玉米秸秆还田应用效果研究

介绍了玉米秸秆还田技术的原理及特点,重点分析玉米秸秆粉碎翻埋、地表覆盖的作用和效果。结果表明:玉米秸秆粉碎翻埋可明显提高土壤的有机质和大量营养元素的含量,降低土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度,增加农作物的产量;玉米秸秆覆盖具有显著的保墒、培肥、增产效应。     

秸秆还田要因地制宜

<正>秸秆还田可分为5大类:秸秆粉碎翻压还田、秸秆覆盖还田、堆沤还田、焚烧还田、过腹还田。它们各有利弊。一、秸秆粉碎翻压还田。即把秸秆通过机械粉碎,耕地,直接翻压在土壤里。这样能把秸秆的营养物质充分保留在土     

农作物秸秆综合利用还田技术

目前,秸秆直接还田方式主要有两种,即翻压还田和覆盖还田。翻压还田指作物收获后,将作物秸秆粉碎或整株或高留茬直接翻压土壤内。覆盖还田包括两种形式:一是将作物秸秆铺盖于田间或作物株行之间;二是残茬覆盖,其主要形式为留高茬。近几年,根据不同的自然条件、社会经济状况、种植制度等     

黑土地保护与秸秆富集深还

介绍了吉林省黑土地保护的范围、存在的问题和保护措施,特别介绍了秸秆富集深还技术模式及其优点、适用条件和实施效果。我国黑土是世界上四大黑土区之一,吉林省的黑土区(软土)为8.63万km~2,其中发生学分类的黑土为1.1万km~2,分别占全国的32%和15%。黑土退化的主要表现是黑土"变少了""变薄了""变瘦了",其主要原因是建设占用和不当耕作。黑土地保护的主要措施是通过合理耕作和秸秆深还来形成深厚、肥沃、健康的耕作层和亚表层;对于不可避免的建设占用耕地实施表土剥离与再利用,同时尽快完成城市边界、永久基本农田边界、生态边界的"三界"划定,保护黑土资源。就秸秆深还而言,提倡机械化秸秆富集深还,即将玉米秸秆粉碎并富集到一个条带后,以风力注入的方式埋入土壤亚表层20~40 cm的技术模式。其优点是土层顺序不变,并可2~4倍量富集秸秆,达到连年条带轮耕深还秸秆的目的,彻底解决秸秆焚烧和土壤培肥之急需。     

农作物秸秆资源利用技术

一、农作物秸秆还田机械化技术小麦秸秆还田的主要方式是在机收的同时,收割机上装有粉碎秸秆器。将秸秆粉碎后抛撒于地表。玉米还田主要应用秸秆还田机械将秸秆粉碎还田。     

玉米秸秆不同埋置深度的分解率对比试验

针对玉米秸秆焚烧资源浪费和污染环境问题,提出"秸秆深还",即将玉米秸秆粉碎机械化埋入土壤亚表层20~40厘米培肥土壤的新理念。但是人们担心秸秆分解太慢会影响耕种,本研究结果表明:秸秆埋入土壤1个生长季节分解60%以上,是一个适合的分解速度。     

秸秆机械粉碎还田技术

<正>机械化秸秆粉碎直接还田是将田间的农作物秸秆用机械直接粉碎抛撒于地表,随即耕翻入土壤作为底肥,秸秆还田是当今世界上普遍重视的一项培肥地力的增产措施,在杜绝了秸秆焚烧所造成的大气污染的同时还有增肥增产作用。实践证明,秸秆粉碎直接还田与其他还田方式一样,有降低生产成本,保墒除草和杀虫灭卵作用不仅可提高工效,减轻劳动强度,争抢农时,而且还可将农作物秸秆中含有的氮、磷、钾、镁、钙、硫等各种养分和有机质直接还田,扩大有机肥源,增加土壤氮素,富集与转化土壤养分,改善土壤     

机械化秸秆还田技术

将农作物的茎、叶、头粉碎还田，既能增加土壤有机质含量，又可减少虫源，还可减少环境污染。机械化秸秆还田技术，就是在作物收获后，用机械将秸秆粉碎翻埋或整秆编压还田，包括秸秆粉碎还田、根茬粉碎还田、整秆翻埋还田、整秆编压还田等多种形式，可一次完成多道工序，具有便捷、快速、低成本的优点。不仅抢农时、抢积温，解决了及时处理大量秸秆就地还田及避免腐烂焚烧带来的污染环境的问题，而且改善土壤团粒结构和保水、吸水、粘接、透气、保温等理化性状，增加土壤肥力和有机质含量，使大量废弃的秸秆变废为宝。据测算，机械化秸秆还田可使土壤有机质含量增加1．038％、全氨含量增加0．090％、全磷含量增加0．003％、全钾含量增加1．674％。     

