毛竹林物种多样性对集约经营的响应模型

根据岛屿生物地理学理论及其物种-面积关系:S=cAz,构建数学生态模型,研究集约经营对毛竹林物种多样性的影响.得出两点:(1)竹林生物多样性对集约经营的响应具有一定的面积效应,即原粗放经营竹林的面积越大,物种减少幅度就越大,原竹林越小,物种减少幅度就越小;(2)毛竹林诱导扩张过程符合Logistic方程,随着时间的延长...     

国家生态保护重要区域植被长势遥感监测评估

国家生态保护重要区域植被长势对于维持区域生态系统结构和功能的稳定性至关重要.以国家重点生态功能区、国家重要生态功能区、国家生物多样性保护优先区和国家级自然保护区等四类生态保护重要区域为研究区,选取年累积NDVI作为指示因子,监测评估了1998-2007年间国家生态保护重要区域的植被长势特征.结果表明:(1)国家生态保护重要区域总面积为536.59万km2,占全国陆地国土面积的55.89％.国家生物多样性保护优先区与国家重点生态功能区、国家重要生态功能区的重叠面积较大,分别占到相应生态功能区总面积的53.36％和50.20％.国家级自然保护区与其他三种类型区域的空间叠加关系较好,尤其与国家重点生态功能区,重叠面积占国家级自然保护区总面积的75.10％.国家重点生态功能区和国家重要生态功能区的重叠面积分别占各自面积的63.73％和39.15％.(2)对于植被长势总体状况,国家生态保护重要区域中东部的植被状况好于西部.植被状况较差的区域面积为10.59％,植被状况一般的区域面积为29.59％,植被状况好的区域面积为23.44％,植被状况较好的区域面积为36.39％.国家级自然保护区和生物多样性保护优优先区的植被状况好于国家重要生态功能区和国家重点生态功能区.国家级自然保护区的空间分布差异最大.(3)对于植被长势变化趋势,国家生态保护重要区域的植被状况整体呈现出变好趋势.62.39％区域面积的植被状况较为稳定,22.69％区域面积的植被状况呈现出变好趋势,14.93％区域面积的植被状况呈现出变差趋势.国家重要生态功能区的植被变好趋势最为明显,其次为国家生物多样性保护优先区.国家生物多样性保护优先区的植被变化趋势空间差异最大,国家级自然保护区的植被变化趋势空间差异最小.     

毛竹向杉木林扩张后的群落物种多样性特征

以戴云山自然保护区毛竹向杉木林扩张过程中形成的3种林分:毛竹林、毛竹杉木混交林、杉木林为对象,研究毛竹扩张对立竹结构和物种多样性的影响。结果表明,毛竹杉木混交林中立竹高度>9 m以及胸径>9 cm的立竹比例显著高于毛竹林中的比例,混交林中毛竹通过增大立竹高度和立竹胸径获得更多的养分和光照等资源,从而促进毛竹的快速生长以及扩张。毛竹向杉木林扩张过程中,灌木层和草本层的物种数量呈增加趋势,当杉木林完全演替为毛竹林后,物种数量显著增加。毛竹扩张对灌木层物种分布均匀度无明显影响,但会增加草本层物种分布均匀度。研究结果可为毛竹林扩张控制的人工干扰提供理论依据。     

不同管理模式对毛竹林碳贮量的影响

该研究旨在比较不同管理模式对毛竹林碳贮量的影响和1年生毛竹碳积累的动态变化.结果表明,1年生毛竹碳积累量在10月份前随时间推移呈直线增加,此后碳积累量的增加趋缓;集约经营和粗放经营毛竹林中1年生毛竹碳积累量在6个月内分别为10.11和5.61 t/hm2,且碳积累主要集中在竹秆,占总碳贮量的71.6%～78.0%;集约经营和粗放经营毛竹林下凋落物的碳贮量分别为1.173和 2.156 t/(hm2·a);集约经营毛竹林年固碳量为12.750 t/(hm2·a),是粗放经营毛竹林的1.56倍;与杉木人工林、热带山地雨林和马尾松林相比,毛竹林具有更大的固定CO2的能力.因此,毛竹是森林植被中固碳效果最好的林木之一.      

