小粒野生稻导入系子粒大小和形状的QTL定位

通过AB-QTL分析法,应用Windows QTL Cartographer 2.5软件,于2009~2010年分别在武昌和南宁对一套小粒野生稻(Oryza minuta)导入系的子粒大小、粒长、粒宽与子粒长宽比进行QTL定位。2009年检测到18个QTLs,其中千粒重、粒长、粒宽和子粒长宽比分别检测到6、4、5和3个QTLs,单个QTL可解释表型贡献率的5.18%~21.33%;2010年检测到12个QTLs,其中千粒重、粒长、粒宽和子粒长宽比分别检测到6、2、2和2个QTLs,单个QTL可解释表型贡献率的6.68%~16.55%。两年均检测到的QTLs共有10个,其中4个新鉴定的QTLs的表型贡献率较大,分别为qTGW-9.2、qTGW-12、qGL-9和qGW-12,其增效基因均来自于小粒野生稻。这些携带有利QTL的小粒野生稻导入系是进行水稻(Oryza sativa)产量和品质改良的优良材料。     

利用籼粳交RILs群体的水稻粒形QTLs定位

为了深入剖析水稻粒形性状的遗传调控机理,以典型籼稻品种七山占(Qishanzhan)和典型粳稻品种秋光(Akihikari)为亲本构建的重组自交系群体为材料,于2011~2013年分别对各株系的粒长、粒宽和粒厚3个粒形性状进行表型测定,并基于完备区间作图法(ICIM)进行粒形性状基因定位研究。试验结果表明:共检测到27个控制粒形性状的QTLs,包括3个粒长QTLs,11个粒宽QTLs和13个粒厚QTLs,它们分布于第1,2,3,4,5,11和12号染色体上,可分别解释14.45%~38.48%,28.98%~52.36%和38.77%~44.23%的表型变异;进一步分析发现,在第3,5和12号染色体上检测到的粒形性状QTL位点较多,且呈簇分布;此外,检测到q GL12a,q GL12b,q GW1,q GW5a,q GT11a和q GT12b等6个较新的QTLs位点,其中控制粒宽的q GW5a连续3年表达稳定,是一个重演性极好的QTL位点。以上结果将为水稻粒形性状的QTL克隆和遗传改良奠定基础。     

水稻粒形性状的QTL分析

为了促进水稻粒形性状分子标记辅助选择育种研究,以籼稻二九南和粳稻龙稻5号杂交衍生的重组自交系群体为材料,对粒长、粒宽和粒厚3个粒形性状进行数量性状基因定位(Quantitative trait loci,QTL)分析。结果表明:采用完备区间作图法(ICIM),共检测到7个控制粒形性状的QTL,包括3个粒宽QTL,4个粒厚QTL,它们分布于第2、3、5、11和12号染色体上,其中4个主效QTL包括1个控制粒宽的qGW5a和3个控制粒厚的qGT2a、qGT11a以及qGT12a,但未检测到控制粒长的QTL位点。进一步分析表明,3个控制粒宽性状的QTL能解释28.44%的表型贡献率,单个表型贡献率为6.61%~13.81%;而4个控制粒厚性状的QTL能解释17.53%的表型贡献率,单个表型贡献率为7.32%~15.30%。     

水稻籽粒大小相关性状QTL定位

【目的】水稻籽粒大小是影响产量和品质的数量性状,籽粒大小相关QTLs的定位是进一步克隆、功能研究以及分子育种的基础。【方法】用1个大粒水稻ZD05321和斯里兰卡的极小粒Suwandel为亲本,创建了1个246个单株的F2群体,用48个SSR标记对控制粒长、粒宽、千粒重和长宽比进行QTLs定位分析。【结果】F2群体粒长、粒宽、千粒重等性状呈现连续分布的数量性状遗传特点,多数植株的表型偏向大粒亲本。粒长、粒宽与千粒重都存在极显著的正相关;随着粒重的增加,粒长对粒重的作用逐渐变小。在第1、4、6、7、8和9号染色体上,共检测到15个与籽粒大小相关的QTL,单个性状QTL为3~5个,可分别解释1.02%~16.52%的相应性状变异。在第9染色体上检测到同时控制粒长、粒宽、千粒重和长宽比等4个性状的4个QTL,它们位于该染色体的RM3609~RM7586和RM6543~RM566区段上。【结论】大粒亲本ZD05321中可能存在控制籽粒大小的效应值较大的QTLs,第9染色体上存在同时控制多个粒形性状区域,为下一步精细定位这些新的粒形相关QTL奠定了基础。     

