Dairy cattle assessment using specialization indices and productive performance typicality

It would seem essential to create animals of the required types in view of the availability of various strains differing in the levels of productive performance within the breeds for dairy and dual-purpose production. Monitoring the herds of Black-and-White and Simmental cattle for the type of production (high production dairy type, dairy type, and duel-purpose: dairy-beef and beef-dairy types) was carried out using various methods. The extra milk yields from the high producing dairy cows of the Simmental breed and the Holstein F₁ crossbreds as compared to the peers of the other types ranged from 469 kg to 1391 kg and from 555 kg to 1734 kg, respectively. Irrespective of any breed and selection, the cows of a dairy type as compared to the peers of a dual-purpose type tended to produce higher yields by 563 kg (P > 0.95), 1140 kg (P > 0.99), and 1173 kg (P > 0.99) from the cows of the Black-and-White breed, the Holstein breed of the domestic selection, and the Holstein breed of the American selection, respectively. The milk of dual-purpose cows as compared to the milk of dairy cows was characterized by higher butterfat content (by 0.06–0.08% on average). The methods applied to identify the parameters for conformation and production traits simultaneously are the most informative techniques to evaluate the production type of cows.     

“复方益孕液”治疗奶牛不孕症疗效及作用机理

选取产后60 d以上不发情,患有持久黄体和卵巢机能减退的不孕奶牛50例进行复方益孕液临床治疗试验,利用电化学发光免疫方法对部分患牛治疗前后血清雌二醇(E2)和孕酮(P4)水平进行检测.结果表明,复方益孕液治疗奶牛持久黄体和卵巢机能减退后,发情率分别为83.3%和77.3%,受胎率分别为80.0%和76.5%,显著高于对照组(P<0.01).持久黄体患牛在处理后血清中E2水平不断升高,最高值为(17.81±7.32)pg/mL,P4水平逐渐降低.最低值为(0.75±0.46)ng/mL;卵巢机能减退患牛在处理后血中E2和P4水平均升高,最高值分别为(14.16±9.45)pg/mL和(4.23±1.85)ng/mL.结果表明复方益孕液对治疗奶牛持久黄体和卵巢机能减退引起的不孕症疗效显著,且具有微调体内激素,溶解黄体和诱导发情作用.     

牛源鲍曼不动杆菌的鉴定及体外药敏试验

为鉴定山西省某奶牛场引起奶牛子宫内膜炎的相关病原菌。采用细菌分离培养、革兰染色镜检和16SrDNA测序分析法对采集的奶牛子宫分泌物进行细菌鉴定;通过体外药敏试验和小鼠致病性试验检测其耐药性和致病性,并与已知序列进行比对,了解其亲缘性。结果显示,共分离到1株鲍曼不动杆菌,该株菌与中国内地和美国的分离菌株属于同一分支,且与美国的分离菌株亲缘较近;该菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、阿莫西林、卡那霉素、链霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素、先锋霉素IV均耐药;对小白鼠有较强的致病性。     

Effects of Bupleurum extract on blood metabolism,antioxidant status and immune function in heat-stressed dairy cows

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of Bupleurum extract(BE) on blood metabolites, antioxidant status, and immune function in dairy cows under heat stress. Forty lactating Holstein cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments. The treatments consisted of 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g of BE kg–1 dry matter. Supplementation with BE decreased(P0.05) blood urea nitrogen(BUN) contents and increased blood total protein(TP) and albumin(ALB) levels compared with control cows, but it had no effects(P0.05) on blood glucose(GLU), nonesterified fatty acid(NEFA), total triglyceride(TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C). Compared with control cows, cows fed BE had higher(P0.05) superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity. However, supplementation with BE had no effect(P0.05) on total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) or malondialdehyde(MDA) levels. The immunoglobulin(Ig) A and G contents increased(P0.05) in cows fed 0.25 or 0.5 g of BE kg–1. Interleukin(IL)-2 and IL-4 levels were higher(P0.05) in cows fed 0.5 and 1.0 g of BE kg–1, and IL-6 was significantly elevated(P0.05) in cows fed 0.5 g of BE kg–1. There were no treatment effects(P0.05) on the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte ratios, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, or tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) level among the groups. These findings suggest that BE supplementation may improve protein metabolism, in addition to enhancing antioxidant activity and immune function in heat-stressed dairy cows.     

