北方麦区小麦产量与蛋白质含量变化对土壤硝态氮的响应

【目的】分析我国北方麦区不同土壤硝态氮残留梯度下减施氮肥后小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量变化,为保证合理减施氮肥,有效降低麦田土壤硝态氮残留提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2019年在我国北方麦区43个地点进行田间试验,研究不同硝态氮残留情况下氮肥减施对小麦产量、蛋白质含量、产量构成及氮素吸收利用的影响。【结果】与农户施肥相比,监控施肥的氮肥用量减少55 kg·hm^-2（26%）,产量为5 885 kg·hm^-2,比农户施肥增产3.1%,籽粒蛋白质含量为132.4 g·kg^-1,与农户施肥相比无显著差异。当1 m土层硝态氮残留量<55 kg·hm^-2时,小麦产量最低,为4 252 kg·hm^-2,硝态氮残留在55—100 kg·hm^-2时,产量达到最高,为7 186 kg·hm^-2,硝态氮残留量过高并不能持续提高小麦产量;当土壤硝态氮残留量<100 kg·hm^-2时,不施氮肥小麦产量会显著降低,但采用监控施肥技术合理减施氮肥,无论土壤硝态氮残留多少,均不会减产。土壤硝态氮残留>300 kg·hm^-2时,小麦籽粒的蛋白质含量达到最高,平均为146.93 g·kg^-1;当土壤硝态氮残留量<200 kg·hm^-2时,不施氮肥会显著降低籽粒蛋白质含量,但通过监控土壤硝态氮合理减施氮肥,无论硝态氮残留高低,均不会降低籽粒蛋白质含量;硝态氮残留介于55—100 kg·hm^-2时,农户与监控施肥处理的小麦籽粒蛋白质含量分别为124.5和123.1 g·kg^-1。采用监控施肥技术,小麦氮肥吸收效率（地上部吸氮量/施氮量）与氮肥偏生产力分别为1.36 和45.7 kg·kg^-1,较农户施肥显著提高61.5%和57.1%。【结论】综合考虑维持北方麦区小麦较高的产量和蛋白质含量,收获期1 m土层硝态氮残留量应介于55—100 kg·hm^-2。基于小麦目标产量、籽粒蛋白质含量和土壤硝态氮监控,确定合理的氮肥用量,对实现小麦氮肥减施、绿色生产有重要意义。     

Management Zones Classified With Respect to Drought and Waterlogging

Within-field variations in potential grain yield may be due to variations in plant available soil water. Different water holding capacities affect yield differently in different years depending on weather. By estimating plant-water availability in different weathers, scenarios could be created of how yield potential and thereby fertilizer demand may vary within fields. To test this, measured cereal grain yields from a dry, a wet and an intermediate year were compared with different soil moisture related variables in a Swedish arable field consisting of clayey and sandy areas. Soil water budget calculations based on weather data and maximum plant available water (PAW), estimated from soil type and rooting data, were used to assess drought. A reasonable correlation between estimated and measured soil moisture was achieved. In the dry year, drought days explained differences in yield between the clayey and the sandy soil, but yield was better explained directly by maximum PAW, elevation, clay content and soil electrical conductivity (SEC). Yield correlated significantly with SEC and elevation within the sandy soil in the dry year and within the clayey soil in the wet year, probably due to water and nitrogen limitation respectively. Dense SEC, elevation and yield data were therefore used to divide the field into management zones representing different risk levels for drought and waterlogging. These could be used as a decision support tool for site-specific N fertilization, since both drought and waterlogging affect N fertilization demand.     

