等邻集概念及其在部分标号图重构问题上的应用

在本文中,我们建立了等邻集概念,并推出了关于主子图的等邻集可标定定理(定理1)及等邻集的标定与邻接方阵的关系定理(定理2)。应用定理1及定理2证明了:由P阶图G的五个主子图G_1,G_2,G_3,G_4,G_5,(其中V_6,V_7,……,V_p己标号,其他V_i未标号)可重构G的结果(定理4)。这一结果比F.Harary和B.Manvel的结果更强。     

一个重构定理的推广

本文提出如下猜想:“给出P阶图G的P个主子图G_(19)G_2,…,G_(n-1),G_n,…,G_p,其中G_1,G_2,…,G_(n-1)中的V_1,V_2,…,V_n未标出,V_(n 1),V_(n 2),…,V_p标定,G_n,…,G_p中的点全不标号,则G可由G_1,G_2,…,G_(n-1),G_n…,G_p唯一地重构。”并且证明了:当n=3,4时,猜想为真。     

结球甘蓝小孢子胚胎发生的细胞学研究

游离小孢子培养即小孢子在外界胁迫诱导的条件下,从其配子体发育途径转向孢子体发育途径,诱导小孢子胚胎发生的过程。本研究通过对结球甘蓝小孢子胚胎发生的细胞学观察,为甘蓝游离小孢子培养中的可调控性及相关胚胎发育研究提供理论依据。选用3个在游离小孢子培养中胚胎发生响应有差异的甘蓝杂交种,分别采用醋酸洋红、4',6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚(DAPI)及荧光素双醋酸酯(FDA)3种染色方法,对甘蓝小孢子体内配子体发育、游离小孢子培养中的胚胎发生过程及细胞死亡现象进行了观察。结果表明:小孢子正常发育方向是单核小孢子经历2次不对称核分裂后发育成三核花粉,而单核靠边期小孢子在体外经32.5℃热激胁迫1 d后,小孢子绝大部分死亡,培养3 d后小孢子死亡率达到90%左右。结球甘蓝游离小孢子培养胚胎发生途径以B途径为主:第1次分裂为对称分裂,其后2个核进行反复分裂形成多细胞团,依次经历球型胚、心型胚、鱼雷胚,直至子叶胚的形成。除了以上典型B途径外,培养过程中还同时存在多种发育途径:第1次不对称分裂后,生殖核继续分裂即为A-G途径;营养核和生殖核两者同时继续分裂的A-VG途径。结论:甘蓝小孢子在体外经32.5℃热激胁迫1 d后,B途径为其主要孢子体发育途径;热激胁迫迅速诱导了小孢子的死亡。     

TAPHS1基因序列多态性与小麦生殖发育稳定性的相关分析

TAPHS1基因是MFT-like基因,可调控小麦成熟期的籽粒休眠(影响穗发芽抗性)且与开花的发育控制相关,位于小麦3A染色体短臂上。为探究该基因序列多态性与小麦生殖发育稳定性的关系,设计PCR引物扩增TAPHS1基因的2个高频变异区,获得86个品种相应基因区段的DNA序列信息;以不同播期之间抽穗期相差时间为指标调查评价各品种的生殖发育稳定性。结果表明:在TAPHS1基因的高频变异区存在5种多态性,将其命名为A类、B类、C类、D类、E类;A类、B类、C类属非编码区多态性,D类及E类同时涉及编码区和非编码区多态性;D类及E类序列多态性与生殖发育稳定性相关,并根据D类序列信息开发了分子标记。     

我国小麦全蚀病菌变种类型及其分布的初步研究

1977—1983年对国内十一省(自治区)送寄的小麦全蚀病株分离的菌株进行了病原形态、培养性状、生理及致病性等生物学特性研究。经初步鉴定认为供试菌株可分为两类,G_1、G_2、G_3、G_4、G_5、G_6、G_7 G_(10)、G_(11)、G_(12)十一个菌株属 Gaeumannomyces graminis Var. tritici(G.g.t),另一菌株G_8属Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis(G.g.g).     

