长期冷水胁迫对杂草稻和栽培稻农艺性状的影响

以杂草稻WR03-45、WR03-26和栽培稻丽江新团黑谷、秀子糯为试验材料,在孕穗期将参试材料放置于冷水池中至成熟,分析杂草稻和栽培稻的农艺性状对长期冷水胁迫的响应。结果表明:长期冷水胁迫使4个参试材料的株高、倒一节间长、穗颈节间长、穗长、千粒重、结实率、花药长、花药宽和花药体积显著降低,其中杂草稻WR03-45的这些参数分别降低了5.95%,22.90%,34.66%,11.52%,8.61%,3.87%,2.13%,3.27%和7.93%,降低比例最小。长期冷水胁迫对WR03-45的剑叶长、剑叶宽、倒二叶长和倒二节间长影响不显著,WR03-26和秀子糯则显著降低;参试材料的倒三节间长无显著变化,倒四节间长显著升高。综合以上分析表明杂草稻WR03-45具有极强的耐冷性。     

外源激素对杂草稻幼苗耐冷生理特性的影响

以杂草稻WR03-45、WR03-26为研究材料,以栽培稻丽江新团黑谷为对照,采用人工气候箱培养幼苗,研究了低温处理下外施100μmol·L-1脱落酸(ABA)及氟啶酮(Fluridone)对杂草稻幼苗类胡萝卜素与总叶绿素比值、硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(TBARS)含量、可溶性糖含量及脯氨酸含量的影响.结果表明:外施ABA导致TBARS含量降低,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量增加;外施Fluridone时TBARS含量增加,可溶性糖和脯氨酸含量降低;说明ABA能增强杂草稻幼苗的耐冷性,外施Fluridone则抑制其耐冷性的提升.外源激素对耐冷性不同的杂草稻生理特性的影响不同,对杂草稻WR03-26效果较显著,对杂草稻WR03-45和栽培稻丽江新团黑谷的影响不显著.     

冷水胁迫对云南粳稻育成品种农艺性状的影响*

 以11个云南粳稻育成品种为试验材料,研究冷水胁迫对水稻农艺性状的影响以及品种耐冷性与农艺性状冷水反应的关系。结果表明,农艺性状的冷水反应不仅与品种有关,也与具体的农艺性状有关。冷水胁迫使株高、穗实粒数、结实率、单株产量和着粒密度极显著降低（P＜0.01）,穗长和剑叶长极显著缩短（P＜0.01）,剑叶宽度极显著变窄（P＜0.01）,剑叶与穗下节间的夹角极显著变小（P＜0.01）,一次和二次枝梗数极显著减少（P＜0.01）,有效穗极显著增加（P＜0.01）,而千粒重不因冷水胁迫发生明显变化（P＞0.05）。相关分析表明,水稻成熟期综合耐冷性与结实率呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,而结实率又与株高和单株产量冷水反应呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）。综合考虑供试品种的耐冷性,云粳19号、云粳20号、云粳优1号和云粳优15号耐冷性较强,可作育种亲本利用,以提高水稻品种的耐冷性。     

水稻开花期耐冷性综合评价及鉴定指标的筛选

利用5个不同类型的水稻品种,在开花期低温胁迫条件下,测定了剑叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、丙二醛含量等10项与耐冷性有关的生理生化指标,进行了主成分分析和逐步回归分析。结果表明,水稻开花期剑叶光合速率和SOD酶活性对水稻的耐冷性有显著影响,可作为水稻开花期耐冷性鉴定指标。利用所建立的最优回归方程对供试品种进行了耐冷性预测,结果与它们的结实率表现基本一致,表明用这2个指标在开花期对水稻耐冷性进行鉴定是可行的,用该方法对水稻耐冷性进行综合评价也是可行的。     

长期冷水胁迫对水稻新品系J07-23农艺性状的影响

以水稻新品系J07-23和冷敏感的栽培稻“秀子糯”为试验材料,在孕穗期将参试材料放置于冷水池中直至成熟,研究长期冷水胁迫对J07-23农艺性状的影响.结果表明:长期冷水胁迫显著或极显著降低了参试材料的株高、穗颈节闾长、倒一节间长、花药长、花药体积、穗长、千粒重和结实率,但J07-23降低的幅度最小.在长期冷水胁迫下,J07-23的剑叶长、剑叶宽、倒二叶长、倒二节间长、花药宽、穗粒数无显著变化,而“秀子糯”的这些参数显著或极显著降低.冷水胁迫对参试材料的倒二叶宽、倒三节间长、一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数均无显著影响,但倒四节间长显著升高.综合评价各农艺性状对长期冷水的响应,水稻新品系J07-23具有极强的耐冷性.     

