ;有的植物根中有含单宁细胞等     

山东滨海盐生植物根结构的比较研究

对山东沿海１０科１３属１３种盐生植物根结构的比较研究表明,长期生长在盐生环境中的植物,形成了某些相似的适应生境的结构特征,主要表现在：①根中产生异常结构;②具有多个通气道;③薄壁组织发达;④根的表面保护组织增强。另外,有的植物根中有含晶细胞;有的植物根中有含单宁细胞等。     

盐胁迫对甜土植物营养器官显微及超微结构的研究进展

综述了国内外关于盐胁迫对甜土植物营养器官细胞显微和超微结构影响的研究进展.长时间的盐胁迫会影响植物的形态建成,使植物的营养器官表现出特有的适应盐渍环境的特征,如叶片肉质化、栅栏组织发达、贮水细胞发达等;叶绿体和线粒体的膜结构被破坏,同时细胞质中出现体积较大的液泡等.     

甘肃河西走廊几种典型盐地植物的解剖学研究

本文用光学显微技术研究了甘肃河西走廊典型的聚盐植物盐穗木(Halostachys caspica 〈Bieh〉 C.A.Mey.),盐爪爪(Kalidium folidium 〈Pall〉Moq.)和盐角草(salicornia europaea L.)。结累表明。这三种多浆聚盐植物虽然不同属,而且分别分布在盐生荒漠和盐生草甸,但由于它们都是以聚盐的形式来适应生境中的盐度,所以在长期的演化过程中形成了极为相似的内部结构,如叶的高度退化、角质层薄、气孔少而下陷;幼茎发育为同化茎,皮层与半径的比值在60％以上,而维管未所占比值较小,与半径比不到20％;茎叶中都有发达的贮水组织。     

盐胁迫下盐草和高羊茅营养器官的离子微区分布

 【目的】探讨植物耐盐性和盐胁迫下植物不同营养器官离子微区分布特性之间的关系。【方法】采用扫描电镜和X射线能谱仪联用,对250 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫20 d的盐草(盐生植物)和高羊茅(甜土植物)的营养器官进行了点扫描和离子分布测定。【结果】盐胁迫下,盐草和高羊茅根组织中Na+和Cl-的相对重量都很高,但是高羊茅中柱层中的Na+和Cl-相对重量都高于盐草;和高羊茅相反,在盐草茎中,大量的Na+分布在韧皮部中,而Cl-则主要存在于木质部中;而高羊茅叶组织中Na+相对重量是盐草叶组织中2倍。【结论】盐胁迫下盐草和高羊茅根尖表皮、皮层和中柱细胞Na+和Cl-较高,而K＋含量较低,这说明盐草可通过根组织对离子的选择性吸收降低进入植物体的有害离子量,并通过离子在茎中的再次分配降低有害离子进入叶组织,从而避免对叶组织的较大离子毒害。     

木地肤茎、叶解剖结构的观察

木地肤是藜科地肤属多年生超旱生小半灌木,属C4植物。采用石蜡切片技术对木地肤茎、叶解剖结构进行观察。结果表明其叶为等面叶,叶具有"花环型"结构;叶中有发达的储水组织,叶肉下皮细胞具细胞质;叶中维管束多束;茎中具厚角组织和环状排列的纤维;含晶细胞普遍存在于叶、茎的各种组织中;如上结构显示木地肤具有旱生、耐盐碱,抗风蚀的结构特征。     

3种盐生植物对盐渍响应及利用的研究进展

海蓬子(S.bigelovii)、碱蓬(S.glauca)和三角叶滨藜(A.triangularis)都为具耐盐碱等特点的盐生植物,且对盐渍土有很好的生物修复功能。为了阐述3种不同类型的盐生植物对盐渍响应的生理机制的异同,从评价植物耐盐性的生长发育、光合特性、色素含量及离子含量和吸收等相关指标出发,综述了这3种盐生植物对盐渍的响应及利用的研究进展,揭示其不同的耐盐机制,为海水蔬菜开发、推进盐土农业可持续发展等提供必要的理论依据。     