玉米秸秆全量直接还田技术

玉米秸秆全量直接还田,有利于改善土壤物理性状,提升土壤有机质,增加土壤蓄水能力,改善耕层结构,提高作物产量,减少环境污染,具有显著的增产增收节支效果。研究根据黑龙江省的地理条件、种植制度和种植模式,总结出玉米秸秆全量直接还田包括秸秆粉碎翻埋还田、秸秆碎混还田和秸秆粉碎地表覆盖还田三种模式,各地可根据气候和土壤的不同,以及秸秆综合利用的现状,灵活选择秸秆还田耕种模式。     

浚县秸秆综合利用技术

浚县是一个典型的农业县,每年可生成100多万t秸秆。秸秆已成为浚县大气污染的潜在危险。为了实现秸秆综合利用,变废为宝,笔者根据自己多年的工作实践,总结出一套秸秆综合利用技术,现介绍如下。一、秸秆深耕还田作有机肥料技术(一)概况秸秆深耕还田作有机肥料技术是在小麦、玉米收获后用秸秆粉碎机将农作物秸秆就地粉碎,均匀抛撒在地表,随即翻耕入土或在地表,使之自然腐烂分解。     

Effects of Corn Stover Incorporated in Dry Farmland on Soil Fertility

Seven years‘ field experiments on application of corn stover and/or cattle manure combined with chemical fertilizers were carried out in Shouyang Dryland Farming Experimental Station. Results showed that the increased available N in the plough layer was mainly influenced by the application of cattle manure; the available P was mainly influenced by the application of chemical fertilizer; the available K was mainly influenced by the incorporation of corn stover. The organic matter contents in the soils treated with corn stover or cattle manure were kept in balance under the experimental conditions. Corn yield and water use efficiency were influenced significantly not only by fertilizer N but also by incorporated corn stover. The results suggested that the highest N uptake, yield and water use efficiency could be obtained at rates of 105 kg fertilizer N, 6000 kg corn stover, and 1500 kg cattle manure per hectare. The experiments supplied information on nutrient recycling and use of corn stover as sources of fodder and organic fertilizer for balancing application of organic and inorganic fertilizer, improving soil fertility and increasing crop yield with incorporation of corn stover in soil.     

玉米秸秆不同还田方式对黑土有机碳组成和结构特征的影响

为研究玉米秸秆不同还田方式对黑土有机碳组成和结构特征的影响,以吉林农业大学微区试验田黑土为研究对象,设置CK(未施用秸秆)、C1(秸秆浅施)和C2(秸秆深还)共3种处理,通过腐殖质组成修改法提取富里酸(Fulvic acid,FA)、胡敏酸(Humic acid,HA)和胡敏素(Humin,HM),IHSS方法提取HA样品,并测定其元素组成、红外光谱和差热性质等结构性质。结果表明:秸秆还田有利于土壤和各腐殖质组分有机碳含量提高,土壤腐殖质PQ值(HA在可提取腐殖质中所占的比例)显著增加;与CK相比,C1处理表层(0~20 cm)的SOC、HA、FA和HM有机碳含量明显增加,分别增加了21.8%、27.3%、11.5%和30%;C2处理亚表层(20~40cm)的SOC、HA、FA和HM有机碳含量显著增加,分别增加了26.3%、32%、13.4%和31.9%。C1和C2处理均使HA的氧化度、缩合度和热稳定性降低,脂族链烃和芳香碳含量增加,结构趋于简单化。这些变化在C1处理中主要体现在表层,与CK相比,C1处理表层HA的(O+S)/C比值降低了11.3%,I2920/I1620的比值增加了23.4%;C2处理主要为亚表层HA结构的变化,与CK相比,C2处理亚表层HA的(O+S)/C比值降低了9.1%,I2920/I1620的比值增加了23%。这一研究结果对阐明土壤培肥机理和指导秸秆还田实践有重要意义。     

收获时间对玉米秸秆产量与燃料品质的影响

 【目的】探明不同收获时间下玉米秸秆产量和燃料品质的变化规律,以确定适宜的收获时间。【方法】于2007-2008年在吉林省白城市农业科学院以郑单958为研究材料,在田间试验条件下研究收获时间对玉米秸秆产量与燃料品质的影响。【结果】随收获时间的推迟,玉米秸秆产量呈下降趋势,且叶片所占比例逐渐降低;秸秆含水量、灰分和矿质元素含量显著降低;纤维素、木质素含量升高,半纤维素含量降低。秸秆热值以灌浆期最高,成熟期最低,其后略有升高;热值与纤维素和木质素含量呈显著正相关关系;灰分与矿质元素含量呈显著正相关关系,与Si/K比值呈显著负相关关系。【结论】延迟收获虽然降低了玉米秸秆的产量,却显著提高了其燃料品质,冬季至春季收获秸秆品质较好。     