Evaluation of two crop canopy sensors for nitrogen variability determination in irrigated maize

Advances in precision agriculture technology have led to the development of ground-based active remote sensors that can determine normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Studies have shown that NDVI is highly related to leaf nitrogen (N) content in maize (Zea mays L.). Remotely sensed NDVI can provide valuable information regarding in-field N variability and significant relationships between sensor NDVI and maize grain yield have been reported. While numerous studies have been conducted using active sensors, none have focused on the comparative effectiveness of these sensors in maize under semi-arid irrigated field conditions. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to determine the performance of two active remote sensors by determining each sensor’s NDVI relationship with maize N status and grain yield as driven by different N rates in a semi-arid irrigated environment and, (2) to determine if inclusion of ancillary soil or plant data (soil NO₃ concentration, leaf N concentration, SPAD chlorophyll and plant height) would affect these relationships. Results indicated that NDVI readings from both sensors had high r ² values with applied N rate and grain yield at the V12 and V14 maize growth stages. However, no single or multiple regression using soil or plant variables substantially increased the r ² over using NDVI alone. Overall, both sensors performed well in the determination of N variability in irrigated maize at the V12 and V14 growth stages and either sensor could be an important tool to aid precision N management.     

不同肥力条件下施肥对粒用高粱产量、品质及养分吸收利用的影响

【目的】研究土壤肥力、施肥及其互作对高粱产量、品质及养分利用的影响,为不同肥力条件下高粱施肥提供理论依据。【方法】 从连续6年长期定位试验的不施肥、氮磷钾配施、氮磷钾结合有机肥和秸秆还田3个处理采集土壤,分别代表低肥力（LSF）、中肥力（MSF）和高肥力（HSF）,每个肥力水平设不施肥（NF）和施肥（CF）2个处理,在温室进行盆栽试验。籽粒成熟后每盆单独收获测产,测定并计算地上部及籽粒的氮磷钾养分含量、土壤氮磷钾养分依存率及氮磷钾肥养分利用效率,分析各处理对籽粒中淀粉、单宁及蛋白质含量的影响。【结果】 土壤基础肥力显著影响高粱地上部生物量和籽粒产量,但施肥后LSF、MSF和HSF 3个处理具有相同的生物量和产量。土壤基础肥力对籽粒淀粉含量没有显著影响,不施肥时LSF、MSF及HSF籽粒淀粉含量为67.99%—69.33%;但施肥降低高粱籽粒淀粉含量,随土壤基础肥力的升高,影响更为明显,HSF的CF处理淀粉含量仅为60.75%,比NF处理降低了九个百分点;土壤基础肥力对直链淀粉和支链淀粉比值没有影响。不施肥时LSF籽粒单宁含量最高,达13.69 g·kg ^-1,MSF和HSF的籽粒单宁含量分别为10.67和10.78 g·kg ^-1;施肥降低了LSF和HSF处理籽粒单宁含量,降幅达30%;尽管随土壤基础肥力提升籽粒蛋白质含量增加,但不施肥处理蛋白质含量较低,为50.98—68.54 g·kg ^-1;施肥显著提高了籽粒蛋白质含量,施肥后LSF、MSF和HSF处理的籽粒蛋白质含量分别为108.13、118.13和117.19 g·kg ^-1。土壤基础肥力显著影响了土壤地力和肥料对籽粒产量贡献率,LSF、MSF和HSF肥力下施肥对产量的贡献率分别为90.2%、51.7%和8.5%。不施肥时随土壤基础肥力提升,籽粒和秸秆中氮磷钾含量增加;与对应土壤基础肥力比较,施肥提高了籽粒和秸秆中氮磷钾养分吸收量,以HSF为例籽粒和秸秆中氮的吸收量分别由319.42和481.63 mg/盆增至597.11和924.92 mg/盆,造成了养分的奢侈吸收,降低了氮磷钾的收获指数,而在LSF和MSF情况下施肥提高了氮磷钾的收获指数。 【结论】 施肥能使低肥力土壤获得最大产量潜力;土壤基础肥力影响籽粒产量,但对籽粒淀粉、单宁和蛋白质含量的影响远远小于施肥;低肥力不施肥籽粒淀粉和单宁含量最高,高肥力施肥明显降低籽粒淀粉和单宁含量;施肥对籽粒蛋白质含量的影响远大于土壤肥力。施肥提高低土壤肥力植株氮磷钾收获指数,降低了高肥力养分收获指数,低肥力土壤合理施肥能实现籽粒高粱产量和品质的协同提高。     

Developing a new Crop Circle active canopy sensor-based precision nitrogen management strategy for winter wheat in North China Plain

