Effect of Low Content Chlorophyll on Distribution Properties of Absorbed Light Energy in Leaves of Mutant Rice

This paper reported the diurnal variations of photochemical efficiency of PSII, thermal dissipation rate and other physiology process in the low content chlorophyll mutant rice and its wild type under field conditions, and analyzed the difference of absorbed light distribution between the two rice varieties in a day. The results showed that the mutant had poor absorbed light because of its little light absorption coefficient, but higher electron transportg rate could partly reduce the disadvantageous effect of deficient absorbed light in mutant. Compared with wild-type rice, the mutant had less excess excitation energy and the fraction of absorbed light allocated to photochemical process was more.     

苜蓿蓟马抗性与生理活性相关性研究(英文)

[Objective] The experiment explored of resistance of different Medicago sativa through synthetic variations of all physiological indexes and the correlation analysis between physiological activity and damage degree after thrips damage. [Method] According to studying physiological activity (POD activity, SOD activity, PPO activity, PAL activity, MDA content and free proline content) of alfalfa in alfalfa resistance to different number of thrips, the correlation between physiological activity and resistance was investigated. [Result] It was shown that there were negative correlations among POD, SOD, PPO, PAL, MDA, free praline and the number of thrips, and there were negative correlations among POD, SOD, PPO, PAL, MDA, free praline and CAT. The content changes of POD,SOD,PPO,CAT,MDA and free proline in high resistant alfalfa were slow and PAL was quick and the activities of PPO,PAL,CAT were high, and the activities of POD、SOD were low. [Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis and materials for identifying resistance varieties of alfalfa to thrip.     

Effect of Biochar on Relieving Cadmium Stress and Reducing Accumulation in Super japonica Rice

It is of great importance to solve the threats induced by cadmium pollution on crops. This paper examined the effect of biochar on cadmium accumulation in japonica rice and revealed the mechanism underlying the response of protective enzyme system to cadmium stress. Biochar derived from rice straw was applied at two application rates under three cadmium concentrations. Shennong 265, super japonica rice variety, was selected as the test crop. The results indicated that cadmium content in above-ground biomass of rice increased with increasing soil cadmium concentrations, but the biochar application could suppress the accumulation of cadmium to some extent. Under high concentrations of cadmium, content of free proline and MDA （malondialdehyde） were high, so did the SOD （superoxide dismutase）, POD （peroxidase） and CAT （catalase） activity in the flag leaf of rice. However, the protective enzyme activities remained at low level when biochar was added.     

Application of brassinolide alleviates cold stress at the booting stage of rice

The objective of the study was to determine the physiological mechanisms of plants in response to brassinolide(BR) alleviating cold water stress on rice. In this study, physiological responses of rice to exogenous BR and cold water submergence were investigated using the chilling-tolerant cultivar Kongyu 131(KY131) and the chilling-sensitive cultivar Kenjiandao 6(KJD6). A total of 2 mg L~(–1) BR increased activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and peroxidase(POD) and the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and chlorophyll, but decreased the malondialdehyde(MDA) content in KY131 and KJD6 under cold water stress. The observed decreases in SOD and POD activities and MDA content recovered quickly after plants were returned to irrigation with water at temperatures of about 23.0°C in 2014. Additionally, the contents of nitrogen(N), phosphorous(P), and potassium(K) were increased by BR treatment under cold water stress. Exposure to BR also raised the percentage of high effective leaf area and leaf area index at the heading stage. Furthermore, it promoted soluble sugar synthesis, increased the rate of dry matter accumulation, and enhanced the export and translocation rates of the stem-sheath. The yield in KJD6 was significantly(P≤0.01 and P≤0.05) higher than that of the control in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The effect of BR treatment on rice leaf SOD and POD activities, MDA, chlorophyll, P, and stem-sheath K contents were more significant in KJD6 than in KY131. In conclusion, exogenous BR effectively reduced the physiological and metabolic damage in rice due to cold stress at the booting stage, promoted functional recovery in plants that received irrigation with water at a normal temperature following cold stress, and mitigated the effects of cold water stress on yield.The two varieties exhibited differential responses to BR; the weaker cold-resistant variety was more sensitive to BR and displayed stronger responses to exogenous BR.     

