Identification of specific transducin alpha subunits in retinal rod and cone photoreceptors

Transducin is a guanyl nucleotide-binding protein that couples rhodopsin photolysis to hydrolysis of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in rod photoreceptor cells of vertebrate retinas. Several complementary DNA clones encoding transducin subunits have recently been characterized. One clone, isolated from a bovine retina complementary DNA library, encodes a previously unidentified polypeptide with an amino acid sequence 78% identical to the sequence of the alpha subunit of bovine rod outer segment transducin. Antibodies to a synthetic peptide with amino acid sequence derived specifically from this novel polypeptide recognize a 41-kilodalton polypeptide in homogenates of bovine retina. Localization of this polypeptide in bovine retina by indirect immunofluorescence demonstrates that it is expressed only in cone outer segments. Antibodies to specific sequences found only in the rod transducin alpha subunit recognize a polypeptide localized only in the rod outer segment. Therefore, bovine rod and cone cells each express structurally related yet significantly different forms of transducin.     

安徽省水稻黑条矮缩病毒和南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒的 分子检测和序列分析

近年来,水稻黑条矮缩病毒(RBSDV)和南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(SRBSDV)在安徽各稻区危害日益严重,生产上仅凭症状难以区分2种病毒。本研究建立的RT-PCR方法可以实现一次性检测和鉴定RBSDV和SRBSDV 2种病毒,根据RBSDV和SRBSDV S9保守序列设计3个引物,不仅可以从单独感染RBSDV或SRBSDV的水稻样本中分别扩增出1条大小不同的特异性条带,而且还可以从感染RBSDV和SRBSDV的混合水稻样本中一次性扩增出2条大小不同的特异性条带。从安徽省庐江县、郎溪县、怀宁县和宣州市4个地区水稻田采集表现明显矮缩病症状的水稻样本,RT-PCR检测结果表明,庐江和郎溪水稻样本受到RBSDV侵染,怀宁和宣州水稻样本受到SRBSDV侵染。选取庐江县、郎溪县、怀宁县和宣州市各1个水稻样本,利用RT-PCR扩增出特异性条带,再分别克隆和测序。序列分析表明,庐江、郎溪2个样本的核苷酸序列与RBSDV-Shandong和RBSDV-Zhjr S9部分片段序列相似性高达99.3%～99.8%,且与RBSDV的亲缘关系最近,说明庐江和郎溪样本感染的病毒是RBSDV的2个分离物;怀宁、宣州2个样本的核苷酸序列与SRBSDV-Shangdong和RBSDV-2 S9部分片段序列相似性高达99.5%,且与SRBSDV亲缘关系最近,说明怀宁和宣州样本感染的病毒是SRBSDV的2个分离物。     

A new class of endogenous human retroviral genomes

Human DNA contains multiple copies of a novel class of endogenous retroviral genomes. Analysis of a human recombinant DNA clone (HLM-2) containing one such proviral genome revealed that it is a mosaic of retroviral-related sequences with the organization and length of known endogenous retroviral genomes. The HLM-2 long terminal repeat hybridized with the long terminal repeat of the squirrel monkey virus, a type D retrovirus. The HLM-2 gag and pol genes share extensive nucleotide sequence homology with those of the M432 retrovirus (a type A-related retrovirus), mouse mammary tumor virus (a type B retrovirus), and the avian Rous sarcoma virus (a type C retrovirus). Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed regions in the HLM-2 pol gene that were as much as 70 percent identical to the mouse mammary tumor virus pol gene. A portion of the putative HLM-2 env gene hybridized with the corresponding region of the M432 viral genome.     

Tumor DNA structure in plant cells transformed by A. tumefaciens

Crown gall tumors are induced in plants by infection with the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Because the tumor induction involves transfer of a portion of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmid DNA from the bacterium to the plant cells, this system is of interest for the study of genetic exchange as well as tumor induction. The boundaries of the transferred DNA (T-DNA) have been cloned from transformed plant cells of tobacco. Detailed mapping with restriction enzymes and nucleotide sequence analysis of two independent clones were used to study the molecular structure of the ends of the T-DNA. One clone contains the two ends of the T-DNA joined together; the other contains one end of the T-DNA joined to repetitive plant DNA sequences. These studies provide direct evidence that the T-DNA can be integrated into the plant genome. In addition, the data suggest that in the plant, T-DNA can be tandemly repeated. Sequence analysis of the junction of crown gall clone 1 reveals several direct repeats as well as an inverted repeat; these structures may be involved in the transfer of the DNA from Agrobacterium to plant cells.     