杂交水稻抽穗期遗传研究 Ⅱ、抽穗期基因互作的遗传

以2个早籼不育系 V_(20)A、珍鼎28A 及其保持系,早籼恢复系 IR_(30),美国早籼品种兰贝利为亲本,配制6个组合的 F_1及其 F_2、BC 和 TPC(Three Parent Cross,三亲本杂交).研究发现;4个组合 F_1抽穗期表现为非感光早抽穗的无互作类型;另2个组合 V_(20)A/IR_(30)F_1和 V_(20)A/兰贝利Fl为感光迟抽穗的互作类型,其后代分离均为 F_2 37早(无互作):27迟(互作),B_1C 3早:1迟,B_2 C1早:1迟.分析表明控制这些亲本抽穗期的主基因差异可能有3对:Aa、Bb 和 Cc.当 A、B 和 C 同时存在(A—B—C—)时,它们之间相互作用的结果使植株表现感光迟抽穗.当这3种显性基因不同时存在或都不存在时,植株表现非感光早抽穗。6个亲本的4种核基因型暂定为:V_(20)A(B):aabb CC.珍鼎28A(B):AAbbcc,IR_(30):AABBcc,兰贝利:AABBcc。     

草莓胚和胚乳发育的研究

以哈尔滨地区推广的“戈雪拉”和“小实”草莓品种为材料,采用常规石蜡切片法,荧光技术和透射电镜技术,对草莓受精、胚和胚乳的发育过程进行观察,其结果如下：１．草莓属于多心皮离生单雌蕊,柱头较小,表面有栅状排列的乳突细胞,花柱细长,中央可见有较发达的引导组织,子房内１枚横生胚珠,单珠被,厚珠心,蓼型胚囊,利用荧光法可清楚看到落在柱头上的花粉萌发,花粉管的延伸途径,即由柱头一花柱引导组织—子房内壁—胎座—胚珠表面—进入珠孔。２．胚的发育过程与大多数双子叶植物基本一致,先后经历了合子—二细胞原胚—球形原胚—心形胚—鱼雷形胚—成熟胚等阶段,胚发育属紫菀型,胚的形态呈直立型。３．草莓属核型胚乳,先后经历初生胚乳核—胚乳游离核—胚乳细胞—胚乳逐渐被胚吸收等过程,戈雪拉品种幼胚发育中,在其周围具有一个特殊的结构     

萝卜离体小孢子培养中的胚胎发生及发育途径

[目的]观察萝卜离体小孢子培养中的胚胎发生及发育途径。[方法]以中国萝卜品种山东花叶心里美为试材,研究其离体小孢子培养中的细胞核分裂特征及发育途径。[结果]离体小孢子培养过程中出现2种细胞核分裂特征的差异：①进行配子体发育的不均等分裂,即分裂形成2个大小不等的营养核和生殖核,该类小孢子形态与正常发育中双核期的小孢子相同;②进行孢子体发育的均等分裂,即形成2个大小相等的营养核。对小孢子发育进一步进行观察发现,均等分裂的细胞继续发育形成四细胞结构、多细胞团、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚及子叶形胚。[结论]该研究结果为萝卜游离小孢子培养技术提供细胞学依据。     

萝卜离体小孢子培养中的胚胎发生及发育途径（英文）

[目的]观察萝卜离体小孢子培养中的胚胎发生及发育途径。[方法]以中国萝卜品种山东花叶心里美为试材,研究其离体小孢子培养中的细胞核分裂特征及发育途径。[结果]离体小孢子培养过程中出现2种细胞核分裂特征的差异：①进行配子体发育的不均等分裂,即分裂形成2个大小不等的营养核和生殖核,该类小孢子形态与正常发育中双核期的小孢子相同;②进行孢子体发育的均等分裂,即形成2个大小相等的营养核。对小孢子发育进一步进行观察发现,均等分裂的细胞继续发育形成4细胞结构、多细胞团、球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷形胚及子叶形胚。[结论]该研究结果为萝卜游离小孢子培养技术提供细胞学依据。     