Over-Expression of BnMAPK1 in Brassica napus Enhances Tolerance to Drought Stress

Mitogen-activated protein kinases （MAPKs） are a family of Ser/Thr protein kinases widely conserved in all eukaryotes and involved in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, two over-expressing BnMAPK1 oilseed rape lines, ov3 and ov11, were used to study the drought-resistant mechanism of BnMAPK1 under natural drought and simulation drought through spraying 10%PEG 8000 in seedlings. Zhongyou 821 （WT） was used as control. Compared with wild type, transgenic seedlings had higher leaf water content, higher root activity, slightly higher peroxidase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity, higher proline content and lower malondialdehyde （MDA） content. The expression of drought-resistant related genes, including P5CSB, PLC, LEA4 and SCE1, have been up-regulated in some degree and the expressed time of transgenic lines were earlier than that of wild type. These results suggested that over-expression of BnMAPK1 can enhance the resistance to drought in oilseed rape （Brassica napus）.     

Characteristics of Rice Plant with Heavy Panicle

Using 15 indica rice varieties with different panicle weight, some ideal plant type characteristics in heavy panicle type of hybrid rice （HPT） and their relation to yield and its components were studied. Results showed that the leaf area index （LAI） of the HPT varieties was lower than that of medium panicle type （MPT） and light panicle type （LPT） varieties, but its decreasing rate of LAI and efficient LAI after heading was slower and had much higher percentage of efficient LAI, specific leaf weight, and ratio of grain to leaf area （cm^2） in comparison with the MPT and the LPT varieties. The length, width, thickness, and area of top three leaves of the HPT varieties were significantly larger than those of the MPT and the LPT varieties, and these components of top three leaves were significantly and positively correlated with the number of spikelets and filled grains, grain weight per panicle, and grain yield. The flag leaf in HPT varieties was erect with sorrow leaf angle, and their leaf angle of 2nd and 3rd leaf from top increased in sequence. The plant height of the HPT varieties was higher than that of the MPT and the LPT varieties, and their leaf site of top three leaves also increased in sequence. Therefore, HPT varieties as an ideal plant type could increase the utilization efficiency of sunlight energy. The ideal plant type characteristics and their adjuncts for the HPT varieties are proposed in this article.     

Effects of Tinospora tuberculata leaf methanol extract on seedling growth of rice and associated weed species in hydroponic culture

The study was conducted to evaluate the responses of rice and rice weed seedlings(barnyardgrass and weedy rice) at the three-leaf stage to Tinospora tuberculata leaf methanol extract(3.12, 6.25 and 12.5 g L–1) under hydroponic culture. It shows that the leaf methanol extract had various degrees effects depending on target plant species and each tested index(biomass, root length, shoot length, transpiration volume, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents). The effective concentration of the leaf extract capable of reducing 50% of rice growth was higher than those of target weed species. Moreover, the root length was more tolerant to leaf methanol extract in comparison to the other plant parameters measured. A greater reduction was observed in chlorophyll a content compared to chlorophyll b and carotenoid. The results revealed that the reduction of transpiration volume closely coincided with the magnitude of growth inhibition of tested plants. Ultra-fast liquid chromatography analysis revealed 11 of 32 peaks in chemical profile, including benzoic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin, p-anisic acid, syringic acid, trans-cinnamic acid, trans-ferulic acid, and vitexin have the same retention time with those peaks of the extract. The amount of compounds was present in the range of between 4 817 and 115.5 mg kg–1 dry weight(DW). The concentration-response bioassay of all 11 individual compounds and their equimolar mixture against the seeds of barnyardgrass revealed their contribution in the allelopahic activity of T. tuberculata leaf extract. The examined compounds and their combination exhibited various degrees of growth inhibitory effects on the early growth of barnyardgrass. Therefore, the specific number, concentration, combination and inhibitory activity of bioactive compounds leads to allelopathy activity of T. tuberculata leaves which could be employable directly as a natural herbicide and its growth inhibitor compounds can be used as a template for producing new herbicides.     