粳稻粒形性状的数量性状基因座检测

 【目的】通过对粳稻粒形性状的QTL检测,为粳稻粒形性状相关QTL的精细定位和分子标记辅助选择育种提供理论依据。【方法】利用大粒粳稻DL115与小粒粳稻XL005杂交获得的F2代200个个体为作图群体,在北京进行稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、千粒重等粒形性状的鉴定。采用复合区间作图法,利用SSR标记对上述粒形性状进行数量性状基因座检测。【结果】上述粒形性状在F2群体均呈正态连续分布,表现为由多基因控制的数量性状。共检测到与粒形性状相关的QTL 16个,分布于第2、3、5和12染色体上。其中qGL3a、qGW2、qGW5、qGT2、qRLW2、qRLW3、qGWT2和qGWT3对表型变异的贡献率分别为15.42%、40.89%、13.54%、33.43%、13.82%、13.61%、12.51%和10.1%,为主效QTL。其中,qGW2、qGT2、qRLW2和qGWT2均位于第2染色体上的RM12776－RM324 区间。在所检测到的16个QTL中,4个QTL的增效等位基因来源于小粒亲本XL005,而其余QTL的增效等位基因均来源于大粒亲本DL115。基因作用方式主要表现为加性或部分显性。【结论】粳稻粒形性状是由多基因控制的数量性状。第2染色体RM12776－RM324区间是分别与粒宽、粒厚、长宽比和千粒重相关的4个主效QTL的共同标记区间,与其相邻的2个标记（RM12776和RM324）应在分子标记辅助选择育种中探讨其利用价值。大粒亲本对稻谷粒长、粒宽、粒厚和千粒重等性状的增效作用显著。     

6种大豆粒形性状的QTL定位

利用晋豆23和灰布支杂交构建的F13代大豆重组自交系群体的474个家系为作图群体,构建了一个含有231个SSR标记的SSR图谱。通过一年两点的随机区组田间试验和分子标记分析,研究了大豆粒长、粒宽、粒厚、长宽比、长厚比和宽厚比6个重要粒形性状。相关分析表明,同一性状两地点间呈极显著正相关,粒长与粒宽、粒宽与粒厚、长宽比与长厚比、长厚比与宽厚比之间呈极显著正相关,粒长与长宽比和粒长与长厚比呈显著正相关,粒厚与长厚比和粒厚与宽厚比呈极显著负相关、粒厚与长宽比呈显著或极显著负相关。采用复合区间作图法,通过500次排列测验分别确定各性状的LOD阈值,在汾阳和郑州2种环境条件下共定位了33个QTLs,其中粒长共检测到7个QTLs,粒宽共检测到3个QTLs,粒厚共检测到3个QTLs,长宽比共检测到6个QTLs,长厚比共检测到9个QTLs,宽厚比共检测到5个QTLs。这些QTLs在染色体上分布不均匀,具有集中分布的特点,分别位于A1,B1,B2,D1a,D2,F_2,G,I,J_2和O染色体上。研究表明,大豆粒形性状间的表型相关可能源于控制数量性状的QTLs位点间的相关。     

水稻粒型与粒质量的QTL分析

以元江普通野生稻与优良栽培稻亲本特青配制的野生稻染色体片段代换系为材料,对水稻粒长、粒宽、粒厚、容积、密度、粒质量进行数量性状位点(QTL)定位。结果分别检测到12个与粒长相关的QTLs,16个与粒宽相关的QTLs,9个与粒厚相关的QTLs,3个与密度有关的QTLs,14个与籽粒容积有关的QTLs,10个与粒质量相关的QTLs,其中17个QTLs位点被多次重复检测到。相关系数分析及QTLs位点分析证明,容积、粒厚对粒质量的贡献率最大,且粒型间也有一定的相关性,尤其是粒厚与容积的相关性最大,同时也说明粒厚与容积可能有相同的遗传基础。此外,有研究表明,野生稻逐渐进化成的栽培稻更有利于提高产量。     