Active canopy sensor (ACS)—based precision nitrogen (N) management (PNM) is a promising strategy to improve crop N use efficiency (NUE). The GreenSeeker (GS) sensor with two fixed bands has been applied to improve winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) N management in North China Plain (NCP). The Crop Circle (CC) ACS-470 active sensor is user configurable with three wavebands. The objective of this study was to develop a CC ACS-470 sensor-based PNM strategy for winter wheat in NCP and compare it with GS sensor-based N management strategy, soil N_min test-based in-season N management strategy and conventional farmer’s practice. Four site-years of field N rate experiments were conducted from 2009 to 2013 to identify optimum CC vegetation indices for estimating early season winter wheat plant N uptake (PNU) and grain yield in Quzhou Experiment Station of China Agricultural University located in Hebei province of NCP. Another nine on-farm experiments were conducted at three different villages in Quzhou County in 2012/2013 to evaluate the performance of the developed N management strategy. The results indicated that the CC ACS-470 sensor could significantly improve estimation of early season PNU (R² = 0.78) and grain yield (R² = 0.62) of winter wheat over GS sensor (R² = 0.60 and 0.33, respectively). All three in-season N management strategies achieved similar grain yield as compared with farmer’s practice. The three PNM strategies all significantly reduced N application rates and increased N partial factor productivity (PFP) by an average of 61–67 %. It is concluded that the CC sensor can improve estimation of early season winter wheat PNU and grain yield as compared to the GS sensor, but the PNM strategies based on these two sensors perform equally well for improving winter wheat NUE in NCP. More studies are needed to further develop and evaluate these active sensor-based PNM strategies under more diverse on-farm conditions.     

长期不同施肥处理对红壤水稻土微生物量氮周转的影响

【目的】土壤微生物生物量是土壤重要的活性养分库。研究长期不同施肥处理下土壤微生物生物量的周转特性,探究施肥对土壤养分转化与供应能力的影响。【方法】对田间长期单施或配施无机氮肥（N）、无机磷肥（P）、无机钾肥（K）、有机质循环（C）及1/2秸秆回田（S）的试验进行采样分析,研究不同施肥处理下土壤微生物生物量、微生物量氮周转及水稻产量变化。【结果】施用磷肥有利于提高土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量氮周转速率以及作物产量,比未施用磷肥处理平均提高了13.2%、33.1%、31.2%及173.4%。单施有机肥也有利于提高土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮和作物产量,比对照提高了36.1%、28.1%和68.1%,但微生物量氮周转速率降低了4.3%。有机无机肥配合施用显著提高了土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物量氮周转速率及水稻产量,NPKC和NPKS处理的土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、微生物生物量氮周转速率及水稻产量分别比对照高40.1%、26.3%、177.1%、204.1%和36.1%、20.9%、192.9%、203.3%。【结论】有机无机肥配施能够提高土壤活性养分库,增强土壤养分转化和供给能力,提高稻田生产力。     

高产小麦营养生理特性与高效施肥技术研究

1985-1987年在江苏省农科院和江宁县农科所进行的小麦营养特性和施肥技术的田间试验,系统地研究了不同供氮水平小麦的氮磷钾的吸收与利用、糖的形成以及对产量的影响。明确了高产小麦前期为高氮高糖期,返青为高氮低糖期,后期以碳代谢为主。并据土壤肥力、肥料利用、养分产量关系,提出了淮南丘陵地区小麦施肥推荐量计算程序中的参数、合理的肥料运筹原则和亏氮麦苗最为有效的补氮时期。     

沼肥在水稻生产上的应用效果分析

研究了单施化肥及沼肥配施化肥对水稻产量及其构成因素、品质性状、稻田主要病虫害、植株养分吸收和土壤养分供应的效应。结果表明:在等氮、磷、钾大田施肥条件下,与单施化肥相比,沼肥配施化肥能优化水稻主要性状,提高单位面积产量,改善稻米的食味品质和营养品质;施用沼肥可以减轻水稻主要病虫害的发生和危害;施用沼肥促进了稻谷对氮、磷养分的吸收,提高了氮素和磷素的利用率;提高了土壤有机质含量,全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量有所累积。综合考虑,施用沼肥有利于节省水稻生产成本,减轻环境污染,生态、社会效益好。     