杂草稻后代主要耐冷性状相关关系

以红长芒杂草稻/龙粳11组合的F2系统为试材,探讨了杂草稻后代孕穗期耐冷性遗传变异以及与后代主要性状冷水反应指数CRI的相关关系。结果表明:F2系统群的孕穗期耐冷性表现为近似正态的连续分布,是由多基因控制的数量性状。杂草稻对冷水的反应较迟钝,优势在于冷水处理下结实率高、成穗率高、后熟快。通过杂草稻的利用,可以培育出孕穗期耐冷性较好的后代材料。在耐冷育种中,冷水处理下狭义遗传力高的性状为株高、千粒重和结实率等,容易通过对亲本的选择获得所期望的后代,低世代选择效果好。株高的冷水反应较迟钝的材料,一般其结实率和穗颈长的冷水反应也较迟钝;穗颈长的冷水反应较迟钝的材料,一般其结实率也较迟钝,在耐冷育种的性状选择上,在注重选择结实率高的同时,要注意选择在低温处理下株高和穗颈长冷水反应指数较高的组合和单株。     

孕穗期低温胁迫对寒地粳稻功能叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性的影响

试验选用耐冷性不同的3个寒地粳稻品种东农428、松粳10和龙稻7为材料,研究孕穗期冷水胁迫处理后功能叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的变化规律。试验结果表明:冷水胁迫后,3个品种功能叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性随着处理天数增加均呈现先升高后下降的趋势,品种间酶活性差异较大;胁迫后3个品种SOD、POD、CAT活性均降低,叶片表现出明显的冷害症状,但耐冷性较强的东农428具有相对较高的CAT活性;恢复期SOD和POD活性各处理间无显著变化,耐冷性最弱的松粳10和耐冷性中等的龙稻7的CAT活性在胁迫后仍然较高,而东农428的CAT活性则较低。     

孕穗期冷水胁迫对早粳稻氮磷钾养分的影响

为探明在孕穗期冷水胁迫下不同耐冷性早粳稻氮磷钾养分的变化规律,选用30份黑龙江省品种（系）,在孕穗期平均17℃冷水灌溉20 d的试材为低温处理,按结实率CRI值进行耐冷性分级,研究冷水胁迫下抽穗期植株氮磷钾积累及其与早粳稻耐冷性的关系。结果表明,冷水处理导致所有材料茎、鞘和叶片中氮含量,茎和鞘中磷和钾含量下降,其中冷水胁迫对茎中氮含量影响最大,其次是鞘中氮含量,并且耐冷性弱和极弱的材料茎和鞘中氮、磷和钾含量,叶片中氮含量较耐冷性极强和强的材料更容易受到冷胁迫的影响。冷水胁迫对不同器官氮、磷和钾含量影响不同,其大小顺序为：茎>鞘>叶片。相关分析表明,抽穗期鞘中氮含量与结实率、每穴实粒数、产量的CRI值呈显著正相关;茎中磷含量与产量和千粒重的CRI值呈显著正相关;茎中钾含量与每穴实粒数和产量的CRI值呈显著正相关,可见,鞘中氮含量和茎中磷和钾含量可作为寒地早粳稻孕穗期耐冷性鉴定的辅助指标。     

干旱预处理对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗抗氧化酶活性及AsA-GSH循环的影响

以盐粳48水稻幼苗为材料,采用10%PEG模拟干旱条件处理预处理培养7 d的水稻幼苗3 d,然后复水3 d,再用100 mmol/L的Na Cl盐胁迫处理3 d,测定水稻幼苗叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsAGSH)循环中关键酶活性和抗氧化剂含量的变化。结果表明,在盐胁迫下,水稻幼苗的叶绿素b含量显著降低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著降低,但过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著提高;AsA-GSH循环中还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著降低,但抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性变化不显著。在PEG预处理下,水稻幼苗的叶绿素a含量和叶绿素b含量与盐胁迫相比显著增加;POD活性、CAT活性和APX活性显著提高;AsA含量显著增加。表明PEG预处理可以缓解盐胁迫对水稻幼苗的伤害。     