水稻RIL群体高密度遗传图谱构建及粒型QTL定位

【目的】水稻粒型是与产量直接相关的重要农艺性状,影响稻米的外观品质和商品价值。挖掘新的水稻粒型相关基因,对揭示水稻粒型调控的遗传机理研究有重要意义,同时可为水稻粒型分子育种提供新的基因资源。【方法】以极端粒型差异的粳稻TD70和籼稻Kasalath,以及杂交构建的186个家系的重组自交系群体为研究材料,利用高通量测序技术对亲本和RIL株系进行深度测序。统计186个RIL基因型数据,利用滑动窗法（SNP/InDel数目为15）,将窗口内SNP/InDel信息转换成窗口的基因型,预测染色体上的重组断点构建RIL群体的BinMap遗传图谱,结合2年的粒长、粒宽、粒厚和千粒重的表型数据,运用QTL IciMapping软件,采用复合区间作图法对RIL群体的4个性状进行QTL定位。【结果】构建了一张包含12 328个Bin标记的高密度遗传图谱,该图谱各染色体Bin标记数为763—1 367个,标记间平均物理距离为30.26 kb。粒长、粒宽、粒厚和千粒重4个性状在RIL群体中呈近正态连续分布,且2年间的变化趋势相似,符合QTL作图要求。2018年对粒长、粒宽、粒厚及千粒重进行QTL分析,共检测到40个粒型QTL,其中,粒长12个,粒宽9个,粒厚8个,千粒重11个,2019年对粒长、粒宽、粒厚及千粒重进行QTL分析,检测到56个籽粒相关的QTL,粒长15个,粒宽11个,粒厚13个,千粒重17个。分析定位到的96个粒型QTL位点,连续2年都能检测到的QTL位点有11个,其中7个为已克隆的粒型基因位点,4个为未知的新位点,分别分布于第1、3、4、5染色体上,分别为粒长qGL-1-2和qGL5-2、粒厚qGT-3-2、粒宽qGW-4-1。【结论】构建了一张包含12 328个Bin标记的分子遗传连锁图谱,解析大粒粳稻资源的粒型基因,获得了qGW-4-1、qGL5-2、qGT-3-2、qGL-1-2等4个新的粒型QTL,可用于后续粒型调控基因的精细定位及克隆研究。     

水稻粒形相关性状的QTL分析

利用Nipponbare(粳)/Kasalath(籼)//Nipponbare(粳)的98个BC1F5回交重组自交系群体及其对应的包含245个分子标记的连锁图谱,于2009年和2010年分别在日本筑波和中国沈阳对水稻粒形相关性状(粒长、粒宽和粒厚)进行数量性状基因位点(Quantitative trait loci,QTL)分析。共检测到16个控制粒形相关性状的QTL,包括在日本筑波检测到的13个QTL和在中国沈阳检测到的9个QTL。它们分布在第1,2,3,5,6,9,10和12号染色体上,其中有6个QTL在2个环境下被同时检测到,分别是控制粒长的qSL3-1和qSL12;控制粒宽的qSW5;控制粒厚的qST3、qST5和qST6-1。这些QTL为粒形相关性状在不同环境条件下的相对稳定遗传提供了理论支持,而其余的在特定环境下表达的QTL也反映了粒形相关性状遗传的复杂性。     

