冬虫夏草寄主昆虫蝙蝠蛾生物学特性及其幼虫饲养研究现状

冬虫夏草Ophiocordyceps sinensis Berk.Sacc.是我国一味名贵的传统中草药,蝙蝠蛾Hepithelial armoricanus Oberthlir.作为冬虫夏草寄主昆虫同样受到广泛关注。介绍了冬虫夏草寄主昆虫的种类和分布,以及蝙蝠蛾4个虫态卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫的生物学特性,进一步从饲养条件、饲料种类、饲养方式3个方面概述了蝙蝠蛾人工饲养研究进展,最后分析人工饲养存在的不足及今后方向,以期为蝙蝠蛾人工饲养提供参考。     

全人工培育冬虫夏草产业化技术研究

系统阐述了冬虫夏草从菌种、蝙蝠蛾幼虫饲养、幼虫侵染及僵虫出草培育等方面的全人工培育的技术要点。     

土壤基质与土壤含水量对蝙蝠蛾幼虫生长发育的影响

目的：研究土壤基质与土壤含水量对蝙蝠蛾幼虫生长发育的影响,为完善人工饲养蝙蝠蛾幼虫技术提供参考。方法：分别用不同类型土壤和不同土壤含水量的基质饲养幼虫,定期测量幼虫头壳、体长、体重等发育指标并调查存活幼虫数。结果：不同土壤基质下对蝙蝠蛾幼虫的生长发育的影响结果表明,饲养前期带腐殖土基质的处理幼虫发育及存活率均要好于纯沙,中期对生长发育及存活率的影响不显著,后期对生长发育的影响不显著,存活率存在显著性差异,以处理5纯沙饲养的幼虫存活率最高;不同含水量土壤基质对蝙蝠蛾幼虫的生长发育的影响不显著,对幼虫存活率的影响较大,幼虫饲养适宜的土壤含水量为40%-60%,最佳土壤含水量为60%。结论：建议在饲养过程中可以考虑在前期及中期使用腐殖土和沙土混合作为幼虫的基质,后期使用纯沙的基质来饲养幼虫,控制土壤含水量在40%-60%之间。     

广州市蝙蝠的多样性及在农业生态环境中的作用

对广州市蝙蝠的物种多样性进行了初步调查．实地观察到蝙蝠约1400只，采集到蝙蝠标本91只12种，访问记录3种，共计有蝙蝠15种，隶属9属4科，其中犬蝠Cynopterus sphinx和扁颅蝠Tylonycteris pachypus为中国濒危动物红皮书列入种类．调查结果显示，东洋型种类有12种，占80．0％，季风型（伏翼Pipistrellus abramus）、古北型（中华山蝠Nyctalus velutinus）和南中国型（灰伏翼Pipistrellus pulveratus）各1种，分别占蝙蝠种类的6．67％．广州市蝙蝠可分为4种栖息类型：菊头蝠属、蹄蝠属和棕果蝠Rousettus leschenaulti为洞穴型蝙蝠；犬蝠和扁颅蝠等为树栖型蝙蝠；中华山蝠和伏翼属等为房屋型蝙蝠；小黄蝠Scotophilus kuhlii为树栖与房屋兼栖型蝙蝠．蝙蝠在该地区自然生态系统中占有重要地位，食虫蝙蝠捕食蚊、蛾等害虫，是控制害虫的有效天敌之一，食果蝙蝠可能对荔枝、龙眼、香蕉等水果造成一定危害，问卷调查显示有75．5％的果农每年都遭受食果蝙蝠的危害．     

不同食料植物对小金蝙蝠蛾幼虫生长发育及营养成份的影响

【目的】为明确不同食料植物对小金蝙蝠蛾幼虫生长发育及营养成份的影响。【方法】投放不同食料植物饲喂小金蝙蝠蛾幼虫,定期测定生长发育指标,并运用国家相关标准检测方法测定其蛋白质、氨基酸、水分等主要营养成份的含量。【结果】生长发育方面,不同食料植物饲喂小金蝙蝠蛾幼虫对其不同生长发育的影响有显著的差别,胡萝卜组的幼虫生长发育最快,其头宽、体长、体重等生长发育指标显著好于珠芽蓼组、蕨麻组,且最终存活率最高为30.30%。营养成份方面,水分含量以胡萝卜组幼虫含量最高为78.76%,而蛋白质、粗脂肪、灰分、碳水化合物的含量均以野外组幼虫含量最高分别12.30、9.79、1.12、5.95 g/100g。总氨基酸含量以野外饲养幼虫最高为35.42%,胡萝卜饲喂幼虫含量最低为23.59%;必需氨基酸总量和非必需氨基酸总量均以野外饲养幼虫含量为最高,以胡萝卜饲喂幼虫含量最低。【结论】在供试食料植物中,室内使用胡萝卜饲养小金蝙蝠蛾幼虫更有利于生长发育,野外饲养小金蝙蝠蛾幼虫更有利于蛋白质、粗蛋白、碳水化合物等主要营养成份的积累。     