3种爬山虎叶比较解剖学研究

运用临时装片法、石蜡切片法、显微观察及显微照相的方法,对粉叶爬山虎、异叶爬山虎、爬山虎叶及异叶爬山虎与爬山虎营养枝叶的解剖结构进行了比较研究.结果表明:1)3种爬山虎叶均为典型异面叶,1层表皮细胞,排列紧密;角质层发达,含蜡质;栅栏组织近2层,排列紧密,叶肉有含品细胞;仅下表皮具气孔.2)粉叶爬山虎叶两面具腺毛,腺毛由3～12个细胞构成;爬山虎叶仅腹面具腺毛,腺毛由3～5个细胞构成,而异叶爬山虎叶不具腺毛;角质层厚度从小到大依次为粉叶爬山虎,爬山虎,异叶爬山虎;粉叶爬山虎叶表面覆盖颗粒状蜡质,腹面覆盖盾状鳞片蜡质;爬山虎叶表面覆盖颗粒状蜡质,腹面具发达盾状鳞片蜡质;异叶爬山虎叶仅腹面具有盾状鳞片蜡质;营养枝叶均无表皮附属物.爬山虎叶气孔器为不等型,异叶爬山虎叶为无规则型,粉叶爬山虎叶为平列型,营养枝叶均为环卫型.栅栏组织与海绵组织厚度比值从大到小依次为粉叶爬山虎,异叶爬山虎,爬山虎,而叶片与海绵组织厚度从大到小依次为爬山虎,异叶爬山虎,粉叶爬山虎.3)3种爬山虎叶均趋向早生植物叶的结构特征.     

阿拉善地区9种珍稀濒危植物营养器官生态解剖观察

本文利用生物显微技术对阿拉善地区的９种旱生或超旱生珍稀濒危植物的地上营养器官（茎、叶）进行了形态及内部结构观察。研究发现,这些植物均表现出一系列适应干旱贫瘠环境的形态结构特征,如叶趋于小型化;多数有较厚的角质层及发达的表皮附属物（表皮毛、角质突起）;叶肉组织趋于栅栏化,９种植物中,３种为全栅型,３种环栅型,３种正常型;机械组织发达;植物体普遍存在黏液细胞和含晶细胞。     

大花君子兰营养器官的解剖学结构

对大花君子兰营养器官根和叶片的解剖学结构观察结果显示:其不定根为肉质,具有发达的复表皮,复表皮最内层细胞具有分生组织细胞,向外分裂形成新的细胞;根尖组织分化属封闭型,根冠与表皮同源,根内皮层细胞具凯氏带加厚,初生本质部多原型。叶为等面叶,叶片上、下表皮细胞外壁均被有厚的角质层,气孔器的保卫细胞为肾形,具有发达的储水组织;叶肉细胞同型,无栅栏细胞和海绵组织的分化;平行脉序,维管束具有维管束鞘。     

不同成熟烟叶在烘烤过程中的叶片组织结构变化研究

烟叶的成熟度决定了其叶组织的结构,不同成熟度烟叶的组织结构烘烤后有较大的差异,为探明不同成熟烟叶在烘烤中的组织结构变化规律,对烤烟K236品种的中部初熟、适熟和过熟烟叶在烘烤过程中定时取样进行快速石蜡包埋切片,观察分析组织结构。结果表明:烘烤过程中叶片厚度、上表皮细胞厚度、上表皮细胞宽度、下表皮细胞厚度、下表皮细胞宽度、栅栏组织厚度、栅栏细胞间隙、海绵组织厚度和海绵细胞间隙的收缩以过熟烟叶过熟烟叶>适熟烟叶>初熟烟叶;在烟叶干燥收缩过程中以各组织的收缩以过熟烟叶较剧烈,适熟烟叶居中,初熟烟叶较平缓;无论是何种成熟的烟叶的上表皮细胞厚度、上表皮细胞宽度、栅栏组织厚度和栅栏细胞间隙的收缩率均高于下表皮细胞厚度、下表皮细胞宽度、海绵组织厚度和海绵细胞间隙。     

竹柏属和罗汉松属叶输导组织的观察(英文)