侵染广东黄秋葵的木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒及伴随卫星DNA的分子特征

从广东省表现黄脉曲叶的黄秋葵病株上分离到病毒分离物Okra06,PCR检测结果显示,该病毒属双生病毒科Geminiviridae菜豆金色花叶病毒属Begomovirus.基因克隆及序列分析结果表明,其基因组仅含A组分(DNA-A),全长为2 737 nt,推导编码6个开放阅读框(Open reading frame,ORF).该组分与木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒(Cotton leafcurl Multan virus,CLCuMV)分离物G6的核苷酸序列相似性最高,为99.7%;二者编码的6个ORF相似性分别为100%、100%、99.6%、99.8%、100%和99.7%.该病毒还伴随有卫星分子β(DNAβ),全长为1 346 nt,推导其互补链上编码1个ORF(C1).该分子与伴随CLCuMV分离物G6 DNAβ的核苷酸序列相似性也最高(99.5%).DNAβ系统进化分析显示,Okra06 DNAβ与CLCuMV-[G6]DNAβ、CLCuMV-[Gx08]DNAβ亲缘关系最近,三者形成一个独立分支;进一步与其他CLCuMV DNAβ和CLCuV DNAβ聚类在一起.这些结果证明,侵染广东黄秋葵的病毒分离物Okra06属于CLCuMV,且该分离物与引起广东朱槿曲叶病的CLCuMV-G6应同属木尔坦棉花曲叶病毒朱槿株系.     

Sequence of the alpha subunit of photoreceptor G protein: homologies between transducin, ras, and elongation factors

A bovine retinal complementary DNA clone encoding the alpha subunit of transducin (T alpha) was isolated with the use of synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides as probes, and the complete nucleotide sequence of the insert was determined. THe predicted protein sequence of 354 amino acids includes the known sequences of four tryptic peptides and sequences adjacent to the residues that undergo adenosine diphosphate ribosylation by cholera toxin and pertussis toxin. On the basis of homologies to other proteins, such as the elongation factors of protein synthesis and the ras oncogene proteins, regions are identified that are predicted to be acylated and involved in guanine nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. Amino acid sequence similarity between T alpha and ras is confined to these regions of the molecules.     

东乡野生稻重复序列的克隆分析及染色体定位

从东乡野生稻(O ry za ruf ipogon G riff)中克隆到7个重复序列,序列分析表明:这些序列是与转座因子有关的序列。以序列H 2为探针,对不同基因组水稻进行Southern杂交,表明该序列为稻属内AA基因组特异的重复序列。其分布在水稻的多条染色体上,荧光原位杂交(F ISH)结果显示该重复序列主要位于染色体的着丝粒以及端粒附近,重复单位序列长度为615 bp左右。并就特异重复序列在水稻研究中的应用进行了讨论。     

一株类猪圆环病毒2型因子P1的全基因组序列测定与分析

【目的】确定猪体内存在与猪圆环病毒2型核苷酸序列高度同源的因子。【方法】首先利用PCR方法对来自临床表现为猪断奶后多系统衰竭综合征的猪血清所抽提的DNA进行扩增,根据获得的序列再设计引物进行反向PCR,拼接得到类猪圆环病毒2型因子P1的全基因组序列,最后根据P1全基因组序列设计引物扩增其全基因组加以验证。【结果】首次完成了类猪圆环病毒2型因子P1的全基因组序列测定。测序结果表明P1因子为环状DNA基因组,全长648个核苷酸,包括3个开放阅读框。除5′端16个核苷酸外,P1因子与国内猪圆环病毒2型BF毒株的核苷酸同源率为98.42%。系统进化分析表明P1与猪圆环病毒有很近的亲缘关系。【结论】猪体内存在类猪圆环病毒2型因子P1。     

A G protein gamma subunit shares homology with ras proteins

Guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) that transduce signals from cell surface receptors to effector molecules are made up of three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma. A complementary DNA clone that encodes a 71-amino acid protein was isolated from bovine brain; this protein contains peptide sequences that were derived from the purified gamma subunit of Gi and Go. The primary sequence of this G protein gamma subunit (G gamma) has 55 percent homology to the gamma subunit of transducin (T gamma) and also has homology to functional domains of mammalian ras proteins. The probe for isolating the clone was generated with the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The extent of divergence between T gamma and G gamma, the isolation of homologous PCR-generated fragments, and the differences between the predicted amino acid sequence of G gamma and that derived from the gamma subunit of Gi and Go indicate that gamma subunits are encoded by a family of genes.     