氮肥用量和运筹对冷浸田水稻产量和氮素利用率的影响

冷浸田是我国西南地区主要的水稻田,通过合理的氮肥管理,以提高冷浸田水稻产量和氮肥利用率十分必要.本研究通过田间试验研究了不同的氮肥用量和氮肥运筹对稻谷产量及其构成、氮素利用效率的影响,以期为西南地区冷浸田合理的氮肥管理提供依据.试验设5个氮肥施用水平:0(N0),90(N90),120(N120),150(N150),180(N180) kg/hm~2, 3个氮肥运筹方式,即底肥:分蘖肥:穗粒肥氮肥施用比例分别为60∶40∶0(T1),40∶60∶0(T2)和40∶20∶40(T3),以及控释氮肥1次施用处理(T4).结果表明, N120,N150和N180处理水稻产量均显著高于N0和N90处理,其中以N150处理稻谷产量和氮肥利用率最高,分别为9 466.65 kg/hm~2和30.75%,氮肥的回收利用率比N120和N180处理高2.37,3.54个百分点,且N150处理水稻收获指数显著高于N120和N180处理. 3种氮肥运筹方式及控释氮肥处理间水稻产量、生物量及籽粒氮素吸收量差异均无统计学意义,但氮肥采用底肥∶分蘖肥∶穗粒肥=60∶40∶0处理,水稻收获指数、结实率、每穗粒数均高于其余氮肥运筹及控释氮肥处理.鉴于西南地区的冷浸田氮素水平和基础地力较高,施氮量宜为120～150 kg/hm~2;氮肥运筹以普通尿素按底肥∶分蘖肥∶穗肥=60∶40∶0施用较为适宜.     

基于冠层反射光谱的水稻追氮调控效应研究

【目的】利用实时冠层反射光谱监测水稻(Oryza sativa)植株氮素营养状况并推荐氮肥追用量,以实现高产、优质、高效水稻生产。【方法】基于不同基施氮量处理,利用水稻拔节期的差值植被指数(differential vegetation index,DVI)实时估测植株氮积累量,进而根据构建的追氮调控模型精确估算穗肥用量,最后研究基于反射光谱的水稻追氮调控效应。【结果】不同基施氮量处理下的水稻植株在穗肥施用期的氮素积累状况差异较大,基于追肥调控模型,高施基氮量处理的追氮量较对照调低(高氮低调),中施基氮量处理的追氮量较对照微高(中氮微调),而低施基氮量处理的追氮量较对照显著调高(低氮高调)。追施氮肥后,各调控处理间的植株氮含量(PNC)和差值植被指数(DVI)逐渐趋于一致。而调控处理的叶片净光合速率(Pn)和氮肥农学利用率较各自对照明显提高,并获得了更高的经济效益。与常规高产施氮处理相比,低氮高调、高氮低调处理Pn、干物质积累量、氮积累量、产量以及氮肥农学利用率等均有所提高。【结论】与传统非定量经验施肥相比,基于反射光谱的水稻追氮调控技术根据植株氮积累量和土壤供氮量而精确量化氮肥追用量,是一种较好的追肥精确管理技术。     

氮肥施用对信麦9号生长发育和产量的影响

[目的]研究豫南稻茬小麦合理的氮肥施用量及其适宜播种方式。[方法]以信麦9号为材料,研究信麦9号在条播和撒播2种播种方式下,不同氮肥(0、150和225 kg/hm~2)施用量对信麦9号植株生长发育及其产量的影响。[结果]增施氮肥可显著提高小麦产量,主要是通过在保证穗数的前提下,提高穗粒数来实现的,而对千粒重的影响较小。增施氮肥显著提高信麦9号的株高、穗长及其每穗小穗数,降低不孕小穗数;其中不孕小穗数对产量的影响更大。增施氮肥显著降低了植株主茎叶龄,增加了单株次生根条数及叶片的叶绿素含量,改善了信麦9号的茎蘖动态变化。撒播与条播相比,撒播在适氮环境下产量较高,条播在高氮环境下产量较高。[结论]在一定范围内增施氮肥可显著提高小麦的产量,改善植株的生长发育,可对豫南稻茬麦区信麦9号的生产提供科学的理论指导。     