水稻粒厚主效位点qGT8精细定位和候选基因分析

【目的】在已鉴定的稻谷粒长、粒宽和粒厚QTL的基础上,对控制粒厚的主效QTL进行精细定位和候选基因分析,以解析川106B（C-106B）细长粒形的遗传基础,为进一步通过分子技术改良其产量水平提供科学依据。【方法】以细长粒形的优质籼稻保持系川106B与籽粒较宽厚的籼稻保持系川345B（C-345B）杂交,构建包含182个单株的F2群体,采用QTL Catographer v2.5软件基于复合区间作图法发掘与稻谷粒形性状相关的QTL;进一步从BC₃F₂群体筛选隐性单株（稻谷厚度较薄）对粒厚主效QTL（qGT8）进行精细定位,并对候选基因进行测序和荧光定量PCR分析。分别构建qGT8位点携带川106B等位基因的近等基因系（NIL-gt8^C-106B）和携带川345B等位基因的近等基因系（NIL-GT8^C-345B）并调查其稻米外观品质及产量性状。【结果】川106B和川345B的粒长、粒宽和粒厚表型存在显著差异。利用F₂群体检测到2个粒长QTL、3个粒宽QTL和3个粒厚QTL,其中,位于第7染色体区间RM21892-RM3589的粒长主效QTL（qGL7）可解释粒长变异的68.23%,川106B等位基因在该位点可增加粒长0.47 mm。控制稻谷粒宽和粒厚的主效QTL（qGW8和qGT8）位于第8染色体上相同区间RM6070-RM447,分别解释相应表型变异的26.48%和34.89%,增加粒宽或粒厚的等位基因均来自于川345B。利用1 732个BC₃F₂隐性单株,将粒厚主效位点qGT8精细定位在标记SG930和SG950间的11.2 kb区段,该区段仅包含1个注释基因LOC_os08g41940（OsSPL16）。对该基因测序分析发现,川106B和川345B在起始密码子ATG上游2 kb区段存在7个差异位点,在编码区有5个多态性位点,其中,川106B在第3外显子插入2 bp（c.1006_1007 插入CT）引起移码突变,且位于qGT8的OsmiR156结合位点,推测为川106B籽粒厚度变薄、宽度变细的关键位点。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,qGT8在幼穗中表达量较高,且在川106B和川345B中的表达方式相似,表达量在1-8 cm长幼穗发育时期随幼穗发育逐渐增加,8 cm时达到最高,之后随幼穗发育逐渐降低,但2个亲本在各时期的表达水平存在差异。近等基因系NIL-GT8^C-345B的粒厚、粒宽、千粒重、单株产量和垩白粒率显著高于NIL-gt8^C-106B,而粒长、透明度、株高、单株有效穗数、穗长、每穗实粒数、结实率和播抽期与NIL-gt8^C-106B相当。【结论】控制粒长的主效QTL（qGL7）位于第7染色体区间RM21892-RM3589,控制粒宽和粒厚的主效QTL位于第8染色体的相同区间RM6070-RM447。粒厚主效QTL（qGT8）被精细定位在仅包含GW8的片段上,是控制粒形和产量的关键基因,但在近等基因系中高粒重与高垩白紧密连锁,表明该位点存在高产与外观品质改良的矛盾。     

Identification of QTLs for grain size and characterization of the beneficial alleles of grain size genes in large grain rice variety BL129

Grain size is one of the most important agronomic components of grain yield. Grain length, width and thickness are controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci(QTLs). To understand genetic basis of large grain shape and explore the beneficial alleles for grain size improvement, we perform QTL analysis using an F2 population derived from a cross between the japonica variety Beilu 129(BL129, wide and thick grain) and the elite indica variety Huazhan(HZ, narrow and long grain). A total number of eight major QTLs are detected on three different chromosomes. QTLs for grain width(q GW), grain thickness(q GT), brown grain width(q BGW), and brown grain thickness(q BGT) explained 7 7.67, 36.24, 89.63, and 39.41% of total phenotypic variation, respectively. The large grain rice variety BL129 possesses the beneficial alleles of GW2 and q SW5/GW5, which have been known to control grain width and weight, indicating that the accumulation of the beneficial alleles causes large grain shape in BL129. Further results reveal that the rare gw2 allele from BL129 increases grain width, thickness and weight of the elite indica variety Huazhan, which is used as a parental line in hybrid rice breeding. Thus, our findings will help breeders to carry out molecular design breeding on rice grain size and shape.     