天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹林扩张对生物多样性的影响

为研究毛竹林扩张对植物多样性的影响,在浙江天目山国家级自然保护区内,采用样方调查法对毛竹林、常绿阔叶林、毛竹-常绿阔叶林、针叶林、毛竹-针叶林、针阔混交林、毛竹-针阔混交林等7种群落进行调查,分析毛竹扩张对自然保护区植物群落立木数、不同类型不同层次的物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度指数的影响。结果表明：毛竹林的立竹度为3700株· hm-2,毛竹扩散到其他森林类型,均造成其他树种立木数的降低。受毛竹扩张的影响,常绿阔叶林、针叶林、针阔混交林植物群落的乔木层物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度有减小的趋势。灌木层中,由于受毛竹扩张的影响,常绿阔叶林和针叶林的物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度增大。草本层中,常绿阔叶林和针叶林的物种丰富度、多样性指数及均匀度基本未受毛竹扩张的影响。     

天目山皆伐毛竹林自然更新群落类型与多样性分析

  目的  毛竹Phyllostachys edulis林是中国亚热带区域近30 a来不断扩展的森林群落类型之一，物种多样性单一、生态功能不强。近年来，毛竹林蔓延和入侵越来越严重，已威胁到竹林周边植被，势必要进行更新改造。本研究旨在探讨毛竹纯林皆伐后自然更新形成群落类型、生物多样性特点和影响因素。  方法  基于天目山毛竹林皆伐自然更新后形成的次生群落的监测数据，利用TWINSPAN分析方法对自然更新群落进行了分类，比较了不同群落之间α多样性之间的差异性，用冗余分析法分析环境因素的影响。  结果  毛竹林皆伐后自然更新群落物种和类型多样，可分成11个不同的群落，不同群落之间α多样性存在显著差异。冗余分析发现:在海拔、坡向、坡度3个地形因子中海拔是决定自然更新群落木本层以及草本层α多样性大小的主要因子，且与其呈显著负相关关系(P＜0.05)。  结论  揭示了毛竹林皆伐后演替初期群落与环境因子的分布格局，为天目山自然保护区内植被恢复提供理论依据。图3表3参38     

丰林国家级自然保护区生物多样性保护价值量化

参考LY/T 1721—2008《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》,对Shannon-Wiener指数进行了再次修正,加入集中代表度指数,以丰林国家级自然保护区为研究对象,对森林型自然保护区生物多样性的保护价值进行货币评估。结果表明:丰林自然保护区生物多样性保护价值约为5.45亿元·a~(-1),该研究结果高于以往对丰林自然保护区生物多样性保护价值的评估,生物多样性保护价值在保护区单项价值排序中居于首位,说明生物多样性保护价值是森林型自然保护区价值的重要组成部分。     

毛竹幼林的抚育

最近几年各地新造毛竹林面积迅速扩大,切实搞好毛竹林抚育是巩固和发展毛竹造林成果的关键.现特将毛竹幼林抚育技术介绍如下:     

施肥时间对毛竹林生产力分配格局及土壤性质的影响

以福建省永安市天宝岩自然保护区不施肥毛竹林(Ⅰ)为对照,对施肥5 a(Ⅱ)和施肥13 a(Ⅲ)毛竹林的生产力分配格局和土壤性质演变特征进行了研究.结果表明:施肥能显著提高毛竹林的生产力.3种类型毛竹林生产力排列顺序为Ⅰ＜Ⅱ＜Ⅲ,分别为(35 443.98±1 583.41)、(47364.87±1 735.93)、(5...     

