不同水平DDGS对奶牛乳产量和乳成分的影响

选择18头荷斯坦奶牛,设置3个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复1头奶牛。分别在饲料中添加15％（Ⅰ组）、25％（Ⅱ组）和35％（Ⅲ组）的DDGS,研究不同添加水平的DDGS对奶牛产奶量和乳成分的影响。试验结果表明：①试验Ⅱ组平均产奶量为10．99kg·d^-1,比Ⅰ组提高了4．67％,差异不显著（P〉0．05）;比Ⅲ组提高了9．03％,差异显著（P〈0．05）;②不同处理间的乳脂率差异不显著（P〉0．05）;对于乳糖和乳蛋白含量,Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组差异不显著（P〉0．05）;对于乳干物质,试验第15天时,Ⅱ组比Ⅰ组提高了4．39％（P〈0．05）,比Ⅲ组提高了1．19％（P〉0．05）。根据上述生产性能指标综合评定,建议奶牛配合饲料中DDGS适宜添加量为25％。     

饲料色、香、味对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选用泌乳后期，年龄、胎次、泌乳量、体况标准和采食量相近的50头健康荷斯坦奶牛作为试验动物。将奶牛随机分为5组（n=10）：组间体重、产奶量、体况评分、麦草采食量差异不显著（P〉0．05）。结果显示：用甜味剂和绿色剂处理的两组．麦草采食量比对照组分别提高11．38％，7．08％，差异显著（P〈0．05）。草香组和果味剂组麦草平均采食量与对照组比没有提高，差异不显著（P〉0．05）。甜味剂组、草香剂组、对照组、绿色剂组和果味剂组产奶量分别降低了21．30％，19．24％，26．80％，17．60％，26．71％。甜味剂组、草香剂组和绿色剂组对试验奶牛的产奶量的降低相对对照组有一定的缓冲作用，但差异不显著（P〉0．05）。第1天，第15天，第30天采样检测乳脂率，各组间差异不显著（P〉0．05），甜味剂组，草香剂组和果味剂组第30天采样乳脂率相对第1天的乳脂率都有上升的趋势，分别上升16．72％，11．70％，9．68％。每次采样各组间乳蛋白检测结果差异不显著（P〉0．05），第30天的相对第1天的乳蛋白分别下降了12．46％，12．46％，11．88％，12．85％，3．19％。甜味剂处理和绿色剂处理对奶牛的体重和体况作用效果都有较好改善趋势，但各组间体重和体况评分差异都不显著（P〉0．05）。     

菌草灵芝菌糟对奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

选取10头产奶量、胎次、泌乳天数和体重基本一致的荷斯坦奶牛,按单因素试验设计,随机分为对照组和试验组。每组5头,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在饲喂的基础日粮中用1．5k·头-1·d-1菌草灵芝菌糟替代1kg·头-1·d-1甜菜粕,研究菌草灵芝菌糟对奶牛生产性能和血液生化指标的影响．结果表明：对照组和试验组奶牛的产奶量分别比试验前降低16．85％和14．29％,表明以菌糟替代部分甜菜粕可延缓泌乳中期奶牛产奶量降低的趋势;两组间的乳常规成分,血液中葡萄糖、胆固醇的浓度,总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、免疫球蛋白G（IgG）、免疫球蛋白M（1gM）的含量,白蛋白／球蛋白,谷丙转氨酶活性差异均不显著（P〉0．05）,试验组的血液尿索氮浓度与对照组相比降低13．26％,差异显著（P〈0．05）;试验后两组间的牛奶IgG含量差异不显著（P〉0．05）,但试验组与对照组相比有较明显的上升趋势,提高56．67％;试验组每头奶牛每年可节约饲料成本529．25元,经济效益明显．     

日粮中添加过瘤胃脂肪对奶牛产奶量和乳汁成分的影响

为了解过瘤胃脂肪对奶牛产奶量和乳汁成分的影响,选取24头试验奶牛,分为4组,每组6头。3个处理组每头每天的过瘤胃脂肪添加量分别为：Ⅰ组200g,Ⅱ组300g,III组400g,IV组为对照组。结果表明,Ⅲ组产奶量提高了21.9%,显著高于对照组（P〈0.05）;乳脂率未见显著变化（P〉0.05）;乳蛋白含量有下降的趋势,与对照组差异不显著（P〉0.05）。这表明,泌乳早期添加过瘤胃脂肪能提高奶牛产奶量,对奶牛乳汁成分的影响不显著。     