Effects of High Temperature on Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Flag Leaves of Wheat During Grain Filling Period

On the basis of the phytotron, the effects of high temperature （daily average temperature 25, 30, 35 and 40℃, respectively） on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in flag leaves of wheat at 50% relative air moisture during grain fastest filling stage [19-21 days after anthesis （DAA）] were studied. The wheat cultivars tested were Yangmai 9 with weak-gluten and Yangmai 12 with medium-gluten. Compared with 25℃, the higher the temperature was, the higher was the MDA content in flag leaves, while lower were the SOD, POD, and CAT activities. SOD and CAT activities in Yangmai 12 appeared to be more sensitive to high temperature than that in Yangmai 9. But POD activity in Yangmai 12 was less sensitive to high temperature. MDA content in Yangmai 12 was higher than that in Yangmai 9. The 1000-grain weight declined with increase in temperature.     

A Comparative Study on Photosynthetic Characteristics of Dryopteris fragrans and Associated Plants in Wudalianchi City,Heilongjiang Province,China

While comparing photosynthetic characteristics of Dryopteris fragrans(L.)Schott to those of several commonly associated plants in its native community,coordination between D.fragrans and its environment was observed.The diurnal net photosynthetic rate(Pn)varied dramatically for all the plants studied.D.fragrans,Woodsia ilvensis and Urtica angustifolia all exhibited unimodal type Pn variation,with low Pn,weak photosynthetic capacity,and dramatic maximal photosynthesis(Pmax)changes.When compared to values for its associated plants,D.fragrans values were of intermediate level,indicating difficulty in adapting to its environment. Moreover,the nitrate reductase activity of D.fragrans was higher than that of only one species,Artemisia gmelinii.With increasing leaf maturity and chlorophyll content,D.fragrans exhibited declining LCP(light compensation point)and a relatively low LSP(light saturation point).Because of its overall relatively weak photosynthetic capacity,D.fragrans exhibited narrow ecological amplitude with respect to light adaptation.     

低叶绿素b水稻突变体的抗氧化酶系统研究

[目的]研究低叶绿素b水稻突变体抗氧化酶系统在缓解光氧化伤害中的作用。[方法]以低叶绿素b水稻突变体和野生型为材料,对其叶绿体中过氧化氢(H2O2)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)的活性和同工酶谱进行了比较。[结果]与野生型相比,突变体叶片细胞及叶绿体中抗氧化酶SOD、POD和CAT的同工酶种类相对较多,酶活性相对较高;强光条件下,突变体叶绿体H2O2的含量低于野生型叶绿体。[结论]较强的内源活性氧清除系统减轻了强光下过剩光能对光合膜的光氧化伤害,是该突变体PSII具有较高稳定性的重要原因。     

水稻条斑和颖花异常双突变体的生理生化特性检测

笔者在转基因过程中发现1个条斑和颖花异常水稻双突变体,该突变体一些叶片细胞结构发生改变,叶绿素含量较野生型的减少,光合作用降低。为探究突变体叶片的生理生化变化以及对米质的影响,笔者就突变体生理生化进行研究,以期更清楚地了解突变体的突变机制,为进一步研究和利用该突变性状提供依据。     

铜·锌·铬对水稻幼苗抗氧化酶的影响

[目的]探讨铜、锌、铬对水稻幼苗抗氧化酶的影响。[方法]以金优402为供试水稻品种,用含铜、锌、铬浓度为10、20、30、40 mg/L的溶液培养水稻幼苗10 d,分别测定苗期叶片的SOD、POD、CAT活性和H2O2含量。[结果]用10 mg/L的铜、锌处理的水稻SOD、POD、CAT活性与H2O2含量上升,随处理浓度的增加,SOD、POD、CAT活性与H2O2含量逐步下降。10～40 mg/L的铬处理后,SOD、POD、CAT活性与H2O2含量均呈下降趋势。[结论]铬对抗氧化酶系的毒害高于铜和锌。     