Month-Wise Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows in Guangdong Province,China

To evaluate the month-wise prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SM) and its relations with climatic temperature and humidity, and to provide references for control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cows in Guangdong, China, California mastitis test method was used to determine the monthly prevalence of SM (MPSM, %) of lactating Holstein cows from 11 dairy farms in Guangdong Province, China, including about 516 cows per monthly examination. The average MPSM on a cow and a quarter basis were 30 and 13% respectively, and there was a positive linear correlation between monthly mean air temperature (MT, ?C) and MPSM on a cow basis (r=0.763, P=0.004) or a quarter basis (r=0.577, P=0.049), but there were no correlations between MT and MPSM on a cow or a quarter basis (P>0.05). There was a shift in MPSM trend that the highest MPSM (38.4%) was not for the hottest July with MT at 30.8?C, but for the later September at 27.9?C. The farms need to develop new housing conditions to control cowshed temperatures in the hot season to reduce the mastitis prevalences in the posthot months.     

Galactopoietic Activity of Dibutyl Phthalate Isolated from Vaccaria segetalis

A galactopoietic compound, identified as dibutyl phthalate（DBP）, was isolated from Vaccaria segetalis. The activity of DBP on lactation ability of dairy cow mammary gland epithelial cells（DCMECs） cultured in vitro and dairy cow was evaluated. Results showed that DBP could promote cell viability, proliferation ability, lactose and β-casein secretion of DCMECs, which could also raise the milk yields of dairy cows significantly.     

孕牛血清中可溶性白细胞介素2受体水平的变化

应用酶标双搞体夹心法分别测定未孕牛、妊娠早期（＜１００ｄ）、妊娠中期（１００～２００ｄ）和妊娠后期（＞２００ｄ）的黑白花奶牛各１０头的血清可溶性白细胞介素２受体水平的变化，结果表明，不同妊娠阶段各组与未孕牛差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），这就说明了妊娠时母体外周血清中１Ｌ－２Ｒ阳性表达细胞无显著变化，从而抑制机体对胚胎或胎儿的排斥反应     

柴胡提取物对热应激奶牛营养物质表观消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响

为研究添加不同水平的柴胡提取物对热应激条件下泌乳后期荷斯坦奶牛营养物质表观消化率和瘤胃发酵参数的影响,采用随机区组设计,按照产奶量、泌乳天数及胎次相同的原则将48头荷斯坦奶牛随机分为4组,每组12头,各组在基础日粮中分别添加0、0.5、2.5和5.0g/kg柴胡提取物(干物质基础),试验期9周。结果表明:热应激条件下,柴胡提取物对瘤胃pH,氨氮含量,丙酸、异丁酸、丁酸、异戊酸和戊酸浓度,乙酸/丙酸及营养物质表观消化率均无显著影响(P0.05);0.5g/kg组的菌体蛋白含量显著高于2.5和5.0g/kg添加组(P0.05),添加5.0g/kg柴胡提取物降低瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸(P=0.05)和乙酸浓度(P=0.06),不利于瘤胃发酵。因此,柴胡提取物推荐添加剂量不宜超过5.0g/kg。     

荷斯坦牛两类性情评定方法分析及其对日产奶量与体细胞评分的影响

为探究奶牛性情的影响因素及其对日产奶量和体细胞评分的影响,于2019年7月—8月对北京地区2个牛场1 100头泌乳牛进行了挤奶性情评分和主观性情评分的收集,并通过Logistic回归模型分析奶牛各性情评分的影响因素,利用GLM过程分析各性情评分对日产奶量和体细胞评分的影响,此外,通过计算秩相关系数检验不同性情评分之间的相关性。结果表明:踏步速率评分与踢腿速率评分之间存在极显著相关(P0.01),但其相关系数较小(r=0.208 7),主观性情评分与2种挤奶性情评分均无显著相关(P0.05);2个牛场之间的性情评分分布存在差异;不同性情评分方法的影响因素各不相同:对于踏步速率评分,3胎以上荷斯坦牛性情较温顺;对于踢腿速率评分,泌乳天数为306～500d的荷斯坦牛性情较暴躁;对于主观性情评分,随着泌乳阶段的增加,荷斯坦牛的性情更加温顺;踢腿速率评分对日产奶量具有极显著影响(P0.01),且踢腿速率评分为2分的荷斯坦牛日产奶量最高,即性情适中的奶牛具有更高的日产奶量;2种奶牛性情评分对体细胞评分均无显著影响。综上,奶牛各性情评分间相关性较低,不同性情评分反映了奶牛在不同环境条件下的不同性情表现。奶牛挤奶性情与产奶量相关,因此改进挤奶性情有助于提高牛场生产管理和经济效益。本研究为将性情评分纳入中国奶牛选择指数,早日实现奶牛平衡育种提供了理论基础。     