旱地玉米秸秆还田对土壤肥力的影响

 研究探讨了玉米秸秆还田方式 (直接或过腹还田 )与化肥配施对土壤养分变化的影响。研究表明 ,秸秆过腹还田对提高耕层土壤速效 N贡献较大 ;耕层土壤速效 P含量主要与化肥施用量有关 ;耕层土壤速效 K含量与秸秆直接还田有关。该试验条件下 ,秸秆直接还田和秸秆过腹还田的土壤有机质含量基本保持平衡。产量统计分析表明 ,化肥对提高玉米产量及水分利用效率有明显影响 ,其次为秸秆直接翻压还田。适宜的秸秆直接还田量、秸秆过腹还田量与化肥 N配比 (试验中每公顷用量分别为 60 0 0、1 50 0和 1 0 5kg) ,其产量、水分利用效率和肥料 N的利用效率较高。研究为该区玉米秸秆作为饲源和有机肥源的合理再分配利用 ,秸秆、牛粪与化肥平衡配施 ,以及秸秆还田对土壤肥力的贡献和对作物产量的影响提供了依据。     

低温高效降解玉米秸秆复合菌系发酵条件优化及腐解菌剂的研究

为解决北方低温条件下玉米秸秆降解难的问题,利用筛选于锯末的一组玉米秸秆降解复合菌系GF-S72,通过单因素、正交试验及载体生物相容性试验,研究了复合菌系的发酵条件、菌剂载体类型、用量及保存条件。结果表明,复合菌系GF-S72最佳发酵条件为:尿素0.1%、碳氮比20∶1、培养温度10℃、初始p H为8.0、装液量18 m L/150 m L、培养时间6 d、接种量2%。基于试验选取硅藻作为最佳载体,在菌液∶载体=3∶1、菌剂与秸秆配比为0.05 g/2 g,制备低温高效降解玉米秸秆复合型菌剂。试验结果还表明,p H值为8.2、含水量为1.42%、保藏湿度为10%、保藏温度为15℃时,复合型菌剂降解玉米秸秆的效率最高。     

Nitrogen Uptake by Corn and N Recovery in Grain in Dry Farmland

There have been considerable concerns with the reduced beneficial yield response to fertilizer and the less efficient use of fertilizers with the fast growth in fertilizer consumption in China, as well as problems with low and unstable fertilizer use effectiveness in dry farmland. The paper discusses the effect of precipitation, corn stover incorporation and fertilizer management on N uptake by corn and fertilizer N use efficiency in dry farmland. The results showed that in the areas with 520 mm rainfall under the cropping system of one crop of spring corn per year, N uptake and N recovery by corn, and yields were higher at rates of 105 kg fertilizer N, 1 500 kg cattle manure and 6 000 kg corn stover incorporated per hectare. N uptake was significantly affected by precipitation during growing periods and soil moisture at sowing, fertilizer N apparent recovery varied from 58% in a rainy year to 7% in the year with a very dry soil, and the average of 7 years (1993-1999) was about 30%. The 15N tracer experiment showed that around 40% of N uptake was derived form fertilizer N and 60% from soil N. The results from 3-year 15N tracer study (1997-1999) indicated that the 1st years N recovery in grain with and without stover incorporated was about 24% and 17%, respectively, the accumulative 3-year total about 36% and 25%,the percentage of N recovery with stover incorporated increased about 11. The accumulative 3-year N loss with and without stover incorporated was about 26% and 45%, respectively, the percentage of N loss with stover decreased about 19. The studies supply information on land applications of fertilizer N and corn stover in dry farmland.     