PEG预处理对干旱和盐复合胁迫下水稻幼苗AsA-GSH循环的影响

以盐粳48水稻幼苗为材料,采用10%聚乙二醇(PEG)-6000模拟干旱预处理水稻幼苗3 d,然后复水3 d,再用100 mmol/L NaCl+15%PEG联合胁迫3 d,研究PEG预处理对干旱和盐复合胁迫下水稻幼苗叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶活性及抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环中的关键酶活性和非酶类抗氧化剂含量的影响。结果表明,干旱和盐复合胁迫下,水稻幼苗叶绿素a含量降低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著降低,但过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著增加;AsA-GSH循环中还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)含量、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量显著降低;在PEG预处理3 d时,其叶绿素a含量与胁迫处理相比显著增加;其POD活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著高于胁迫处理;AsA-GSH循环中除谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)外,其AsA、GSH含量和APX活性也显著高于胁迫处理。说明PEG预处理有助于缓解干旱和盐复合胁迫对水稻幼苗的伤害。     

Polyamines and antioxidant defense system are associated with cold tolerance in centipedegrass

Physiological responses to low temperature were analyzed in a chilling-tolerant centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) accession, Shao Guan (SG), in comparison to the commercial cultivar, Common. Lower levels of ion leakage and higher chlorophyll (Chl) concentration were observed in SG than in Common during chilling stress. The maximum photochemical efficiency, the actual photosystem II (PSII) efficiency, photochemical quenching efficiency, and net photosynthetic rate were decreased during chilling stress in both genotypes, with higher levels of these parameters shown by SG than Common. In addition, higher activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate-peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR), and higher concentrations of ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) were observed in SG than in Common. Moreover, higher concentrations of putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) were observed in SG than in Common. Correlation analysis indicated that SOD, CAT, APX and GR activities, and AsA and GSH concentrations showed high correlation to Put, while APX, GR, and AsA concentrations were correlated to Spd. Exogenous Put or Spd increased antioxidant enzyme activities and chilling tolerance. The results suggested that polyamine-regulated antioxidants are important for chilling tolerance in centipedegrass and protect plants against chilling induced oxidative damage.     

Effects of Exogenous Silicon on the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Chilling-Stressed Cucumber Leaves

In order to increase vegetable productivity by improving environmental conditions, this article investigates the effects of exogenous silicon on the activities of major antioxidant enzymes and on lipid peroxidation under chilling stress, and it examines whether silicon-induced chilling tolerance is mediated by an increase in antioxidant activity. Cucumis sativus cv. Jinchun 4 was hydroponically cultivated to the two-leaf stage, at which point seedlings were watered with different concentrations of silicon （0, 0.1 and 1 mmol L^-1） and separately exposed to normal （25/18℃） or chilling （15/8℃） temperatures for six days under low light （100μmol m^-2 s^-9. Data were collected from the second leaves on the percentage of withering and the levels of endogenous silicon, malondialdehyde （MDA）, hydrogen peroxide （H202）, superoxide radical （O2^.-）, superoxide dismutase （SOD, EC 1.15.1.1）, glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px, EC 1.11.1.9）, ascorbate peroxidase （APX, EC 1.11.1.11）, monodehydroascorbate reductase （MDHAR, EC 1.6.5.4）, glutathione reductase （GR, EC 1.6.4.2）, reduced glutathione （GSH） and ascorbate （AsA）. Compared to normal temperatures, chilling resulted in partially withered leaves and increased MDA content. When 0.1 or 1 mmol L^-1 exogenous silicon was combined with chilling, the withering of the cucumber leaves was reduced relative to the original chilling treatment, while the endogenous silicon content was increased, antioxidants such as SOD, GSH-Px, APX, MDHAR, GR, GSH, and AsA were more active, and the levels of H2O2, O2^.-, and MDA were lower. We propose that exogenous silicon leads to greater deposition of endogenous silicon and thereby increases antioxidant activities and reduces lipid peroxidation induced by chilling.     

不同干旱程度及复水对水稻B优827开花期的生理影响

于开花期对籼型杂交水稻B优827和中度抗旱品种冈优725(对照)进行3个水平的水分胁迫处理,之后复水。研究光合速率、活性氧(ROS)、渗透调节物质、谷胱甘肽(GSH),抗坏血酸(AsA)和抗氧化酶活性等生理指标及其产量性状的变化。结果表明,B优827在轻度水分胁迫、重度水分胁迫下都表现为抗干旱能力比冈优725高;轻度水分胁迫下,随着胁迫时间的增加,光合速率、GSH和AsA含量下降,活性氧和渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性上升。而重度水分胁迫下,随着胁迫时间的增加,光合速率、GSH和AsA含量下降迅速,活性氧和渗透调节物质含量及抗氧化酶活性比轻度胁迫下增加的快,机体受到严重的损伤。不同程度水分胁迫处理收获后其产量大小分别为正常水分>轻度胁迫>重度胁迫。复水后测定结果显示,机体代谢会逐渐恢复正常。     