硒对铜胁迫酿酒葡萄幼苗生理特性的影响

[目的]探讨亚硒酸钠(Na2SeO3)对铜胁迫酿酒葡萄幼苗生理特性的影响,为揭示硒元素缓解酿酒葡萄幼苗铜胁迫作用提供参考依据.[方法]以宁夏贺兰山东麓酿酒葡萄产区淡灰钙土在温室中盆栽酿酒葡萄赤霞珠,分析添加外源硒(1.0mg/kg)对铜胁迫(300.0mg/kg)酿酒葡萄幼苗叶片光合色素含量、抗氧化酶[过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]活性、丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量的影响.[结果]与对照(CK)相比,1.0mg/kg硒处理能提高酿酒葡萄幼苗叶片的叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和总叶绿素(Chla+b)含量及POD和CAT活性,降低MDA含量,但对SOD活性和可溶性蛋白含量无显著影响(P>0.05);300.0mg/kg铜胁迫可显著降低葡萄幼苗叶片的叶绿素(Chl)和可溶性蛋白含量(P<0.05,下同),提高Chla/b、抗氧化酶活性及MDA含量;1.0mg/kg硒+300.0mg/kg铜处理的葡萄幼苗叶片Chl和可溶性蛋白含量与CK相当,但均高于300.0mg/kg铜胁迫处理,SOD、POD和CAT活性比300.0mg/kg铜胁迫处理略有降低,MAD含量显著低于300.0mg/kg铜胁迫处理.[结论]铜胁迫条件下,低浓度(1.0mg/kg)硒元素能提高酿酒葡萄幼苗对逆境的耐受力,提高叶片抗氧化酶活性,降低叶片细胞膜质过氧化程度,进而缓解铜对葡萄幼苗的毒害作用.     

新老水稻品种抽穗后叶片保护酶活性的变化及其与光合速率的关系

[目的]为水稻优良杂交亲本选择提供依据。[方法]研究了吉林省在20世纪50和90年代育成的8个水稻品种在水稻抽穗后叶片SOD、POD、CAT和MDA含量的变化以及保护酶活性与光合速率、产量之间的关系。[结果]在抽穗后20、30d,新品种水稻叶片SOD活性和POD活性在0.05水平显著高于老品种;齐穗期和齐穗后10d,新品种水稻叶片CAT活性在0.05水平显著高于老品种,齐穗后新品种水稻叶片MDA含量均低于老品种。相关分析结果表明,灌浆期叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性与叶片光合速率呈正相关,叶片MDA含量与光合速率呈负相关。新育品种抽穗后叶片保护酶活性增强,可延缓水稻开花后叶片衰老,增强光合速率,提高结实率和产量。[结论]齐穗后叶片保护酶活性可作为水稻优良杂交亲本选择的参考指标。     

干旱胁迫对分蘖期转基因水稻抗旱性生理生化指标的影响

[目的]通过比较野生型日本晴株系水稻WT和OsCAS基因过表达株系水稻777在分蘖期的抗旱性生理生化指标,分析OsCAS基因高表达株系水稻的抗旱能力。[方法]用10%和15%的PEG模拟干旱胁迫,测定2种株系水稻的CAT、POD和SOD活性及MDA和Pro含量。[结果]在10%PEG处理下,WT和777的3种保护酶活性均有增加;在15%PEG处理下,WT的3种保护酶活性明显降低,777的3种保护酶却能够保持相对较高的活性;此外,WT和777的MDA和Pro含量都随干旱胁迫程度的加深而增加,在同一胁迫条件下WT的MDA和Pro含量要明显高于777的。[结论]OsCAS基因高表达株系777在分蘖期较WT对干旱有较强的抗性,特别是在严重干旱胁迫(15%PEG)时优势尤为明显。     

南方紫花苜蓿及其原生质体再生植株同工酶活性的对比研究

[目的]为南方紫花苜蓿的生物技术研究提供依据。[方法]以适宜我国南方环境的XN-1型(西农1号)紫花苜蓿为材料,测定其母系植株及原生质体再生植株茎、叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)3种同工酶活性,并进行对比分析。[结果]在同样的胁迫条件下,南方紫花苜蓿母系植株的3种同工酶活性均高于原生质体再生植株;母系植株与原生质体再生植株过氧化物酶活性存在极显著差异(P<0.01),超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活性存在显著差异(P<0.05)。[结论]南方紫花苜蓿原生质体再生植株的3种同工酶活性较母系植株均有所下降,相应的抗性、适应性也较母系植株下降。     