奶牛酮病与胰岛素抵抗关系探讨

为探讨奶牛酮病与胰岛素抵抗的关系,选取产后14 d的酮病组(T)16头和健康对照组(C) 24头奶牛,比较酮病与对照组在能量平衡、肝功能状况、氧化应激、胰岛素敏感性以及耐糖量试验的差异.结果显示:酮病奶牛机体处于能量负平衡状态;肝功能指标中酮病组奶牛血浆天门冬氨酸转移酶、直接胆红素含量极显著高于健康对照组(P＜0.01),总胆红素含量显著高于健康对照组(P＜0.05),胆碱酯酶含量极显著低于健康对照组(P＜0.01),总蛋白含量显著低于健康对照组(P＜0.05),丙氨酸氨基转移酶、间接胆红素、白蛋白、球蛋白含量与健康对照组差异不显著,表明病牛肝脏受到一定程度的损害;酮病组奶牛血浆丙二醛、超氧化歧化酶含量显著高于健康对照组(P＜0.05),表明病牛处于氧化应激状态;酮病奶牛血浆胰岛素敏感指数显著低于健康对照组(P＜0.05),表明病牛的胰岛素敏感性下降.葡萄糖耐量试验显示部分酮病奶牛血糖含量显著高于健康对照组(P＜0.05),在注射完葡萄糖120min后血糖浓度高达4.24 mmol/L,组间差异极显著(P=0.006),表明病牛存在胰岛素抵抗.奶牛酮病与胰岛素抵抗存在密切的关系,可能与肝功能与氧化应激有关.     

Chemical rescue of a mutant enzyme in living cells

The restoration of catalytic activity to mutant enzymes by small molecules is well established for in vitro systems. Here, we show that the protein tyrosine kinase Src arginine-388-->alanine (R388A) mutant can be rescued in live cells with the use of the small molecule imidazole. Cellular rescue of a viral Src homolog was rapid and reversible and conferred predicted oncogenic properties. Using chemical rescue in combination with mass spectrometry, we confirmed six known Src kinase substrates and identified several new protein targets. Chemical rescue data suggest that cellular Src is active under basal conditions. Rescue of R388A cellular Src provided insights into the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. This chemical rescue approach will likely have many applications in cell signaling.     

The removal of nitrate reductase phosphorylation enhances tolerance to ammonium nitrogen deficiency in rice

Nitrate reductase (NR) is a key enzyme for nitrogen assimilation in plants, and its activity is regulated by posttranslational phosphorylation. To investigate the effects of dephosphorylation of the NIA1 protein on the growth and the physiological and biochemical characteristics of rice under different forms of nitrogen supplies, the phenotypes, nitrogen metabolism and reactive oxygen metabolism were measured in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines (S532D and S532A), an OsNia1 over-expression line (OE) and Kitaake (wild type, WT). Compared with WT and OE, S532D and S532A have stronger nitrogen assimilation capacities. When ammonium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the plant heights, dry weights of shoots and chlorophyll (Chl) contents of S532D and S532A were lower than those of the WT and OE, whereas hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitrite contents were higher. When potassium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the plant heights, dry weights of shoots and Chl contents of S532D and S532A were higher than those of the WT and OE, there were no significant differences in the contents of H₂O₂ and MDA in the leaves of the test materials, and the difference in nitrite contents among different lines decreased. When ammonium sulfate served as the nitrogen source, there were no significant differences in the physiological indexes of the test materials, except NR activity. Compared with ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate, the content of NH₄⁺-N in the leaves of each plant was lower when potassium nitrate was used as the nitrogen source. The qPCR results showed that OsGS and OsNGS1 were negatively regulated by downstream metabolites, and OsNrt2.2 was induced by nitrate. In summary, when ammonium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the weak growth of NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines was due to the toxicity caused by the excessive accumulation of nitrite. When potassium nitrate served as the nitrogen source, the assimilation rates of nitrate, nitrite and ammonium salt were accelerated in NIA1 phosphorylation site-directed mutant lines, which could provide more nitrogen nutrition and improve the tolerance of rice to ammonium nitrogen deficiency. These results could provide a possible method to improve the efficiency of nitrogen utilization in rice under low-nitrogen conditions.     