氯化镧对铜胁迫下玉米幼苗抗氧化特性的影响

以玉米为试材,采用溶液培养方法,研究了外源氯化镧对铜胁迫下玉米幼苗叶片及根系抗氧化特性的影响。结果表明,铜胁迫显著提高了玉米叶片SOD、CAT、APX、DHAR活性、GSH含量、细胞质膜透性、MDA含量及根系SOD、CAT、DHAR活性、As A含量、细胞质膜透性、MDA含量,而使叶片POD、GR活性、As A含量及根系POD、APX、GR活性、GSH含量显著降低。与铜胁迫相比,氯化镧+铜复合处理叶片的SOD、APX、GR、DHAR活性与As A含量分别显著增加了16.3%、86.2%、225.0%、62.5%、267.7%,其根系POD、APX、GR、DHAR活性和GSH含量分别显著增加了148.5%、66.7%、51.5%、23.7%、19.3%,叶片CAT、POD活性、GSH含量、细胞质膜透性、MDA含量分别降低了47.5%、15.0%、15.4%、44.3%、48.1%,根系CAT活性、As A含量、细胞质膜透性、MDA含量分别降低了42.9%、50.0%、35.8%、41.1%,氯化镧+铜复合处理使玉米幼苗生物量显著增加了25.4%。综上,氯化镧可提高玉米幼苗的抗氧化能力,从而缓解铜胁迫玉米植株所造成的伤害。     

富氢水浸种增强黄瓜幼苗耐冷性的作用及其生理机制

【目的】氢气(H2)是近年来发现的一种新型气体信号分子,它参与植物对高温、干旱、盐害、重金属等多种逆境胁迫的响应。探讨外源氢气(H_2)对黄瓜幼苗耐冷性的调控作用及其生理机制,为增强日光温室黄瓜对低温的适应能力提供技术指导。【方法】以‘津优35号’黄瓜品种为试材,用饱和富氢水(HRW,H_2供体)浸种,蒸馏水浸种作对照(CK),常温下育苗。幼苗长至2叶1心时转移至光照培养箱中进行低温(昼/夜温度8℃/5℃)处理,分别于处理后0、1、3和5 d后测定相关生理指标。【结果】低温胁迫可使黄瓜幼苗叶片的电解质渗漏率(EL)、冷害指数、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧阴离子(O_2~-)产生速率持续升高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性及还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(As A)、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量先升高后降低,相对含水量呈下降趋势。与CK相比,低温胁迫下HRW处理的EL和冷害指数的增加幅度较小,H_2O_2和MDA含量及O_2~-产生速率较低,而SOD、POD、CAT、APX和GR活性及GSH和As A含量较高。胁迫结束时(5 d),HRW处理的EL比CK低11.3个百分点,冷害指数较CK低15.9%,H2O2和MDA含量分别比CK低29.4%和9.9%,O_2~-产生速率较CK低54.3%;而SOD、POD、CAT、APX和GR活性分别比CK高12.6%、20.1%、20.9%、53.0%和58.1%,GSH和As A含量分别较CK高24.0%和17.6%。低温下HRW处理的黄瓜幼苗叶片的相对含水量降低幅度明显小于CK,而脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量始终高于CK。胁迫5 d时,HRW的相对含水量比CK高6.4个百分点,脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别比CK高23.0%和41.5%。【结论】富氢水浸种可增强黄瓜幼苗耐冷性,其主要作用机理是:(1)增强低温下黄瓜幼苗抗氧化系统活性,减少活性氧(ROS)积累,从而减轻膜脂过氧化伤害;(2)通过提高低温下黄瓜幼苗叶片的渗透调节能力,减缓幼苗失水速度,以较长时间地维持生理功能。     

杂草稻耐冷性状遗传规律研究

以红长芒杂草稻、白长芒杂草稻、龙粳11、垦稻8号和绥粳3号为亲本材料,配制完全双列杂交。对亲本材料及杂交F1、F2孕穗期耐冷性进行鉴定。结果表明:杂草稻与栽培稻品种相比,优势在于冷水处理下结实率高、成穗率高、后熟快。在冷水处理下,对各组合F1抽穗期、株高、穗数、成穗率、穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、穗颈长、成熟天数等主要性状进行配合力分析,杂草稻多数性状的冷水反应指数值具有较高的一般配合力,以杂草稻作亲本的F1比普通栽培稻品种表现出较迟钝的冷水反应。在耐冷育种中,冷水处理下狭义遗传力高的性状为株高、千粒重和结实率等,且具有较高的一般配合力相对效应值,容易通过对亲本的选择获得所期望的后代,低世代选择效果好。     