近30a安吉县毛竹林动态遥感监测及碳储量变化

通过最大似然分类法从不同时期陆地资源卫星Landsat-5 TM影像中提取毛竹Phyllostachys pubescens林信息,利用变化幅度和动态度2个指标对浙江省安吉县近30 a毛竹林面积时空动态特征进行了监测、评价与分析,并初步估算了各时期竹林地上总碳储量变化情况。结果表明：①各个时期影像分类总体精度和毛竹林信息提取的精度比较好,其中总体分类精度都在85%以上,而毛竹林Kappa系数为0.80~0.95。遥感估算的毛竹林面积与森林资源清查结果相吻合,两者决定系数（R2）达到0.981;②1986-2008年期间,除昆铜乡毛竹林面积呈负增长外（变化幅度为-8.49%）,其他各乡镇的毛竹林面积呈上升趋势,变化幅度为14%~86%,以孝丰镇增长幅度最大,天荒坪镇增长幅度最小;③针叶林、阔叶林以及农业用地的变化对毛竹林总面积增加的贡献最大;④根据毛竹林动态监测结果和毛竹林地上碳密度（20.297 Mg.hm-2）估算得到1986,1991,1998,2004和2008年5个时期安吉县竹林地上碳储总量分别为1.106,1.213,1.327,1.413和1.466 Tg,呈逐渐增加趋势。图2表4参31     

Web2.0,以个人为中心的互联网时代的到来

本文介绍了Web2．0的知识和背景，对Web2．0出现的基础以及典型技术和应用作了阐述，同时对其作出了前景展望。     

盐胁迫对葡萄苗期多胺和激素代谢的影响

【目的】 研究盐胁迫条件下,葡萄叶片中多胺含量、多胺氧化酶、多胺合成酶活性以及激素的动态变化,研究不同盐胁迫强度对多胺类物质及激素代谢的影响。【方法】 采用盆栽基质培养模拟盐胁迫环境,设置4个NaCl处理梯度:0 (CK)、1、2和3 g/kg。多胺和激素含量的测定采用高效液相色谱法,多胺合成及分解酶活性的测定采用紫外分光光度计比色法。【结果】 盐胁迫处理后,葡萄叶片中多胺含量和脱落酸含量较对照而言显著增加,玉米素含量显著降低,随胁迫时间的延长,Put、Spm、Spd、ABA以及PAO、DAO、ADC、ODC、SAMDC活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,在10 d及10 d后达到峰值。ZT呈逐渐下降的趋势,并随胁迫强度增大而减小;进行显著性分析后,叶片中多胺含量与Put、Spm、Spd含量呈极显著正相关,DAO、ADC、ODC活性与Put含量呈显著正相关,PAO与SAMDC活性与Spm和Spd含量也呈极显著正相关。【结论】 3种多胺经酶的合成代谢后和激素共同缓解葡萄苗所遭受到的盐胁迫,期间主要发生作用的是多胺合成酶,盐胁迫下多胺与激素含量之间的变化关系也十分密切。     

市级综合气象信息分析与管理系统的设计与实现

以抚顺地区3个国家基本站50余年气象资料为依托,采用Microsoft Excel工作表实现由气候和农业气候2部分构成的气象与农业综合信息处理系统的基本思路、方法、内容、用途和使用情况。为了实现气候分析及应用的科学化、客观化、系统化、规范化、程序化及连续化的业务目标,按业务流程设计与实现的,包括资料处理、气候趋势模拟、气候预测、气候鉴定、季节性信息化处理、农作物产量预报、气候生产潜力分析等一系列内容在内的系统建设。关键是解决了大量的计算问题,建立了区域性通用模式。     

Multi-variable grey model (MGM (1,n,q)) based on genetic algorithm and its application in urban water consumption

Urban water consumption has some characteristics of grey because it is influenced by economy, population, standard of living and so on. The multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n））, as the expansion and complement of GM（1,1） model, reveals the relationship between restriction and stimulation among variables, and the genetic algorithm has the whole optimal and parallel characteristics. In this paper, the parameter q of MGM（1,n） model was optimized, and a multi-variable grey model （MGM（1 ,n,q）） was built by using the genetic algorithm. The model was validated by examining the urban water consumption from 1990 to 2003 in Dalian City. The result indicated that the multi-variable grey model （MGM（1,n,q）） based on genetic algorithm was better than MGM（1,n） model, and the MGM（1,n） model was better than MGM（1,1） model.     