拟南芥NADH激酶3对超氧阴离子胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的影响

[目的]研究拟南芥NADH激酶3（NADK3）对超氧阴离子（O2-.）胁迫下抗氧化酶活性的影响。[方法]以拟南芥野生型（WT）和NADK3基因缺失突变体nadk3为材料,用活性电泳染色的方法分析了产生O2-.的甲基紫精（MV）处理后NADK3对超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响。[结果]正常生长条件下,WT和nadk3中SOD、POD和CAT活性较低,WT中SOD和CAT活性明显高于突变体,MV处理后显著增加了这两种植物中3种抗氧化酶的活性,其中突变体中SOD活性增加的幅度超过WT,但CAT活性增加的幅度低于WT。[结论]O2-.胁迫下,NADK3抑制SOD活性的增加,促进CAT活性的增加,说明NADK3参与拟南芥O2-.胁迫下SOD和CAT活性的调节。     

黄绿叶突变体冀麦5265yg的光合生理特性分析

【目的】叶色突变体是研究叶绿素合成、叶绿体发育和光合作用的理想材料,探索小麦黄绿叶突变体的光合生理特性,旨在阐明其光合作用调控机理,为小麦黄绿叶突变体的进一步利用奠定基础。【方法】以野生型冀麦5265和突变体冀麦5265yg为试验材料,对叶色表型进行观察,采用分光光度计和试剂盒法测定色素含量和酶活性,并利用Li-6400便携式光合仪和PAM100叶绿素荧光仪进行光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光参数测定。【结果】表型观察和色素含量结果表明,突变体苗期叶片表现为黄绿色,抽穗后叶片逐渐转变为淡绿色。遮阴处理可以使叶片颜色部分复绿,但比野生型略浅,属于光诱导转绿型突变体。突变体叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量显著低于野生型,叶绿素a/b的比值升高,为典型的叶绿素缺乏型突变体;光响应曲线和CO₂响应曲线显示,突变体的表观量子效率（AQY）、光饱和点（LSP）、最大净光合速率（P_n-max）、光补偿点（LCP）、暗呼吸速率（Rd）、羧化效率（CE）和饱和CO₂浓度（I_-sat）显著高于野生型,说明突变体叶片的光合机构稳定,强光下光合速率更高;光合气体交换参数和叶绿素荧光动力学参数表明,突变体的净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（G_s）、光化学量子效率（F_v/F_m）、实际光化学效率（ΦPSII）和光化学淬灭系数（qP）显著高于野生型,说明其具有较强的光能转化和CO₂固定能力;突变体的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均高于野生型,丙二醛（MDA）含量下降,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量升高,说明抗氧化酶系统通过清除氧自由基降低了氧化损伤,突变体叶片细胞膜损害减轻,抗逆性增强;突变体的核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶（Rubisco）活性显著低于野生型,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）活性显著高于野生型,推测C₄ 途径光合酶PEPC活性的升高可能是突变体具有较高净光合速率的原因之一。花后遮阴以及外源喷施抗坏血酸AsA和二硫苏糖醇DTT处理表明,突变体对光强变化更敏感、叶片内AsA含量及叶黄素循环效率更高。【结论】黄绿叶突变体冀麦5265yg叶片气孔导度明显改善、热耗散降低、C₄途径光合酶活性升高,是其光合速率提高的主要原因。该结果为小麦叶色突变体高光合特性的分子调控机制研究奠定基础。     

水稻条斑和颖花异常双突变体的生理生化特性检测

[目的]探究突变后植株叶片的生理生化变化。[方法]以1份务班和颍花异常的水稻突变体为材料,研究该突变体生长阶段的几个不同时期几种酶活性变化和稻米的氨基酸含量变化。[结果]在条斑颖花突变体生长过程中,分蘖中期SOD的活性高于野生型,在开花前和开花末期的活性又低于野生型;突变体POD活性在3个时期中呈先上升后下降的趋势,在开花前期最高,野生型植株POD活性变化趋势与之相反;CAT在突变体的3个生长时期活性呈递减趋势,在分蘖中期活性很高,在野生型中活性变化趋势相反;MDA的活性在3个时期活性变化递增,野生型的活性相对较高;突变体中可溶性糖含量低;总氨基酸含量上升。[结论]突变体性状的表达与SOD、POD、CAT和MDA活性变化有一定关系．这些变化使突变体免于死亡,最终导致米质改变：