孕穗期冷水胁迫下施用γ-氨基丁酸对寒地粳稻氮光合效率的调控效应

以生育期相近粳稻品种东农428和松粳10为试验材料,研究孕穗期冷水胁迫下施用外源γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)对寒地粳稻功能叶片氮光合效率及产量的调控效应,为制定有效抵御低温冷害化控栽培技术提供理论依据。结果表明,外源GABA主要通过提高松粳10剑叶光保护能力提高其光合效率;通过缓解低温胁迫对东农428剑叶光损伤程度,提高光保护能力进而提高其光合效率。孕穗期冷水胁迫下寒地粳稻剑叶OsGS1;1、OsGS1;2、OsGS1;3及OsGAD2表达量上调,与植物冷应激反应有关。OsNADH-GOGAT、OsGDH1和OsGDH3表达量上调、OsFd-GOGAT表达量显著下调,谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性显著上升,说明孕穗期冷水胁迫抑制剑叶光呼吸过程中谷氨酰胺合成酶/谷氨酸合酶(GS/GOGAT)循环代谢,促进质体中GS/GOGAT循环及谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)途径中铵(NH4+)同化代谢。孕穗期冷水胁迫下施用GABA(4.5 mmol·L-1)促使寒地粳稻剑叶OsGS2、OsFd-GOGAT和OsNADH-GOGAT表达量下调;但OsGS1;3、OsGDH3和OsGAD2表达量上调,GS、GDH及谷氨酸脱羧酶(GAD)活性显著升高,使谷氨酸(Glu)家族氨基酸含量显著上升,如抗逆氨基酸GABA、脯氨酸(Pro)、Glu等,避免高NH4+毒害,提高寒地粳稻耐冷性。     

Effects of Water Stress on Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Protection System in Rice During Grain-Filling Stage

Rice is one of the main staple food crops in the world, but it may suffer serious water stress during growth period. Water stress during grain filling results in decreased grain yeild, but its mechanism generating and scavenging the active oxygen is unclear under continuance of the water stress. The experiment was carried out in growth chamber to investigate the effects of water stress on the production of superoxide free radical （O2）, hydrogen peroxide （H202）, malondialdehyde （MDA）, reduced glutathione （GSH）, ascorbic acid （AsA）, and antioxidative enzyme activities in three rice hybrids with differing drought resistant under both normal and drought conditions during grain-filling stage. The results showed that water stress aggravated the membrane lipid peroxidation in rice leaves, which was more severe in less drought resistant hybrids than that in more tolerant ones. Also O2＇ and H2O2 accumulated more rapidly in less drought resistant hybrids than that in more tolerant ones. During water stress, decreases of GSH, AsA, chlorophyll, and relative water contents in more drought resistant hybrids were obvious less than those in less tolerant ones. Activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase （CAT） and peroxidase （POD） in/eaves increased obviously in 0-14 d after heading and subsequently decreased rapidly, and those in more drought resistant hybrids were more than those in less tolerant ones. The results showed that changes of O2, H2O2, MDA, GSH, and AsA contents and antioxidative enzyme activities correlated significantly to drought resistance of rice hybrids, and more drought resistant hybrids possessed high ant oxidation capacity.     

Effects of Phosphate Fertilizer on Cold Tolerance and Its Related Physiological Parameters in Rice Under Low Temperature Stress

The study was designated to explore the physiological mechanism of cold tolerance enhanced by phosphate in rice. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of phosphate ...     

外源SA对李花抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

为研究外源水杨酸(SA)对李花抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环以及对李花抗寒性的影响,以‘大石早生李’‘安哥诺李’2个品种为试材,以喷水处理为对照,研究了喷施适宜浓度的外源水杨酸(SA)对-2℃低温处理4h后2个品种的李花H_2O_2质量摩尔浓度以及对抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环中酶及抗氧化物质的影响。结果表明:0.20、0.15 mmol·L~(-1)SA可以分别降低‘大石早生李’‘安哥诺李’的H_2O_2质量摩尔浓度,显著增强谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性,提高抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)、总抗坏血酸、总谷胱甘肽质量摩尔浓度和AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG。低温胁迫下,AsA-GSH循环受到破坏,但喷施适宜浓度的外源SA可以显著增强李花的抗氧化酶活性,提高抗氧化物质质量摩尔浓度,降低李花的膜质过氧化作用,降低低温对细胞膜的破坏,维持AsA-GSH循环系统的稳定性,从而一定程度上提高李花的抗寒性。