黄鳝网箱生态养殖技术

从准备工作、苗种选择与投放、黄鳝驯食、饲养管理、水质管理、巡池和黄鳝疾病预防等方面总结了黄鳝网箱生态养殖技术。     

稻鸭共生雏鸭的饲养管理技术

从育雏的适宜环境、合理的饲喂方法、开水、开食、开青、驯水等方面总结了稻鸭共生雏鸭的饲养管理技术。     

规格差异和饵料密度对杂交鳢(Channa maculate♀×C.argus♂)仔稚鱼残食的影响

采用试验生态学的方法,研究了残食行为、规格差异和饵料密度对杂交鳢仔稚鱼残食的影响.结果表明:当杂交鳢仔鱼全长达到1.30 cm(7日龄)时出现残食.同规格杂交鳢仔稚鱼饱食状况下几乎没有残食现象,而全长2.21cm仔鱼在饥饿状况下表现出了较高的残食率;规格差异越大,残食率越高,全长比为0.57:1.00、0.50:1.00、0.39:1.00的3个试验组的残食率分别为18.35%、46.65%、61.67%,差异显著;饵料缺乏时的残食率显著高于饵料充足时,全长2.21 cm杂交鳢仔鱼饲养7 d,不投饵和饱食情况下的残食率分别为46.67%和1.11%,差异显著;以日投喂率0%、5%、15%饲养杂交鳢仔稚鱼(全长比为0.50:1.00)5 d,残食率依次为83.33%、35.00%、3.33%,差异显著.可见,规格差异和摄食状况对杂交鳢仔稚鱼的残食都有显著影响.生产上,小个体和大个体全长比低于0.60;1.00时,及时分池饲养是提高杂交鳢仔稚鱼成活率的重要途径.     

草鸡饲养新技术

从鸡舍修建、鸡种选择、疾病预防和管理等方面介绍了草鸡的饲养技术,重点阐述了密度、温度、光照、湿度、通风、饮水和开食等科学管理技术。     

鳞翅目昆虫人工饲养技术研究进展

鳞翅目昆虫的研究越来越受到人们关注,而人工饲养是昆虫研究的基础,尤其是昆虫人工饲料配方的研发.文章以现有相关文献为依据,从人工饲养技术研究、人工饲料配方的研制方法、饲养环境和饲养操作优化等方面总结鳞翅目昆虫人工饲养技术研究进展,发现鳞翅目昆虫人工饲养技术及饲料配方已取得较大进展,但现行研究主要以提高饲养昆虫的存活率为目的,而忽略昆虫的生理性状.因此,建议在优化人工饲养技术的同时,需连续和定期评估人工饲养的种群与野生种群的性能差异,为科学研究提供大量高质量的实验虫源.     

广东省蝙蝠体内汉城型汉坦病毒的检测初报

汉坦病毒是一种人兽共患病病原,通过RT-PCR 扩增汉坦病毒M 片段基因序列检测我国广东蝙蝠,首 次在广东地区健康蝙蝠样品中扩增出长度约170 bp 的汉坦病毒cDNA 片段,测序证实为汉坦病毒的M 片段序列, 同源性达到99%以上。共检测了5 个蝙蝠种类的74 只蝙蝠的咽、肛拭子样品,阳性率为12.16%。说明蝙蝠也携带和 传播汉坦病毒,是汉坦病毒的宿主动物。鉴于蝙蝠与人类关系越来越密切,提醒我们在畜牧业和种植业工作中要加 强防范蝙蝠传播病毒给家养动物和人类。     

Dieldrin-induced mortality in an endangered species, the gray bat (Myotis grisescens)

Brains of juvenile gray bats, Myotis grisescens, found dead beneath maternity roosts in two Missouri caves contained lethal concentrations of dieldrin. One colony appeared to be abnormally small, and more dead bats were found a year after the juvenile bats had been collected. This is the first report to link the field mortality of bats directly to insecticide residues acquired through the food chain.     