海鱼鳞粉在哺乳母猪日粮中的应用

采用单因子完全随机设计，将18头长太二元哺乳母猪随机分成3个处理组（每处理2头母猪、3次重复），以海鱼鳞粉含量分别为0％、3．5％、7．0％的饲料进行为期28d的饲养试验。结果表明：①不同处理组哺乳母猪产后血清生化指标差异显著（P〈0．05）：产后10d，试验组Ⅰ哺乳母猪血清中的AKP和铁浓度显著高于试验组Ⅱ和对照组（P〈0．05）；产后20d，试验组Ⅰ哺乳母猪血液中的白蛋白和铁浓度显著低于试验组Ⅱ和对照组（P〈0．05）；②各处理组哺乳母猪每日采食量差异不显著（P〉0．05）；③各处理组断奶仔猪的料肉比差异不显著（P〉0．05）。在哺乳母猪目粮中添加3．5％～7．0％海鱼鳞粉不影响饲料的适口性。     

稀释液中添加不同浓度的维生素B12对牛细管冷冻精液精子形态的影响

为了阐明维生素B12（VB12）对牛细管冷冻精液形态的影响，在常规稀释液中分别添加0．00％、0．25％、0．50％、0．75％、1．00％的VB12进行试验，比较观察结果表明：0．50％组顶体完整率高于对照组，差异极显著（P〈0．01），0．75％组高于对照组差异显著（P〈0．05），1．00％组低于对照组，差异不显著（P〉0．05）。0．50％组的精子畸形率低于对照组，差异显著0．05），1．00％组高于对照组，差异不显著（P〉0．05）。显著（P〉0．05）。（P〈0．05），0．75％组低于对照组，差异不显著（P≥0．25％组的顶体完整率、畸形率与对照组相似，差异不     

微生态活性饲料添加剂对奶牛产奶性能和牛乳品质的影响

选择80头奶牛，分成4个组，进行120天试验。结果表明：3个试验组全期平均产奶量为21．9kg／天、23．1kg／天和23．2kg／天，3组之间差异不显著（P〉0.05）.但与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0．05），3个试验组比对照组的20．9kg平均提高了8．77个百分点。3个试验组分别比对照组多增加收入4480元、9250元和8870元，经济效益十分显著。     

微丸型复合酶不同添加水平对乳仔猪生产性能和部分血液指标的影响

为观察微丸型复合酶不同添加水平对乳、仔猪生产性能的影响，选取16头母猪所产160头“杜长大”三元杂交乳猪进行Ⅰ（16d），Ⅱ（10d），Ⅲ（35d）共3期饲养试验．试验设4个处理，每处理4次重复，每重复10头．试验1，2，3组分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加150，180和200g／t微丸型复合酶的日粮，对照组不添加．结果表明：在乳猪诱食的试验Ⅰ期，复合酶的作用不明显；在试验Ⅱ，Ⅲ期，加酶各组与对照组日增重和采食量差异均不显著（P〉0．05），但有提高趋势，其中以添加180g／t复合酶的试验2组最高；试验Ⅱ，Ⅲ期加酶各组的腹泻率比对照组在两个试验期均显著降低（P〈0．05）．在试验Ⅲ期，试验2，3组血液的血糖、碱性磷酸酶和胰岛素含量显著高于对照组（P〈0．05），与对照组相比，加酶组的血液尿素氮含量下降，淀粉酶活性上升，但差异未达显著水平（P〉0．05）．微丸型复合酶对乳猪诱食与生长效果的影响不明显，在仔猪日粮中添加量150g／t是有效的，但以添加180g／t更为适宜．     