Molecular detection of virulence genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa

Campylobacter species are a major cause of foodborne bacterial infections in both developed and developing countries worldwide. Campylobacter jejuni is responsible for the majority of infections. This study was conducted to identify virulenceassociated genes in Campylobacter species isolated from livestock production systems in South Africa. A total of 250 fecal samples consisting of cattle(n=50), chickens(n=50), goats(n=50), sheep(n=50) and pigs(n=50) were randomly collected from livestock in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa between April and October 2018. The samples were analyzed for the presence of virulence genes in Campylobacter species using molecular PCR-based methods. It was found that 77 and 23% of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli respectively were isolated from all the livestock samples. There were positive significant(P0.05) correlations amongst all the virulence genes that were investigated. Chisquare and Fisher's exact tests were implemented to test for the effect of livestock species on the presence or absence of virulence genes. The study demonstrated that most of livestock species can potentially cause zoonotic infections and food poisoning due to the high prevalence of Campylobacter. The high prevalence of virulence genes highlights the significance of Campylobacter in livestock production systems in South Africa. This requires the implementation of one-health approaches to reduce the impact of foodborne and zoonotic diseases for the welfare of human and animal health.     

红苕饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能及某些血液生化指标的影响

选体重约38公斤的长白(♂)×成华(♀)杂交猪20头,随机分为四组,饲予四种不同的饲粮,研究饲粮中添加铜和/或喹乙醇对猪生产性能和某些血液生化指标的影响。结果表明:基础组、加铜组、加喹乙醇组和两者同时加组全期日增重分别为674、761、796、678克,日采食量分别为2.50、2.65、2.74、2.40公斤,饲料利用率分别为3.73、3.49,3.44、3.54,添加铜和/或喹乙醇对试验第65天血清铜兰蛋白、尿素氨及屠宰率、背膘厚和眼肌面积无显著影响(p>0.05);添加铜使65天血清碱性碱酸酶活性极显著增高(p<0.01),添加喹乙醇有使之升高的趋势,两者同时添加时,碱性酸磷酶活性降低。     

不同施肥水平对木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配及其产量的影响

 【目的】通过比较不同施肥水平下木薯氮磷钾养分积累、分配和产量的差异,探讨粤北坡岗地优质高产木薯氮磷钾养分的最佳用量。【方法】以木薯品种南美119为材料,采用“3414”方案,在粤北翁源进行大田试验。试验共设14个处理。【结果】施肥处理的氮素主要分配到地上部,不施肥处理的氮素则主要分配到根部;不同施肥处理的磷素均主要分配到地上部;不施肥处理和不施钾处理的钾素主要分配到根部,不施氮处理的钾素在根、冠间分配较均衡。在木薯不同生长阶段,植株氮磷钾含量均呈下降趋势,但施氮、磷、钾化学肥料处理植株氮磷钾含量的下降速度小于不施氮、磷、钾化学肥料的处理。处理N2P2K2的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最大,不施肥处理（N0P0K0）的氮、磷、钾含量和积累量在各生育期均为最小（P＜0.05）。产量最高的是N2P3K2处理,为22 694.06 kg·hm-2,其次是N2P2K2处理,为21 417.87 kg·hm-2。【结论】木薯产量、氮磷钾养分积累及其在根冠间的分配,对施肥水平高度敏感, 适当比例的氮磷钾肥配合施用既可以显著增加木薯植株的氮磷钾含量和积累量,又可以提高产量。在粤北坡岗地木薯生产中,氮素最重要,在氮素得到满足的条件下,磷素较钾素更重要。在本试验条件下,氮磷钾养分最佳用量为358.80 kgN·hm-2、89.10 kg P2O5·hm-2和187.50 kg K2O·hm-2。     