不结球白菜小孢子胚胎发生过程及发育途径研究

采用FDA荧光染色法对小孢子游离培养的发育过程进行了观察。结果表明:不结球白菜花粉母细胞减数分裂释放出的小孢子发育到单核靠边期及稍后时期染色最深、活力最强。多数游离小孢子培养经历的发育过程与合子胚相似,并且胚胎发育迅速,6～9 d产生大量球型胚,13 d开始出现子叶型胚胎。小孢子胚胎发育途径既有对称分裂并产生胚胎的途径(B途径),也有第1次不对称有丝分裂的方式;第1次不对称分裂后,既有营养细胞单独发育成胚的现象(A途径),也有营养细胞和生殖细胞共同发育成胚的现象(E途径),但未发现生殖细胞单独发育成胚的现象。     

葡萄花发育基因的亚细胞定位和表达分析

 【目的】分离和克隆葡萄品种‘香悦’Vitis vinifera AGAMOUS (VvAG)、Vitis vinifera APETALA 3 (VvAP3)、Vitis vinifera FLOWERING LOCUS C (VvFLC)、Vitis vinifera FRUITFUL (VvFUL)、Vitis vinifera FLOWERING LOCUS T (VvFT)、Vitis vinifera APETALA2 (VvAP2)和Vitis vinifera SUPPRESSOR OF OVER EXPRESSION OF CO 1 (VvSOC1)7个重要花发育相关基因的ORF序列,并对其进行亚细胞定位与表达分析。【方法】采用特异引物RT-PCR方法克隆基因,并用半定量PCR法研究各基因在不同组织的表达,构建亚细胞定位载体,基因枪转化洋葱表皮细胞,25℃暗培养24 h后激光共聚焦显微镜下观察。【结果】对上述基因在葡萄不同组织器官中的表达水平进行分析发现,它们的表达不存在组织器官的特异性,但有表达强弱差异。其中,VvFT、VvFUL、VvAP3在葡萄幼果中表达量最高,VvAG与VvAP2在花中表达量最高,而VvSOC1与VvFLC在幼叶中表现出最高的表达水平。VvSOC1、VvFT、VvFLC和VvAP2与GFP融合蛋白仅在核内产生绿色荧光,表现出转录因子的典型特点;而VvAG、VvFUL和VvAP3与GFP融合蛋白在细胞质膜和细胞核上均产生绿色荧光信号。【结论】这7个基因与葡萄的花与果实以及营养器官的发育都存在相关性,7个葡萄花发育相关的转录因子都呈现出细胞核内作用的特点,但VvAG、VvFUL和VvAP3也表现出在细胞膜区域定位的现象。     

玉米离体花药培养的细胞学和组织学观察

在玉米花药培养过程中 ,对花药的雄核发育过程及其药壁组织变化进行观察表明 :玉米离体花药培养的雄核发育途径主要有 3种 ,即 :A -V途径 ,A -G途径和A -VG途径。药壁组织对雄核发育起着一定的作用     

葡萄赤霉素合成相关基因克隆、亚细胞定位和表达分析

【目的】分离和克隆‘藤稔’葡萄内根-贝壳杉烯氧化酶基因（VvKO）、GA2-氧化酶基因（VvGA2ox2和VvGA2ox4）、GA3β-羟化酶基因（VvGA3ox4）和GA20-氧化酶基因（VvGA20ox1）等5个重要赤霉素合成相关基因的ORF序列,并对其进行亚细胞定位与表达分析。【方法】采用电子克隆方法克隆相关基因,构建亚细胞定位表达载体,基因枪转化洋葱表皮细胞后激光共聚焦显微镜下观察。并用半定量和荧光定量RT-PCR方法研究各基因的时空表达。【结果】成功克隆了5个基因的完整ORF序列,对上述基因在葡萄不同组织器官中的表达水平进行分析发现,它们在组织器官间的表达有强弱差异。其中,VvGA2ox2主要在果实中表达,VvGA2ox4主要在叶片和果实中表达,而VvKO、VvGA3ox4和VvGA20ox1则在花、叶片和果实中均有一定的表达。VvKO、VvGA2ox2、VvGA2ox4和VvGA3ox4与GFP融合蛋白仅在核内产生绿色荧光;而VvGA20ox1与GFP融合蛋白在细胞核和细胞质膜上均产生绿色荧光信号。【结论】克隆的5个基因与葡萄的花、果实以及营养器官的发育存在不同程度的联系,其中4个基因仅呈现出细胞核内作用的特点,而VvGA20ox1则表现出细胞核和细胞质膜定位的现象。     