旱地玉米N吸收及其N肥利用率研究

 针对我国目前化肥大量使甲中出现的施肥效益下降和化肥利用率不高．以及旱地肥效低而不稳等问题．主要探讨了旱地农田降水、秸秆还田、施肥等对作物Ｎ吸收和肥料Ｎ利用率的影响。研究表明。在年降水５２０ｍｍ的一年一作春玉米区，化肥Ｎ用量以１０５ ｋｇ·ｈａ－１为宜·配施牛粪和秸秆还田各１５００和６０００ｋｇ·ｈａ－１，作物Ｎ吸收、肥料Ｎ利用率和产量均较高；旱地玉米Ｎ吸吹明显受生育期降水和土壤底墒水含量的影响，肥料Ｎ的表观利用率从丰水年约 ５８％可降到土壤严重干旱年约 ７％．７年（１９９３～１９９９年）平均约为 ３０％。１５Ｎ示踪研究表明，肥料Ｎ和土壤Ｎ对当季作物Ｎ吸收的贡献分别约占４０％和６０％。１５Ｎ示踪年度内（１９９７～１９９９年），秸秆还田和秸秆未还田处理的当季肥料Ｎ利用率分别为２４％和１７％，３年累计肥料Ｎ利用率分别为３６％和２５％，秸秆还田提高Ｎ利用率约１１个百分点；３年累计肥料 Ｎ损失分别为 ２６％和 ４５％．秸秆还田减少 Ｎ损失约 １９个百分点。     

Application of Mulching Materials of Rainfall Harvesting System for Improving Soil Water and Corn Growth in Northwest of China

The ridge and furrow rainfall harvesting（RFRH） system is used for dryland crop production in northwest of China.To determine the effects of RFRH using different mulching materials on corn growth and water use efficiency（WUE）,a field experiment was conducted during 2008-2010 at the Heyang Dryland Experimental Station,China.Four treatments were used in the study.Furrows received uncovered mulching in all RFRH treatments whereas ridges were mulched with plastic film（PF）,biodegradable film（BF） or liquid film（LF）.A conventional flat field without mulching was used as the control（CK）.The results indicated that the average soil water storage at depths of 0-200 cm were 8.2 and 7.3%,respectively higher with PF and BF than with CK.However,LF improved soil water storage during the early growth stage of the crop.Compared with CK,the corn yields with PF and BF were increased by 20.4 and 19.4%,respectively,and WUE with each treatment increased by 23.3 and 21.7%,respectively.There were no significant differences in corn yield or WUE with the PF and BF treatments.The net income was the highest with PF,followed by BF,and the 3-yr average net incomes with these treatments were increased by 2 559 and 2 430 CNY ha-1,respectively,compared with CK.BF and PF had similar effects in enhancing the soil water content,crop yield and net income.Therefore,it can be concluded that biodegradable film may be a sustainable ecological alternative to plastic film for use in the RFRH system in northwest of China.     

微生物发酵爆破秸秆生产动物饲料培养基的优化

为了促进秸秆饲料资源开发及其在动物饲养中的应用,对爆破玉米秸秆米曲霉固体发酵生产动物饲料的固体发酵培养基进行优化。以爆破玉米秸秆为主要原料(81%～100%),以玉米(0、2.5%、5.0%)、麸皮(0、2.5%、5.0%)、豆粕(0、2.5%、5.0%)和营养液(0、2.0%、4.0%)设计四因素三水平正交试验,固体发酵6d后,测定发酵产物纤维素降解率、滤纸酶活性和羧甲基纤维素(CMC)酶活性,选择最佳发酵培养基。结果表明,纤维素降解率和滤纸酶活性最高的培养基组合为:83.5%爆破玉米秸秆、5.0%玉米、2.5%麸皮、5.0%豆粕和4.0%营养液,其中营养液、豆粕和玉米的不同水平对纤维素的降解率有显著影响(P<0.05)。CMC酶活性最高的培养基组合为:86%爆破玉米秸秆、2.5%玉米、2.5%麸皮、5.0%豆粕和4.0%营养液。综合结果表明,爆破秸秆发酵生产动物饲料的最优培养基组合为:83.5%爆破秸秆、5.0%玉米、2.5%麸皮、5.0%豆粕和4.0%营养液。     

添加己酸和盐酸对玉米秸秆青贮饲料质量的影响

通过测定盐酸、己酸处理的玉米秸秆青贮饲料的pH值、含水率、有机酸含量及组成、干物质消失率、NDF瘤胃降解率、干物质回收率和青贮饲料化学成分，研究了盐酸、己酸的处理对玉米秸秆青贮饲料质量的影响。试验结果表明：在玉米秸秆青贮饲料中添加盐酸，降低了青贮饲料中乳酸占总酸的比例和干物质回收率，并使青贮饲料的细胞壁物质含量显著增加，明显降低了玉米秸秆青贮饲料的质量；己酸的添加对青贮饲料质量无显著影响(P＞0．05)；盐酸和己酸的共同处理除了明显改善青贮饲料的色泽、气味和质地外，还可明显降低青贮饲料中OB，ADF和ADL的含量(P＞0．05)，显著提高了青贮饲料的营养价值。