A loss function to evaluate agricultural decision-making under uncertainty: a case study of soil spectroscopy

Modern sensor technologies can provide detailed information about soil variation which allows for more precise application of fertiliser to minimise environmental harm imposed by agriculture. However, growers should lose neither income nor yield from associated uncertainties of predicted nutrient concentrations and thus one must acknowledge and account for uncertainties. A framework is presented that accounts for the uncertainty and determines the cost–benefit of data on available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil determined from sensors. For four fields, the uncertainty associated with variation in soil P and K predicted from sensors was determined. Using published fertiliser dose–yield response curves for a horticultural crop the effect of estimation errors from sensor data on expected financial losses was quantified. The expected losses from optimal precise application were compared with the losses expected from uniform fertiliser application (equivalent to little or no knowledge on soil variation). The asymmetry of the loss function meant that underestimation of P and K generally led to greater losses than the losses from overestimation. This study shows that substantial financial gains can be obtained from sensor-based precise application of P and K fertiliser, with savings of up to £121 ha^?1 for P and up to £81 ha^?1 for K, with concurrent environmental benefits due to a reduction of 4–17 kg ha^?1 applied P fertiliser when compared with uniform application.

     

Method for Precision Nitrogen Management in Spring Wheat: II. Implementation

By accounting for spatial variation in soil N levels, variable-rate fertilizer application may improve crop yield and quality, and N use efficiency within fields. The main purpose of this study was to demonstrate how site-specific wheat yield and protein data, and a geographic information system may be used in developing precision N-recommendations for spring wheat. The three steps in the procedure include: (1) estimate the amount of N-removed in wheat in the year in which the crop is harvested, (2) estimate the N-deficit, defined as the amount of additional N needed for raising protein concentration in a future crop to a specified target level, and (3) estimate the total N-recommendation by summing the mapped values of the N-removed and the N-deficit. A map for variable-rate application of fertilizer is derived by specifying cutoff values to divide the range in the total N-recommendation into classes representing N management zones.A field experiment was conducted within an annually cropped wheat field (101 ha) in northern Montana to determine whether the proposed method could improve grain yields and protein levels. The N-removal and N-deficit were estimated from site-specific wheat yield and protein data that were acquired during harvest of 1996. In 1997, which was a dry year, an experiment was conducted in the same field that consisted of a randomized complete block design arranged as pairs of strip plots. Variable- or uniform-rate N treatments were randomly assigned to each pair of strips. Both treatments received nearly the same amount of fertilizer, however, N in the variable treatment was varied to match patterns in grain yield and protein levels that previously existed in 1996. Yields were not significantly different between management systems, but proteins were significantly enhanced by spatially variable N application. In addition, variability in protein levels was reduced within the whole field. Field areas deficient in N fertility could be identified without having to sample for soil profile N.     

Development and validation of fuzzy logic inference to determine optimum rates of N for corn on the basis of field and crop features

A fuzzy inference system (FIS) was developed to generate recommendations for spatially variable applications of N fertilizer. Key soil and plant properties were identified based on experiments with rates ranging from 0 to 250 kg N ha⁻¹ conducted over three seasons (2005, 2006 and 2007) on fields with contrasting apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a), elevation (ELE) and slope (SLP) features. Mid-season growth was assessed from remotely sensed imagery at 1-m² resolution. Optimization of N rate by the FIS was defined against maximum corn growth in the weeks following in-season N application. The best mid-season growth was in areas of low EC_a, high ELE and low SLP. Under favourable soil conditions, maximum mid-season growth was obtained with low in-season N. Responses to N fertilizer application were better where soil conditions were naturally unfavourable to growth. The N sufficiency index (NSI) was used to judge plant N status just prior to in-season N application. Expert knowledge was formalized as a set of rules involving EC_a, ELE, SLP and NSI levels to deliver economically optimal N rates (EONRs). The resulting FIS was tested on an independent set of data (2008). A simulation revealed that using the FIS would have led to an average N saving of 41 kg N ha⁻¹ compared to the recommended uniform rate of 170 kg N ha⁻¹, without a loss of yield. The FIS therefore appears to be useful for incorporating expert knowledge into spatially variable N recommendations.     