元江鲤种群遗传多样性

选择12对微卫星标记检测了于2011年采集自元江(红河上游中国江段)5个样点192尾鲤的群体遗传多样性。共检测到201个等位基因,每个位点等位基因2-27个。各群体各位点平均等位基因(N_A)12.25-14.67个,平均有效等位基因(N_E)8.28-9.73个,平均观察杂合度(H_O) 0.7765-0.8037,平均期望杂合度(H_E)0.7761-0.8080,平均多态信息含量(PIC) 0.7534-0.7843。元江鲤种群192个个体各位点N_A、N_E、H_O、H_E、PIC分别为16.50、11.26、0.7927、0.8049、0.7966,种群遗传多样性水平高。元江鲤群体之间遗传分化小,可作为一个种群管理单元进行管理。增殖放流要防止遗传多样性丧失。     

Milk Yield of Holstein Cows Induced into Lactation Twice Consecutively and Lactation Curve Models Fitted to Artificial Lactations

Nineteen multiparous barren Holstein cows were subjected to an induction of lactation protocol for 21 d administering estradiol cypionate (2 mg kg⁻¹ of body weight (BW) d⁻¹, on day 1 to 14), progesterone (0.10 mg kg⁻¹ of BW, on day 1 to 7), flumethasone (0.03 mg kg⁻¹ of BW, on day 18 to 20) and recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST; 500 mg per cow, on day 1, 6, 16 and 21). At the end of lactation and with a minimum of a 2-mon dry period, the same cows were again hormonally induced into lactation. Cows in both lactations were not artificially inseminated, they were milked 3 times daily and received rbST throughout lactation. Mean accumulated milk yield at 305 d in milk (DIM) did not differ between the first and second induced lactations ((9 710 ±1 728) vs. (9 309±2 150) kg; mean±SD). Total milk yield ((12 707±3 406) vs. (12 306±4 218) kg; mean±SD) and lactation length ((405±100) vs. (410±91) d; mean±SD) were not different between the first and second induced lactations. In a second study, 15 empirical models including exponential, power law, yield-density, sigmoidal and miscellaneous models were compared for their suitability by modeling 12-mon (n=334), 18-mon (n=164) and 29-mon (n=22) lactation cycles of Holsteins cows induced into lactation and treated with rbST throughout the lactation. Hoerl (Y= ab^1/xx^c), Wood (Y=ax^b exp(cx)) and Dhanoa (Y=ax^(bc)exp(cx)) models were equally suitable to describe 12-mon lactations. An exponential model with five parameters (Y=exp(a+bx+cd²+e/x)) showed the best fit for milk yield for 18-mon lactations. The rational model (Y=a+bx/1+cx+dx²) was found to produce the closest fit for 29-mon lactations. It was concluded that, with the protocol used in the present study, multiparous cows respond favorably to a second cycle of induced lactation, with milk yield similar to that experienced during the first cycle. Thus, dairy producers might be able to lengthen the productive life of infertile high producing cows with a renewal of artificial lactation, which would imply an overall reduction in voluntary culling of cows. Also, various equations used to describe the lactation curves demonstrated the potential for fitting monthly milk records of Holstein cows with prolonged lactations and induced hormonally into lactation.     

A major and stable QTL for wheat spikelet number per spike validated in different genetic backgrounds

The spikelet number per spike (SNS) contributes greatly to grain yield in wheat. Identifying various genes that control wheat SNS is vital for yield improvement. This study used a recombinant inbred line population genotyped by the Wheat55K single-nucleotide polymorphism array to identify two major and stably expressed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for SNS. One of them (QSns.sau-2SY-2D.1) was reported previously, while the other (QSns.sau-2SY-7A) was newly detected and further analyzed in this study. QSns.sau-2SY-7A had a high LOD value ranging from 4.46 to 16.00 and explained 10.21–40.78% of the phenotypic variances. QSns.sau-2SY-7A was flanked by the markers AX-110518554 and AX-110094527 in a 4.75-cM interval on chromosome arm 7AL. The contributions and interactions of both major QTLs were further analyzed and discussed. The effect of QSns.sau-2SY-7A was successfully validated by developing a tightly linked kompetitive allele specific PCR marker in an F_2:3 population and a panel of 101 high-generation breeding wheat lines. Furthermore, several genes including the previously reported WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 (WAPO1), an ortholog of the rice gene ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION 1 (APO1) related to SNS, were predicted in the interval of QSns.sau-2SY-7A. In summary, these results revealed the genetic basis of the multi-spikelet genotype of wheat line 20828 and will facilitate subsequent fine mapping and breeding utilization of the major QTLs.     