The conducting tissue structure of transverse and longitudinal sections was observed on leaves of Podocarpus and Nageia.Results showed:in Podocarpus leaves,there is only one midrib,the xylem tracheid of midrib vascular bundle is multi-form,transfusion tissue belongs to Cycas-type and transfusion tracheids are isodiametric,the accessory transfusion tracheids between palisade tissue and sponge tissue are developed;in Nageia leaves,there are plenty of parallel leaves,the xylem tracheids of each vein are relatively simple,transfusion tissue belongs to Taxus-type and transfusion tracheids are longer in longitudinal section than that in transverse section,the accessory transfusion tissue between palisade tissue and sponge tissue is absent.Considering other differences that in leaves of Podocarpus there are three resin ducts under vascular bundle of midrib,mesophyll cells are differentiated into palisade tissue and sponge tissue;in leaves of Nageia,there is only one resin duct under vascular bundle in each vein and no obvious differentiation in mesophyll cells,palisade tissue can be found on both sides,and sclereids can also be found in mesophyll tissue.The anatomical differences of leaf veins and mesophylls between Nageia and Podocarpus mentioned above support the viewpoint that Nageia and Podocarpus are two independent genera.     

培养基组成对桔梗组织培养的影响

以MS和N6为基本培养基，配置不同激素种类和浓度，以桔梗的叶片和茎段为外植体，比较培养基组成对桔梗组织培养的影响．结果表明：基本培养基的组成和2，4-D浓度对桔梗组织培养的影响较大，以N6为基本培养基的培养效果明显好于MS；低浓度2，4-D的培养效果明显好于高浓度的2，4-D；以叶片为外植体的培养效果明显好于茎段．因此，在桔梗组织培养中以N6为基本培养基，叶片为外植体，而生长素则以NAA或IAA来代替2，4-D，能够提高桔梗组织培养的效率．     

Conducting Tissue of Leaves in Nageia and Podocarpus

The conducting tissue structure of transverse and longitudinal sections was observed on leaves of Podocarpus and Nageia.Results showed:in Podocarpus leaves,there is only one midrib,the xylem tracheid of midrib vascular bundle is multi-form,transfusion tissue belongs to Cycas-type and transfusion tracheids are isodiametric,the accessory transfusion tracheids between palisade tissue and sponge tissue are developed;in Nageia leaves,there are plenty of parallel leaves,the xylem tracheids of each vein are relatively simple,transfusion tissue belongs to Taxus-type and transfusion tracheids are longer in longitudinal section than that in transverse section,the accessory transfusion tissue between palisade tissue and sponge tissue is absent.Considering other differences that in leaves of Podocarpus there are three resin ducts under vascular bundle of midrib,mesophyll cells are differentiated into palisade tissue and sponge tissue;in leaves of Nageia,there is only one resin duct under vascular bundle in each vein and no obvious differentiation in mesophyll cells,palisade tissue can be found on both sides,and sclereids can also be found in mesophyll tissue.The anatomical differences of leaf veins and mesophylls between Nageia and Podocarpus mentioned above support the viewpoint that Nageia and Podocarpus are two independent genera.     

竹柏属和罗汉松属叶输导组织的观察(英文)

The conducting tissue structure of transverse and longitudinal sections was observed on leaves of Podocarpus and Nageia.Results showed:in Podocarpus leaves,there is only one midrib,the xylem tracheid of midrib vascular bundle is multi-form,transfusion tissue belongs to Cycas-type and transfusion tracheids are isodiametric,the accessory transfusion tracheids between palisade tissue and sponge tissue are developed;in Nageia leaves,there are plenty of parallel leaves,the xylem tracheids of each vein are relatively simple,transfusion tissue belongs to Taxus-type and transfusion tracheids are longer in longitudinal section than that in transverse section,the accessory transfusion tissue between palisade tissue and sponge tissue is absent.Considering other differences that in leaves of Podocarpus there are three resin ducts under vascular bundle of midrib,mesophyll cells are differentiated into palisade tissue and sponge tissue;in leaves of Nageia,there is only one resin duct under vascular bundle in each vein and no obvious differentiation in mesophyll cells,palisade tissue can be found on both sides,and sclereids can also be found in mesophyll tissue.The anatomical differences of leaf veins and mesophylls between Nageia and Podocarpus mentioned above support the viewpoint that Nageia and Podocarpus are two independent genera.     