Mapping and genetic validation of a grain size QTL qGS7.1 in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

Grain size is a major determinant of grain weight, which is one of the components of rice yield. The objective o this study was to identify novel, and important quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for grain size and weight in rice. QTLs were mapped using a BC_4F_4 population including 192 backcross inbred lines(BILs) derived from a backcross between Xiaolijing(XLJ) and recombinant inbred lines(RILs). The mapping population was planted in both Lingshui(Hainan, 2015) and Fuyang(Zhejiang, 2016), with the short-and long-day conditions, respectively. A total of 10 QTLs for grain length, four for grain width, four for the ratio of grain length to width, and 11 for grain weight were detected in at least one environment and were distributed across 11 chromosomes. The phenotypic variance explained ranged from 6.76–25.68%, 14.30–34.03%, 5.28–26.50%, and 3.01–22.87% for grain length, grain width, the ratio of grain length to width, and thousand grain weight, respectively. Using the sequential residual heterozygotes(SeqRHs) method, qGS7.1, a QTL for grain size and weight, was mapped in a 3.2-Mb interval on chromosome 7. No QTLs about grain size and weight were reported in previous studies in this region, providing a good candidate for functional analysis and breeding utilization.     

Genetic dissection of ear-related traits using immortalized F2 population in maize

Ear-related traits are often selection targets for maize improvement. This study used an immortalized F₂ (IF₂) population to elucidate the genetic basis of ear-related traits. Twelve ear-related traits (namely, row number (RN), kernel number per row (KNPR), ear length (EL), ear diameter (ED), ten-kernel thickness (TKT), ear weight (EW), cob diameter (CD), kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), grain weight per ear (GW), 100-kernel weight (HKW), and grain yield per plot (GY)), were collected from the IF₂ population. The ear-related traits were comprised of 265 crosses derived from 516 individuals of the recombinant inbred lines (RILs) under two separated environments in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analyses identified 165 ear traits related QTLs, which explained phenotypic variation ranging from 0.1 to 12.66%. Among the 165 QTLs, 19 underlying nine ear-related traits (CD, ED, GY, RN, TKT, HKW, KL, GW, and KNPR) were identified across multiple environments and recognized as reliable QTLs. Furthermore, 44.85% of the total QTLs showed an overdominance effect, and 12.72% showed a dominance effect. Additionally, we found 35 genomic regions exhibiting pleiotropic effects across the whole maize genome, and 17 heterotic loci (HLs) for RN, EL, ED and EW were identified. The results provide insights into genetic components of ear-related traits and enhance the understanding of the genetic basis of heterosis in maize.     

Genetic dissection of the grain-filling rate and related traits through linkage analysis and genome-wide association study in bread wheat

Wheat grain yield is generally sink-limited during grain filling. The grain-filling rate (GFR) plays a vital role but is poorly studied due to the difficulty of phenotype surveys. This study explored the grain-filling traits in a recombinant inbred population and wheat collection using two highly saturated genetic maps for linkage analysis and genome-wide association study (GWAS). Seventeen stable additive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were identified on chromosomes 1B, 4B, and 5A. The linkage interval between IWB19555 and IWB56078 showed pleiotropic effects on GFR₁, GFR_max, kernel length (KL), kernel width (KW), kernel thickness (KT), and thousand kernel weight (TKW), with the phenotypic variation explained (PVE) ranging from 13.38% (KW) to 33.69% (TKW). 198 significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) were distributed across most chromosomes except for 3D and 4D. The major associated sites for GFR included IWB44469 (11.27%), IWB8156 (12.56%) and IWB24812 (14.46%). Linkage analysis suggested that IWB35850, identified through GWAS, was located in approximately the same region as QGFRmax2B.3-11, where two high-confidence candidate genes were present. Two important grain weight (GW)-related QTLs colocalized with grain-filling QTLs. The findings contribute to understanding the genetic architecture of the GFR and provide a basic approach to predict candidate genes for grain yield trait QTLs.     

甜瓜果实相关性状QTL分析

以美国厚皮甜瓜品系ms-5为母本,中国薄皮甜瓜品系HM-1为父本,配置杂交组合,构建含有189个单株的F2:3群体,对两亲本高通量重测序开发CAPS标记,构建包含159个标记、12个连锁群的遗传连锁图谱,该图谱覆盖基因组长度为1 771.53 cM,标记间平均距离为11.35 cM。应用复合区间作图法对甜瓜果实单果重、果实长、宽、果形指数、果肉厚度作QTL分析,共检测到与果实性状相关QTL位点18个,分布在第2、4、5、6和7染色体上,LOD值为2.82~18.78,可解释2.68%~79.40%表型变异率。检测到7个与果形指数相关QTL位点,分别为FS2.1、FS4.1、FS6.1、FS6.2、FS7.1、FS7.2、FS7.3,果形指数QTL位点FS6.1位于B0610和E0623两个标记之间,两标记间遗传距离为0.27 cM,LOD值为6.14,解释5.72%表型变异率,通过基因序列比对QTL FS6.1位于甜瓜基因组scaffold00027上,基因注释结果发现,该区域有26个候选基因。     