水溶性苜蓿多糖对肉仔鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响

1日龄艾维菌肉仔鸡120只随机分为4组，每组30只，Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组为试验组，Ⅳ组为对照组。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组基础日粮中添加苜蓿多糖0．5％，1％，2％饲喂给肉仔鸡，Ⅳ组饲喂基础日粮，测定苜蓿多糖对内仔鸡生长性能及免疫功能的影响。结果表明，21，35日龄各添加组平均体重与对照组相比差异均不显著，各添加组之间的差异也不显著（P〉0．05）。而42日龄时，Ⅱ组的平均体重最高（P〈0．05）；其次为Ⅲ组（P〈0．05）；Ⅰ组与对照组相比，差异不显著（P〉0．05）。Ⅱ组能显著提高肉仔鸡日增重（P〈0．05），且Ⅱ组能显著降低料肉比（P〈0．05），而Ⅲ组能显著提高肉仔鸡血清的抗体水平（P〈0．05）。     

大豆黄酮对产奶量和牛奶品质的影响

为研究大豆黄酮对奶牛日产奶量、乳脂率及乳蛋白含量的影响,选用24头中国荷斯坦奶牛,按产奶量、泌乳月及胎次配对随机分成3组（n=8）,试验组在日粮中分别添加30mg／kg（DA1）和60mg／kg（DA2）的大豆黄酮。于第1,10,20天,测定产奶量、乳脂率及乳蛋白含量。结果表明：与对照组相比较,最终试验组平均Et奶产量分别提高7．62％（DA1,P〈0．05）和15．18％（DA2,P〈0．01）。乳脂率3组间没有明显差异,而乳蛋白含量DA2组比对照组增加20．07％,差异显著（P〈0．05）。     

全棉籽替换TMR中部分精料对泌乳后期奶牛生产性能的影响

[目的]探讨全棉籽替换TMR(全价混合日粮)中精料对奶牛生产性能的影响.[方法]试验选用产奶量、膘情、胎次相近、泌乳后期健康的荷斯坦奶牛30头,褐牛25头.采用自身对照,对照期按牛场常规TMR饲喂奶牛,试验期在TMR中用2kg全棉籽替换等量的精料饲喂奶牛,与对照期相比较.[结果]试验期乳脂率、乳糖率极显著地高于对照期(P＜0.01),荷斯坦奶牛和褐牛的乳脂率提高了9.09;和8.70;;荷斯坦奶牛和褐牛的乳糖率提高了2.82;和7.98;;试验期奶牛产奶量、干物质采食量、乳蛋白都有增高的趋势,但与试验期相比差异不显著(P＞0.05).[结论]在奶牛泌乳后期,用2kg全棉籽替换TMR中等量(2kg)精料可以提高奶牛的乳脂率和乳糖率,但对体细胞数及其它乳成分的影响差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

The Effect of Dietary Vegetable Oilseeds Supplement on Fatty Acid Profiles in Milk Fat from Lactating Dairy Cows

To determine the effect of dietary supplementation with vegetable oilseeds on the composition of bovine milk fatty acids （FAs）, 40 Holstein dairy cows were used with a complete randomized design. At the beginning of the experiment, the cows were 150±25 day in milk （DIM）. Total duration of the experiment was six weeks. Measurements were made during the last three weeks. Cows in four treatments were fed with a basal diet （CT） or basal diet supplemented with either whole full fat soybean （WFS）, full fat expanded soybean （FPS） or whole full fat soybean with whole cottonseed and full fat expanded soybean （MIX）. The composition of the milk fat was analyzed by gas chromatography. Relative to control, the conjugated linoleic acid （CLA） concentration in milk fat from cows on FPS was significantly increased by 83.88% （P〈 0.05）. The proportions of C12：0 were decreased by 35.7, 35.51, and 38.65% in milk fat from cows on WFS, MIX, and FPS compared with cows on CT. Similar decreases in C 14：0 were 23.83, 24.85, and 31.48% in WFS, MIX, and FPS treatments, respectively. Feeding vegetable oilseeds increased the proportion of healthy FAs （mainly CLA）, whereas decreased the concentratiofi of C12：0 and C14：0. Therefore, milk and dairy products would have higher nutritive and therapeutic value.     