Current progress on genetic interactions of rice with rice blast and sheath blight fungi

Analysis of genetic interactions between rice and its pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae and Rhizoctonia solani should lead to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms of host resistance, and the improvement of strategies to manage rice blast and sheath blight diseases. Currently, dozens of rice resistance (R) genes against specific races of the blast fungus have been described. Among them, ten were molecularly characterized and some were widely used for breeding for genetic resistance. The Pi-ta gene was one of the best characterized rice R genes. Following the elucidation of its molecular structure, interaction, distribution, and evolution, user friendly DNA markers were developed from portions of the cloned genes to facilitate the incorporations of the Pi-ta mediated resistance into improved rice varieties using marker assisted selection (MAS). However, rice blast is still a major threat for stable rice production because of race change mutations occurring in rice fields, which often overcome added resistance based on single R genes, and these virulent races of M. oryzae pose a continued challenge for blast control. For sheath blight, progress has been made on the exploration of novel sources of resistance from wild rice relatives and indica rice cultivars. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), named qSB9-2, was recently verified in several mapping populations with different phenotyping methods, including greenhouse methods. The ability to identify qSB9-2 using greenhouse methods should accelerate the efforts on the qSB9-2 fine mapping and positional cloning.     

Virus Location and Lymphocyte Apoptosis in Lymph Nodes of Piglets Infected with PCV-2

The present study has been performed to understand the location of the virus, type of apoptotic cells, and their relation to lymph nodes of piglets infected with porcine circovirus type Ⅱ （PCV-2）. Nine 32-day-old conventional piglets free of infection with PCV-2 were used, and distributed into three groups： control group （n = 3）, piglets inoculated with PCV-2 alone （PCV-2, n = 3）, and PCV-2 inoculated and KLH immunostimulated group （PCV-2 ＋ KLH, n = 3）. Superficial inguinal lymph nodes from all piglets were collected for histological examination after 32 days postinoculation, and immunohistochemistry for PCV-2 detection. Location of apoptotic cells was detected with TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling （TUNEL） and cell cycle, and the apoptotic rates were measured by flow cytometry. The characteristic histopathological lesions of the piglets in PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH were lymphocyte depletions in the cortex and paracortex of the lymph nodes, epithelioid-like macrophage infiltration, and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies presented in epithelioid-like macrophages. PCV-2 was mainly found in epithelioid-like macrophages by immunohistochemistry. In the lymph nodes, lymphocytes presented higher apoptotic rates in the cortex by TUNEL, special B-cell areas, and similar apoptotic cells were found in this compartment in the control. The apoptotic rates of the lymph nodes were 0.41, 3.34, and 4.88% in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH groups by flow cytometry, respectively. The apoptotic rates of lymph nodes for PCV-2 and PCV-2 ＋ KLH piglets were significantly higher than those for the control group （P〈0.05 and P〈0.01）. The proliferation index （PI） was 0.17_＋0.01, 0.12_＋0.01 and 0.12_＋0.04 in the control, PCV-2, and PCV-2 ＋ KLH group, the PI of the control group was higher than that of the other groups, but without the statistical difference. PCV-2 can induce lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes of piglets by blocking cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis. This is one o     

内脐蠕孢属、平脐蠕孢属和凸脐蠕孢属的研究

本文报道了平脐蠕孢属(Bipolaris)一个新种,一个新组合,5个新记录以及凸脐蠕孢属(Exserohilum)一个新记录。讨论了内脐蠕孢属(Drechslera)、平脐蠕孢属、凸脐蠕孢属与长蠕孢属(Helminthosporium)的关系,并就我国已报道的长蠕孢属真菌按Alcorn等~([1,3,4,5,24])人的意见,逐个进行了订正。