基于籼稻RIL群体的剑叶形态QTL定位

从1个高世代的RIL群体(用籼稻冈46B和A232构建)中选取178个重组家系(F12)和亲本间有多态性的142对SSR分子标记构建遗传连锁图谱,RIL群体分别种植于湖北武汉和海南陵水,统计两地水稻抽穗期剑叶长度、剑叶宽度和剑叶长宽比,并用QTL IciMapping4.0软件对其进行QTL定位分析。结果表明:在第1、第2、第4、第6、第7、第10和第12号染色体上共检测到14个QTL位点,包括5个叶宽QTL、6个叶长QTL位点和3个长宽比QTL位点,LOD值为2.52～5.62,解释表型变异率最小为5.56%,最大为21.27%,并且这些QTL表现为加性效应。     

QTL consistency for agronomic traits across three generations and potential applications in popcorn

Favorable agronomic traits are important to improve productivity of popcorn. In this study, a recombinant inbred line(RIL) population consisting of 258 lines was evaluated to identify quantitative trait loci(QTLs) for nine agronomic traits(plant height, ear height, top height(plant height subtracted ear height), top height/plant height, number of leaves above the top ear, leaf area, stalk diameter, number of tassel branches and the length of tassel) under three environments. Meta-analysis was conducted then to integrate QTLs identified across three generations(RIL, F2:3 and BC2F2) developed from the same crosses. In total, 179 QTLs and 36 meta-QTLs(m QTL) were identified. The percentage of phenotypic variation(R2) explained by any single QTL varied from 3.86 to 28.4%, and 24 QTLs with contributions over 15%. Nine common QTLs located in the same or similar chromosome regions were detected across three generations. Five meta-QTLs were identified including QTLs in three independent studies. Seven important m QTLs were composed of 11–26 QTLs for 4–7 traits, respectively. Only 11 m QTLs were commonly identified in the same or similar chromosome regions across agronomic traits, popping characteristics(popping fold, popping volume and popping rate) and grain yield components(ear weight per plant, grain weight per plant, 100-grain weight, ear length, kernel number per row, ear diameter, row number per ear and kernel ratio) by meta-QTL analysis. In conclusion, we identified a list of QTLs, some of which with much higher contributions to agronomic traits should be valuable for further study in improving both popping characteristics and grain yield components in popcorn.     

四倍体小麦胚大小性状QTL定位与分析

【目的】挖掘小麦胚大小性状相关的数量性状位点，解析胚大小与其他重要农艺性状之间的相关性，为胚相关性状QTL的精细定位及育种利用奠定基础。【方法】以四倍体小麦矮兰麦（Ailanmai）和野生二粒小麦（LM001）构建的121份F8代重组自交系群体（AM群体）作为研究材料，将其分别种植于成都市崇州试验基地（2018、2019和2020年）、成都市温江区试验基地（2020年）和雅安市试验基地（2020年），调查5个环境下的胚长、胚宽、胚长/胚宽、胚长/粒长、胚宽/粒宽以及胚面积6个性状，结合基于小麦55K SNP芯片构建的遗传连锁图谱对上述6个性状进行QTL定位。【结果】胚大小性状呈近似正态分布，符合数量性状的遗传特征。QTL定位共检测到27个胚大小相关性状的QTL，其中，7个分别控制胚长和胚宽的QTL可解释7.75%—21.74%和7.67%—33.29%的表型变异，共检测到5个在多环境稳定表达的主效QTL:QEL.sicau-AM-3B、QEW.sicau-AM-2B、QEW/KW.sicau-AM-2B、QEL/EW.sicau-AM-2B-1和QEA.sicau-AM-2B，其贡献率...