Effect of oilseeds rich in linoleic and linolenic acids on milk production and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows

Nine multiparous cows averaging 93±13 days in milk production (DIM) were used in a triple 3×3 Latin square design to determine the effects of feeding them whole roasted flaxseed, cracked roasted soybean and fresh alfalfa in the diet on milk production, milk fatty acid profiles and the digestibility of nutrients. Each experimental period lasted 30 d and a sample collection was performed during the last 7 d. The cows were fed on the control basal diet (CON) or diets containing whole roasted flaxseed (FLA) or cracked roasted soybean (SOY). All diets were fed as a total mixed ration (TMR) and had similar concentrations of crude protein (CP), Net Energy Lactation (NEL), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF). The dry matter intake (DMI) was not significantly different (P>0.05), but tended to increase in FLA and SOY diets compared with the control (P>0.05). Cows in all treatments had a similar milk yield, although 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield was higher on the FLA and SOY diets than on the CON diet. Milk fat percentage (3.45%) increased in the FLA diet compared with the control (3.31%) and SOY diets (3.39%). Milk protein percentages were similar among the diets (P>0.05). There were similar digestibilities of DM, CP and ADF among the treatments and lower digestibilities of NDF and ether extract in the SOY diet compared with the CON diet. Feeding various oilseeds significantly increased the concentrations of C_18:1, C_18:3 and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The FLA diet decreased the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty-acids in the milk, which would improve the nutritive value of the milk.     

复合生物预混剂对奶牛生产性能和乳品质的影响

为探讨相同日粮条件下添加复合生物预混剂对奶牛生产性能和乳品质的影响,选取 20 头年龄、胎次、泌乳日龄、妊娠期、产奶量、体重基本相似且身体健康的荷斯坦奶牛随机分为2组,每组10头。分别饲喂对照组（普通型预混剂）和试验组（项目组研制的5%的复合生物预混剂）日粮,两种日粮基础配方相同,含预混剂不同,经74 d试验期显示：整个试验期对照组与试验组每头日平均产奶量差异显著（P<0.05）;随着泌乳期的延长,试验组乳脂肪率增加125%,显著高于对照组（P<0.05）;两组乳蛋白率和乳中总固形物含量有增加趋势,差异不显著（P＞0.05）。表明奶牛日粮中添加复合生物预混剂可以显著提高奶牛产奶性能、改善乳品质。     

Effect of Different Roughages on Milk Protein and Milk Fat Synthesis in Dairy Cows

The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a corn straw or mixed diet on milk production, milk composition and the expression of genes associated with lactation in mid-lactation Chinese Holstein cows. In this study, 10 healthy Chinese Holstein cows were randomly assigned to two groups and fed with different diets respectively, corn straw(CS) or mixed forage(MF) diet. CS group was fed roughage consisting of 53.8% corn straw only and the forge to concentrate(F : C) ratio [dry matter(DM)] was about 40: 60. MF group was fed roughage consisting of 3.7% Chinese wildrye and 23.4% alfalfa hay, the forge to concentrate(F : C) ratio(DM) was 70: 30. All the cows were fed 8 weeks and body weight, dry matter intake, body condition score, fat, protein, lactose, milk yield, total solid and somatic cell count(SCC) were recorded. Quantitative real-time PCR(q RT-PCR) was used to analyze cow mammary gland samples representing two different diets. The results suggested that different diet types had significant effects on milk yield, lactose, milk fat, milk protein, dry matter intake and somatic cell count in dairy cows, and cows fed MF diet improved milk production and lactation performance clearly(P0.05). In addition, m RNA expression of genes ACC, m TOR, STAT5, CSN2, PPARγ, FABP3 and PTEN in MF group was extremely significantly higher than that in CS group(P0.05). m RNA expression of AKT1, FAS, SCD and SREBP1 c in MF group was significantly higher than that in CS group(P0.01). In summary, the milk yield and composition in mixed forage group were significantly improved than those in corn straw group.     

盐藻粉对奶牛生产性能的影响研究

[目的]为盐藻粉在反刍动物中的应用提供理论依据。[方法]选择40头中国荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,分为对照组(基础日粮)、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组及试验Ⅲ组,分别在基础日粮的基础上添加4.5、9和13.5 g/d盐藻粉,研究其对奶牛生产性能的影响。[结果]试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组奶牛产奶量比对照组分别提高了2.98%、5.24%和6.59%,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组、试验Ⅲ组乳脂率、乳蛋白、乳糖、非脂乳固形物含量与对照组差异均不显著(P>0.05);3个试验组牛奶中的体细胞数分别比对照组降低了15.7%、29.4%和33.5%。[结论]添加盐藻粉有提高奶牛产奶量、降低牛奶中的体细胞数和改善乳品质量的趋势。     