秸秆还田与水分管理对双季水稻氮素吸收及氮肥?利用率的影响

秸秆还田是促进农田养分循环的重要方式,也对提升农田地力有较好效果。以南方典型双季稻田为研究对象,设置三个秸秆还田水平和两种水分管理方式的两因子田间定位试验,于定位试验开展后的第5年通过测定早稻和晚稻季稻田土壤无机氮、微生物生物量氮动态、植株吸氮量动态以及收获期主要土壤肥力因子、水稻产量和植株各部分氮素累积量,分析秸秆还田与水分管理制度下水稻氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的特征及其影响因素。结果表明:秸秆还田提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量以及土壤p H,长期淹水较之间歇灌溉降低了土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量。在氮肥用量一致条件下,早稻季秸秆还田降低了分蘖期土壤氮素有效性,导致水稻生育期内氮素吸收量显著下降,且显著降低水稻籽粒产量及氮肥利用率;氮肥利用率较对照下降2.0~7.6个百分点,且随秸秆还田量的增加而降低。晚稻季秸秆还田提高了生育期内土壤氮素有效性,显著提高了水稻生育期内氮素吸收量,增加水稻产量且显著提高氮肥利用率;氮肥利用率较对照提高8.6~13个百分点,且随秸秆还田量的增加而增加。研究表明,间歇灌溉和长期淹水灌溉两种水分管理方式对水稻氮素吸收、籽粒产量及氮肥利用率的影响差异不显著。早稻季秸秆还田配合长期淹水灌溉将加剧水稻产量和氮肥利用率下降。双季稻稻田实行间歇灌溉下的早稻季秸秆不还田、晚稻季秸秆全量还田(6 t/hm2)有利于获得较高水稻产量和氮肥利用率。     

氮肥不同基追比例对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响

以水稻"盛湘1号"为供试材料,在基础地力和施氮量相同的条件下,采用大田试验研究了氮肥不同基追比例对早稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明:足够的分蘖肥能够通过促进植株分蘖数增多来提高早稻产量,平衡施用基-蘖-穗-籽肥则可通过增加有效穗数和籽粒数来保证水稻的高产;提高分蘖肥比例和穗肥比例以及平衡施用基-蘖-穗-籽肥均可以提高氮肥农艺利用率、氮肥生理利用率、土壤氮素依存率,但对氮肥偏生产力的影响不显著,与氮肥表观利用率呈现出负相关;氮肥不同基追分施比例处理间各时期植株体内氮素积累量差异显著,分蘖期、孕穗期和抽穗期是水稻吸收氮素养分的高峰期。     

有机肥氮替代化肥氮对盐碱地玉米氮素利用率及土壤理化指标的影响

针对宁夏银北盐碱地玉米种植存在重施氮肥、不施有机肥、产能低下、土壤结构板结等问题。基于常规施肥，建立有机肥氮替代不同比例化肥氮的田间试验，研究其对玉米生长发育、产量、氮素利用率及土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明：与常规施肥比较，有机肥氮替代处理对玉米株高、茎粗产生抑制作用，但提高了叶片SPAD值。随着有机肥氮替代比例减少，植株氮素总积累量表现为明显增加趋势，替代比例为20%处理下氮素积累量与生物产量分别较常规施肥显著增加26.02%、12.46%。有机肥氮替代处理显著提高氮素生理利用率，替代比例为20%的处理下氮素偏生产力与氮素农学效率最高。有机肥氮替代处理下土壤pH与全盐含量较常规施肥有所降低，但差异不显著，土壤有机质含量明显增加，替代比例为100%处理下土壤有机质含量较常规施肥增加11.05%，同时，该处理增加水稳性团聚体平均质量直径。产量与植株氮素及土壤理化指标相关性表明，籽粒产量与生物产量均与植株氮素积累量、土壤全氮相关性显著，而籽粒产量与水稳性团聚体平均质量直径、大团聚体含量、破坏率相关性显著。因此，本试验条件下，有机肥氮替代20%化肥氮处理对产量及氮素利用率提升效果显著，且对土壤理化性质改善也较为明显。     