竹柏属和罗汉松属叶输导组织的观察

该研究对罗汉松属和竹柏属植物叶横切面和纵切面输导组织结构进行观察。结果表明:罗汉松属叶1条主脉,主脉维管束木质部管胞发达,转输组织为苏铁型,转输组织管胞等径,栅栏组织和海绵组织之间的副转输组织管胞发达;竹柏属叶多条平行叶脉,维管束木质部管胞相对不发达,转输组织为红豆杉型,转输组织管胞纵向伸长,栅栏组织和海绵组织之间不存在副转输组织。结合罗汉松属植物主脉维管束下面有3个树脂道,叶肉分化为栅栏组织和海绵组织,而竹柏属植物每个叶脉维管束下面有1个树脂道,叶肉分化不明显,两面都有栅栏组织,叶肉中还具有大量石细胞等特征,认为罗汉松属和竹柏属在叶脉、叶形态和结构方面存在明显差异,2个属分开是比较合理的。     

生长延缓剂对板栗叶片解剖结构及非结构性碳水化合物的影响

目的探究叶面喷施植物生长延缓剂对6年生板栗树叶片解剖结构及非结构性碳水化合物与叶片解剖结构的变化对非结构性碳水化合物含量的影响，为植物生长延缓剂在板栗生长调控中的应用提供理论依据。方法以板栗‘燕山早丰’为试验材料，研究分别喷施不同质量浓度的多效唑、矮壮素、烯效唑对板栗叶片非结构性碳水化合物的作用及对叶片形态解剖结构的影响。结果（1）多效唑、矮壮素和烯效唑能提高板栗叶片角质层厚度，上角质层最厚可达5.46 μm，为90 mg/L烯效唑处理，下角质层最厚可达1.76 μm，为60 mg/L烯效唑处理；（2）除60 mg/L烯效唑处理外，其余处理均能增加叶片、栅栏组织厚度，叶片、栅栏组织厚度增加效果最显著的为100 mg/L多效唑处理；（3）3种延缓剂均能增加叶片栅海比值，栅海比最高可达1.52，为90 mg/L烯效唑处理；（4）除60 mg/L烯效唑处理外，其余处理均能有效增加板栗叶片非结构性碳水化合物含量，在处理后120 d增加的最为显著。结论在板栗花芽分化期对叶面分别喷施多效唑、矮壮素和烯效唑能影响板栗叶片解剖结构，从而提高板栗对光能的捕获，增强其光合作用，其中100 mg/L多效唑的效果最好。多效唑、矮壮素和烯效唑能有效促进板栗叶片内非结构性碳水化合物的生成，本研究中60~90 mg/L烯效唑的效果最佳，延缓剂使得叶片解剖结构改变，从而增强了叶片光合作用，导致叶片同化物增多，进而提高叶片非结构性碳水化合物含量。      

Methyl salicylate is a critical mobile signal for plant systemic acquired resistance

In plants, the mobile signal for systemic acquired resistance (SAR), an organism-wide state of enhanced defense to subsequent infections, has been elusive. By stimulating immune responses in mosaic tobacco plants created by grafting different genetic backgrounds, we showed that the methyl salicylate (MeSA) esterase activity of salicylic acid-binding protein 2 (SABP2), which converts MeSA into salicylic acid (SA), is required for SAR signal perception in systemic tissue, the tissue that does not receive the primary (initial) infection. Moreover, in plants expressing mutant SABP2 with unregulated MeSA esterase activity in SAR signal-generating, primary infected leaves, SAR was compromised and the associated increase in MeSA levels was suppressed in primary infected leaves, their phloem exudates, and systemic leaves. SAR was also blocked when SA methyl transferase (which converts SA to MeSA) was silenced in primary infected leaves, and MeSA treatment of lower leaves induced SAR in upper untreated leaves. Therefore, we conclude that MeSA is a SAR signal in tobacco.