The S1-sensitive form of d(C-T)n.d(A-G)n: chemical evidence for a three-stranded structure in plasmids

Homopurine-homopyrimidine sequences that flank certain actively transcribed genes are hypersensitive to single strand-specific nucleases such as S1. This has raised the possibility that an unusual structure exists in these regions that might be involved in recognition or regulation. Several of these sequences, including d(C-T)n.d(A-G)n, are known to undergo a transition in plasmids to an underwound state that is hypersensitive to single strand-specific nucleases; this transition occurs under conditions of moderately acid pH and negative supercoiling. Chemical probes were used to examine the reactivity of a restriction fragment from a human U1 gene containing the sequence d(C-T)18.d(A-G)18 as a function of supercoiling and pH, and thus analyze the structure in this region. Hyperreactivity was seen in the center and at one end of the (C-T)n tract, and continuously from the center to the same end of the (A-G)n tract, in the presence of supercoiling and pH less than or equal to 6.0. These results provide strong support for a triple-helical model recently proposed for these sequences and are inconsistent with other proposed structures.     

Investigation of Genetic Variation of B-G Gene with PCR-SSCP and RFLP in Chinese Indigenous Chickens

To reveal genetic variation of MHC B-G gene at Chinese native chickens, two PCR primer pairs were designed to hybridize specifically with conserved sequences surrounding hypervariable regions within the B-G gene and used to amplify two DNA fragments in ten Chinese indigenous chicken breeds and one introduced breed. The fragments were cloned and sequenced to assure that the expected sequences of chicken B-G gene were isolated. Of which the 189 bp fragment encompassing the most variable region within exon 2 of B-G gene was employed for PCR-SSCP assay, this method provided evidence for the presence of at least 56 B-G genotypes in the Chinese chickens sampled. It revealed a high degree of diversity in B-G genes of Chinese local breeds; particularly, high variation of B-G gene was confirmed with the presence of 48 B-G genotypes within Tibetan chicken population. Not only can the B-G genotypes be used to preliminarily screen new B-G alleles, but also they would be utilized to investigate MHC haplotypes and matched unrelated donors for bone marrow transplantation in immune researches. Another fragment of 401 bp size spanning over partial intron 1 and exon 2 of B-G gene was employed for PCR-RFLP analysis with two restriction enzymes of Msp Ⅰ and Tas Ⅰ in the breeds sampled. In this part of the gene, three novel SNPs were detected at the two restriction sites. It was more generally found the transition of two nucleotides of A294G and T295C occurred at Tas Ⅰ restriction site, and consequently led to a non-synonymous substitution of asparagine into serine at position 54 within the deduced amino acid sequence of immunoglobulin variable-region-like domain encoded by the exon 2 of B-G gene. It was observed at rare frequency that an alone mutation of A294G occurring at the site, which also caused the substitution of amino acid, asparagine 54-to-serine;and we haven't found only single mutation occurred at position 295 of the restriction site. At the Msp Ⅰ site, the transversion of G318C led to a non-synonymous substitution, glutamine 62-to-histidine. The variations at expression level caused by the genetic variability of B-G gene may bring about the changes in immune specificity of B-G antigen finally. Furthermore, two alleles, A and B, were identified at Msp Ⅰ and Tas Ⅰ loci of B-G gene, respectively. The allele frequencies were estimated, which gave a nonsymmetrical distribution either in the eight Chinese local breeds or in the introduced breed. By comparison, allele A at Msp Ⅰ locus was tended to be dominative, while, the allele B at Tas Ⅰlocus was tended to be prevalent in the breeds analyzed. It is concluded that the genetic variability of B-G gene revealed by the PCR-SSCP and RFLP assays in Chinese native chickens provide molecular data for further investigating the varied immune functions of B-G antigen; and the PCR-RFLPs at Msp Ⅰ and Tas Ⅰ loci of B-G gene might be used as genetic markers in selecting for the traits of disease resistance in chicken breeding.     