金花菜与苜蓿属主要物种基因组SSR分布特征的比较分析

【目的】 分析金花菜基因组SSR序列的分布特征,并与苜蓿属主要物种进行比较,为金花菜SSR分子标记的开发提供理论依据。【方法】 利用MISA软件对金花菜、蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿的高质量基因组进行搜索,比较分析搜索到的SSR序列分布特征。【结果】 在金花菜、蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿的基因组中,分别筛选到195 753个,242 434个和390 496个完整的SSR序列,相对密度分别为428、564和478个/Mb,SSR序列的总长度分别为3 611 698、3 657 503和6 307 211 bp,占各自基因组序列总长度的0.79%、0.85%和0.77%。在1~6个不同核苷酸重复单元中,金花菜和蒺藜苜蓿的SSR序列均是单核苷酸重复单元最多,依次是二核苷酸、三核苷酸、四核苷酸、五核苷酸和六核苷酸,而紫花苜蓿的六核苷酸重复单元多于五核苷酸重复单元。A、T、AT、TA、AG和TC是3种苜蓿共有的常见重复单元类型,金花菜基因组低片段长度的SSR比例高于蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿。【结论】 金花菜基因组SSR的分布密度低于蒺藜苜蓿和紫花苜蓿,重复单元类型较丰富,具有较大的多态性标记开发潜力。     

Adenylyl cyclase amino acid sequence: possible channel- or transporter-like structure

Complementary DNA's that encode an adenylyl cyclase were isolated from a bovine brain library. Most of the deduced amino acid sequence of 1134 residues is divisible into two alternating sets of hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains. Each of the two large hydrophobic domains appears to contain six transmembrane spans. Each of the two large hydrophilic domains contains a sequence that is homologous to a single cytoplasmic domain of several guanylyl cyclases; these sequences may represent nucleotide binding sites. An unexpected topographical resemblance between adenylyl cyclase and various plasma membrane channels and transporters was observed. This structural complexity suggests possible, unappreciated functions for this important enzyme.     

Nucleotide sequence and expression of an AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV-2)

The nucleotide sequence of molecular clones of DNA from a retrovirus, ARV-2, associated with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was determined. Proviral DNA of ARV-2 (9737 base pairs) has long terminal repeat structures (636 base pairs) and long open reading frames encoding gag (506 codons), pol (1003 codons), and env (863 codons) genes. Two additional open reading frames were identified. Significant amino acid homology with several other retroviruses was noted in the predicted product of gag and pol, but ARV-2 was as closely related to murine and avian retroviruses as it was to human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-I and HTLV-II). By means of an SV-40 vector in transfected simian cells, the cloned gag and env genes of ARV-2 were shown to express viral proteins.     

象草IT2序列的克隆与比较分析

从象草叶片提取了DNA,进行PCR扩增,获得了一段长度为283bp的IT2序列。不同物种间ITS2序列的系统发育分析表明,象草与玉米的亲缘关系最近,属于单子叶植物类群。与GenBank中其它来源的IT2序列进行比较分析,发现多条IT2序列之间存在少量碱基的差异。针对这种情况,提出可以采用“基准”IT2序列作为解决办法。     

转基因油菜W-4 T-DNA旁侧序列分析与事件特异性检测

W-4是通过农杆菌介导法将fad2基因的反向重复序列表达框转入甘蓝型油菜Westar后获得的转基因高油酸油菜品系.为建立W-4的转基因事件特异性PCR检测技术,应用温度不对称PCR（TAIL-PCR）扩增获得转基因油菜W-4的T-DNA插入位点的左、右旁侧序列.其中右边界旁侧序列长度为290 bp,其碱基组成G＋C含量为31.27％、A＋T含量为68.73％;左边界旁侧序列长度为365 bp,其碱基组成G＋C含量为32.6％、A＋T含量为67.4％,表明该T-DNA整合在富含AT区.序列比对结果发现,该转基因事件中,T-DNA左边界序列完全整合到油菜基因组中,仅有1个碱基由G转换成了A.而右边界则缺失了包括RBborder在内的62个碱基.结果表明：转基因高油酸油菜T-DNA的整合是一次无载体序列的整合.依据左、右边界旁侧序列和转基因载体的T-DNA左右边界序列设计了2对特异性引物TLF/TLR和TRF/TRR,能从W-4基因组DNA中扩增出大小分别为485和405 bp的预期产物,而在其他转基因油菜、非转基因油菜的基因组DNA和空白对照中均无特异性扩增产物,据此建立了W-4的转基因事件特异性PCR检测技术.应用该检测技术可以从含有0.1％ W-4基因组DNA的混合样品中扩增出特异产物,检测灵敏度达0.1％.可对W-4的转基因事件进行特异性检测.