Bat predation and its influence on calling behavior in neotropical katydids

Insectivorous bats have influenced the development of antipredator behavior in moths, green lacewings, crickets, and mantids; until recently, such adaptations were unknown in katydids. Foliage-gleaning bats in Panama can use the female-attracting, airborne calling songs of nocturnal katydids to locate prey. They also feed heavily on these insects. Katydid species sympatric with these bats exhibit markedly reduced calling song duty cycles. Males supplement shortened songs with complex, species-specific tremulations that generate vibrations that are inaudible to bats but reach conspecific females through a shared plant substrate. Female katydids do not call audibly but are also preyed on in large numbers, perhaps as a result of moving toward calling males.     

一种制备蝙蝠染色体标本的改良方法

对骨髓细胞蒸汽固定法进行改进,得到一种制备蝙蝠染色体标本的简便方法.在实验条件较差,实验经费少的条件下应用该方法能够制备出质量较好的染色体标本,尤其是对于初学者,采用该方法制备蝙蝠染色体的成功率较高.在开展蝙蝠等小型哺乳动物细胞遗传学研究方面具有很好的推广应用前景.     

Radio tracking of homing bats

Neotropical bats, Phyllostomas hastatus, were released 10 kilometers from their home roost, and their homeward flights were tracked by radio. Flights of bats with unimpeded vision were strongly oriented in the homeward direction, while the flights of blindfolded bats did not show this marked orientation.     

Flying primates? Megabats have the advanced pathway from eye to midbrain

The pattern of connections between the retina and midbrain has been determined with electrophysiological and neuroanatomical methods in bats representing the two major subdivisions of the Chiroptera. Megachiropteran fruit bats (megabats), Pteropus spp., were found to have an advanced retinotectal pathway with a vertical hemidecussation of the kind previously found only in primates. In contrast, the microchiropteran bat Macroderma gigas has the "ancestral" or symplesiomorphous pattern of retinotectal connections so far found in all vertebrates except primates. In addition to linking primates and megachiropteran bats, these findings suggest that flight may have evolved twice among the mammals.     

Distinctive cranial and cervical innervation of wing muscles: new evidence for bat monophyly

The traditional view that Old World fruit bats (Megachiroptera) and insect bats (Microchiroptera) are closely related has been challenged by claims that Megachiroptera are the sister group to flying lemurs (Dermoptera) or Primates. We found that the specialized muscles of the rostral part of the wing in Microchiroptera and Megachiroptera receive double innervation by both the facial nerve and cervical spinal nerves, suggesting that bats are monophyletic. Innervation by the facial nerve also occurs in Dermoptera and suggests that bats and Dermoptera share a common ancestor that had wings.     

Bats limit insects in a neotropical agroforestry system

Exclosure experiments have demonstrated the effects of bird predation on arthropods. In a Mexican coffee plantation, we excluded foliage-gleaning bird and bat predators from coffee plants. Effects of bats and birds were additive. In the dry season, birds reduced arthropods in coffee plants by 30%; birds and bats together reduced arthropods by 46%. In the wet season, bats reduced arthropods by 84%, whereas birds reduced them by only 58%. We conclude that previous "bird" exclosure experiments may have systematically underestimated the effects of bats.     

Bats limit arthropods and herbivory in a tropical forest

Previous exclosure studies measuring the top-down control of arthropod abundance and herbivory combined the effects of birds and bats. We experimentally partitioned bird predation from bat predation in a lowland tropical forest in Panama and measured the direct effects (arthropod abundance) and indirect effects (herbivory). The exclusion of birds and bats each directly increased arthropod abundance on plants: Bird-exclosed plants contained 65% more, and bat-exclosed plants 153% more, arthropods than controls. Birds and bats also indirectly increased herbivory: Bird-exclosed plants suffered 67% more, and bat-exclosed plants 209% more, herbivory than controls. We conclude that bats have dramatic ecological effects that were previously overlooked.     

Bat white-nose syndrome: an emerging fungal pathogen?

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a condition associated with an unprecedented bat mortality event in the northeastern United States. Since the winter of 2006*2007, bat declines exceeding 75% have been observed at surveyed hibernacula. Affected bats often present with visually striking white fungal growth on their muzzles, ears, and/or wing membranes. Direct microscopy and culture analyses demonstrated that the skin of WNS-affected bats is colonized by a psychrophilic fungus that is phylogenetically related to Geomyces spp. but with a conidial morphology distinct from characterized members of this genus. This report characterizes the cutaneous fungal infection associated with WNS.