Response of lactating cows to supplemental rumen protected methionine and Niacin

Eight Chinese Holstein cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to determine the effects of rumen protected methionine (RPMet) and Niacin on milk yield and milk composition of lactating cows with 14 d adaptation and 6-d sampling periods. The cows were fed the control diet or the control diet plus RPMet (25 g·⁻¹), niacin (6 g·⁻¹), or RPMet (25 g·⁻¹) + niacin (6 g·⁻¹). The results showed that RPMet supplementation in the diet increased 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) yield (P < 0.05) and milk fat percentage (P < 0.05). However, supplemental RPMet had no effect on the solid non fat (SNF) (P > 0.05) and lactose percentage (P > 0.05). Dietary niacin supplementation increased milk yield (P < 0.05), milk protein percentage (P < 0.05) and lactose percentage (P < 0.05), but had no effect on milk fat percentage (P > 0.05) and SNF (P > 0.05). RPMet supplementation in the diet of lactating cows significantly decreased serum urea nitrogen (P < 0.01) and glucose contents (P < 0.05), but had no effects on nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), total cholesterol and triglyceride (P > 0.05). Niacin supplementation influenced the contents of glucose and NEFA in serum, but had no effects on the urea nitrogen, total cholesterol and triglyceride (P > 0.05).     

木薯渣对奶牛产奶量和奶品质的影响

试验选用30头体重约400kg、健康无病、胎次相同,且处于泌乳中期,产奶量相近（P〉0.05）的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为2组：对照组10头,用产奶期正常饲料饲喂;试验组20头,每头牛在对照组日粮基础上投5kg木薯渣替代5kg苜蓿干草,研究木薯渣对奶牛产奶量及奶品质的影响。结果表明：在产奶期日粮中添加木薯渣对奶牛的产奶量没有显著影响（P〉0.05）;从乳成分分析统计数据看,其对奶牛的乳成分影响不明显,乳脂、乳蛋白、乳糖、乳固形物和非脂固形物均无显著差异（P〉0.05）。     

瘤胃稳定性脂肪对产后奶牛奶产量、牛奶成份和外周血白细胞数量的影响

选择经产、胎次相同和产奶量相近的荷斯坦奶牛40头,配对分组设计分为对照组和试验组,每组20头。对照组全程饲喂基础日粮,试验组饲喂基础日粮 瘤胃稳定性脂肪。结果:瘤胃稳定性脂肪对奶牛采食量无显著影响(P>0.05);试验组牛产奶量显著升高(P<0.05),乳脂率呈上升趋势(P>0.05),但乳蛋白率未见显著变化(P>0.05);试验组奶牛外周血白细胞总数和淋巴细胞数轻度上升(P>0.05),牛奶SCC呈下降趋势(P>0.05)。结果表明,补充瘤胃稳定性脂肪可提高产奶量,对于改善机体免疫机能有一定的作用。     

日粮添加植物油籽对乳脂脂肪酸的影响

 【目的】 研究日粮中添加国内广泛种植的几种植物油籽对中国荷斯坦奶牛乳脂脂肪酸组成影响，为改变牛奶脂肪酸组成，提高乳品质寻找合适的途径。【方法】 选用40头泌乳中期（150±25d）、胎次（3±1胎）的中国荷斯坦奶牛，采用完全随机试验（对照组、全脂整粒大豆组、混合油籽组以及全脂膨化大豆组）设计。试验期6周，牛奶样品于试验第4、5和6周采集，利用气相色谱仪分析样品脂肪酸组成。【结果】与对照组相比，日粮添加膨化大豆后乳脂中共轭亚油酸（CLA）含量提高了83.33%(P<0.05）。全脂整粒大豆组、混合油籽组以及全脂膨化大豆组乳脂中月桂酸（C12﹕0）和豆蔻酸(C14﹕0)含量分别比对照组降低了35.73%和35.51%、38.65%和23.83%、24.85%和31.48%。【结论】日粮添加植物油籽可以改变乳脂脂肪酸组成，增加CLA含量，降低月桂酸（C12﹕0）和豆蔻酸(C14﹕0)含量，从而提高乳品质。