太湖地区水稻产量、根圈土壤矿质态氮及氮素径流损失对氮肥的响应

通过氮肥梯度小区试验,研究了施氮对水稻根圈土壤及土壤溶液矿质态氮、叶片SPAD值、氮素累积量、水稻产量和氮素径流损失的影响.结果表明:基肥显著增加了苗期水稻根圈土壤矿质态氮,追肥对水稻根圈土壤及土壤溶液矿质态氮含量影响较小;施氮对水稻顶三叶SPAD值影响较为显著,而不同氮肥梯度下SPAD值无显著差异.分蘖期后,施氮量和植株氮素累积量存在显著正相关关系;收获期秸秆氮累积随着施氮量的增加而增加,但籽粒氮累积受施氮量影响较小.施氮量的增加对水稻增产效果并不显著,却显著提高了总氮径流损失,降低了氮肥农学效率,综合考虑产量、农学效率和总氮径流损失,该地区施氮量需低于理论最高产量施氮量(243 kg·hm^-2);该季135 kg N·hm^-2施氮量处理产量虽有所下降(差异不显著),但其农学效率最高且总氮径流损失最低.针对污染严重区域,在保证产量的基础上采用低氮肥投入而极大限度地降低施氮对环境的潜在污染是可行的.     

基于土壤有机质含量推荐的旱地冬小麦施氮量研究

【目的】 当前国内已有的小麦氮肥用量推荐方法,尤其是基于测土进行的推荐施肥方法,都存在取样量大、测试工作量大和成本较高的问题,难以被农技推广工作者和小农户接纳与应用推广。为此,本文就一种至少2—3年有效的氮肥用量推荐方法进行研究。【方法】 以低有机质含量土壤维持或提高土壤肥力、高有机质土壤降低环境风险为目的,建立基于土壤有机质含量的旱地小麦施氮量推荐方法,施氮量（kg N·hm^-2）=目标产量需氮量（kg N·hm^-2）×施氮系数（N_f）。施氮系数（N_f）由表层土壤有机质含量高低确定。应用这一方法在渭北旱塬冬小麦种植区6县进行了3年田间试验。【结果】 基于有机质推荐氮肥施用量平均为161 kg N·hm^-2,比农户习惯施肥（平均为190 kg N·hm^-2）减少了15.3%;而相应的冬小麦平均籽粒产量为5 817 kg·hm^-2,比农户习惯施肥显著提高了9.0%。此外,与农户习惯施肥相比,基于有机质含量推荐施肥的经济效益增加了1 451元/hm²,提高19.3%,小麦收获期1 m土层的硝态氮残留降低了39 kg·hm^-2,显著降低28.3%。【结论】 基于土壤有机质含量推荐施肥降低了氮肥施用量并提高了冬小麦籽粒产量,增加了经济效益,降低了土壤硝态氮残留量和施肥的环境风险,可在旱地小麦区推广应用。     

不同基础地力土壤优化施肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响

【目的】研究江汉平原地区不同基础地力土壤和优化施肥对水稻产量和氮肥利用率的影响。【方法】以江汉平原水稻主推品种丰两优香一号为试验材料,通过3年田间小区试验,考察分析土壤基础地力不同的稻田优化施肥、农民习惯施肥和不施肥处理的产量、氮肥贡献率、土壤氮素依存率和氮肥利用率等的差异。【结果】土壤基础地力不同的稻田均是优化施肥处理的产量最高,与农民习惯施肥处理比较,高地力和低地力稻田优化施肥处理的产量分别平均提高6.9%和5.0%;与不施肥处理比较,产量分别平均提高17.3%和30.3%。与农民习惯施肥处理比较,优化施肥处理的氮肥吸收利用率、农学利用率和偏生产力均大幅度提高。高地力稻田土壤氮素依存率高、氮肥贡献率小、施肥增产的潜力小;低地力稻田土壤氮素依存率低、氮肥贡献率大、施肥增产的潜力大。【结论】优化施肥可以降低水稻产量对土壤基础地力的依赖,提高氮肥利用率。