艾纳香化学成分在不同组织中的分布

为探明营养生长期与生殖生长期艾纳香主要化学成分在不同组织中的分布规律,为艾纳香适宜采收部位的确定提供理论依据,采用GC法测定l-龙脑含量,紫外可见分光光度法测定总黄酮含量,并分析不同组织部位化学成分含量的变化差异。结果表明:1)l-龙脑含量,在营养生长期,嫩叶中的含量最高,为6.25mg/g,与其他组织部位呈显著性差异(P0.05),但功能叶、老叶和枯叶中的含量也较高,分别为5.11mg/g、4.80mg/g和4.33mg/g;生殖生长期,嫩叶中l-龙脑含量最高,为2.30mg/g,与其他6个组织部位呈显著性差异(P0.05),其中侧枝、花枝、花蕾和花朵中未检测到l-龙脑。2)总黄酮含量,营养生长期,功能叶的含量最高,为97.56mg/g,与嫩叶、老叶无显著性差异,但与嫩梢、嫩茎、枯叶则呈显著性差异(P0.05)。生殖生长期,功能叶中总黄酮含量最高,为111.39mg/g,与花蕾、嫩叶无显著性差异,但三者与枯叶、侧枝、花枝都呈显著性差异(P0.05)。因此,以l-龙脑为指标,用于提取艾片时,宜选择营养生长期采收,并采收全部叶片(包含枯叶、老叶、功能叶和嫩叶)及嫩梢;以总黄酮为指标,营养生长期与生殖生长期都较为合适,应采集老叶、功能叶和嫩叶。     

番茄花药离体培养中低温预处理对小孢子发育的影响

为明确低温预处理对番茄花药离体培养过程中小孢子发育的影响,进行了番茄花药离体培养的低温预处理试验,试验结果表明:离体培养条件下,雄核发育存在三条途径,即B途径、A-V途径和A-G途径,以B途径为主;随着培养时间的增加,小孢子逐渐退化;对番茄花药离体培养进行低温预处理,可在一定程度上延缓番茄小孢子退化,提早雄核发育,并增加参与雄核发育小孢子的比率,但参与B-途径的小孢子比参与A-途径的增加得多。     

1971-2015年烟台冬小麦不同生育期温度变化

旨在分析不同生育期温度变化对冬小麦的影响，基于1971—2015年烟台平均气温资料，利用线性倾向率和M-K检验，分析气温的年际变化趋势、年代变化率和突变点。结果表明：烟台冬小麦全生育期、营养生长期、营养生长和生殖生长并生期（并生期）和生殖生长期温度均明显增加，线性倾向率依次为0.15℃/10 a(P<0.01)、0.12℃/10 a(P<0.05)、0.21℃/10 a(P<0.01)和0.28℃/10 a(P<0.01)；营养生长期、并生期和生殖生长期、全生育期平均温度的变异系数依次为17.27%、11.80%、3.94%、8.05%；营养生长期、并生期、生殖生长期、全生育期的突变年份分别出现在1987年、1991年、1981年、1982年。温度升高会导致冬小麦难以通过春化，花芽分化期缩短，生殖生长期遭遇初夏干热风等灾害性天气影响，最终造成小麦减产。在全球变暖背景下，应顺应气候变化，合理搭配冬小麦品种和采取相应管理措施，以促进烟台农业高产高质地可持续发展。     

EMF, an Arabidopsis Gene Required for Vegetative Shoot Development

In higher plants, the transition from the vegetative to the; reproductive state in the shoot meristem initiates flowering. To study this floral transition, Constitutively flowering mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype columbia, embryonic flower (emf), was characterized. No vegetative shoots were produced from emf embryos or calli; the shoot apical meristems (SAMs) in the emf embryos were altered compared to wild-type SAMs. The mutant SAMs enlarged precociously and produced inflorescence meritems upon germination. These results suggest that the dominant, wild-type allele EMF is required for the vegetative state of the SAM. In the absence of EMF function, the mutant embryo assumes the reproductive state.     

低温预处理对刺梨花药培养小孢子发育的影响

为明确低温预处理对刺梨花药离体培养过程中小孢子发育及愈伤组织诱导率的影响,进行低温预处理试验,结果表明:离体培养条件下,刺梨雄核存在3条发育途径,即A-V途径、A-G途径和B途径,以A途径为主;随着培养时间的增加,小孢子逐渐退化,低温预处理3d可在一定程度上延缓刺梨小孢子退化,提早雄核发育,并增加参与雄核发育小孢子数量,提高花药愈伤组织诱导率。