产后奶牛子宫内致病菌的分离、毒力基因检测及耐药性分析

为检测产后奶牛子宫内膜炎致病菌的毒力基因和耐药性,在生产3周后采用棉拭子法对65头确诊的临床型子宫内膜炎荷斯坦奶牛进行子宫黏液的采集;分别用阴门灌注大鼠子宫试验、PCR方法以及药敏纸片法来检验分离株的致病性。结果表明,灌注混合菌(1∶1,1.0×10~9 cfu/mL)72h后剖解大鼠子宫发现子宫充血,肿大,增厚,子宫内部有蓄脓现象。然而,Escherichia coli和Staphylococcus aureus从患病牛中最终检出率分别为58.69%、62.75%;并对27株致病性E.coli系统发育组ChuA、yjaA基因检出率达到(13/27,48.15%),且E.coli和S.aureus分离株中均含有毒力基因KpSMII和TSST-1;随机抽取10头患病牛且含毒力基因最多的分离株进行药敏试验且均耐受于青霉素、多西环素、多粘菌素B、阿莫西林和四环素等抗生素。由此可见,以上抗生素再继续应用将会导致E.coli和S.aureus耐药程度持续增加。     

进口奶牛皮肤真菌病病原疣状毛癣菌的分离鉴定

为了解进口奶牛皮肤真菌病的病原情况,选择2013-2014年河北进口的具有不同程度皮肤真菌病症状的奶牛,刮取病灶处皮屑样品34份,进行病原分离,并通过形态学和DNA条形码方法进行鉴定。结果表明,共分离得到17株真菌,其中10株被鉴定为人畜共患性真菌——疣状毛癣菌。这为进一步了解中国进口种牛皮肤真菌病病原,开展有效治疗,探索疫苗免疫方案以及预防从业者感染奠定了基础。     

MTT比色法检测孕牛淋巴细胞转化的效果

选择３０头妊娠奶牛，根据妊娠阶段不同分为妊娠前期（小于１００ｄ）、妊娠中期（１００—２００ｄ）和妊娠后期（大于２００ｄ）３组，应用ＭＴＴ比色法测定妊娠母牛的外周血淋巴细胞转化能力．结果是妊娠母牛淋巴刺激指数明显低于未妊娠牛（Ｐ＜０．０５），不同妊娠天数之间差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）．这就说明妊娠时母体的细胞免疫功能是下降的     

Effects of short-term heat stress on PSII and subsequent recovery for senescent leaves of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Red Globe

Heat stress occurs frequently in energy-saving sunlight greenhouses(ESSG) at the late growth stage. Three-year delayed cultivation(DC) of the Red Globe cultivar of Vitis vinifera L. was used to clarify the physiological mechanisms of short-term heat stress on PSII and subsequent recovery from heat stress. By November, the photosynthetic function had declined and the fall in transpiration rate(E) with heating time increased the possibility of heat damage. In July, the most obvious increase was in the relative variable fluorescence at J point at 40°C, and in November it changed to K point. The 5 min of heat treatment resulted in a significant increase of the relative variable fluorescence at 0.3 ms(W_k), and after 10 min of heat treatment, the number of reactive centres per excited cross section(RC/CS_o), probability that a trapped exciton moves an electron into the electron transport chain beyond Q_A–(at t=0)(Ψ_o) and quantum yield of electron transport at t=0(φ_(Eo)) decreased significantly(P0.05), suggesting that the reaction centre, donor and acceptor side of photosystem II(PSII) were all significantly inhibited(P0.05) and that the thermal stability of the photosynthetic mechanism was reduced. The inhibition of energy fluxes for senescent leaves in November was earlier and more pronounced than that for healthy leaves, which did not recover from heat stress of more than 15 min after 2 h recovery at room temperature.     

天津某牧场奶牛乳房炎奶样与环境中细菌的分离与鉴定

为了解天津某牧场奶牛乳房炎奶样及环境中细菌的种类和流行性,采用美国加州乳房炎(CMT)方法筛选6头乳房炎患病奶牛,通过传统培养方法对乳房炎奶样、患病牛畜舍及奶厅样品进行细菌分离与鉴定。结果显示,乳房炎奶样及环境样品中共分离鉴定出217株菌株,主要优势菌为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)(146/217株,67.28%),乳房炎奶样中占比25%(3/12),畜舍样品中占比为47.87%(45/94),奶厅样品中占比为88.29%(98/111)。乳房炎奶样中主要鉴定出4株葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus);畜舍样品中共鉴定出10株Staphylococcus和8株肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),新垫料与饲料中各鉴定出1株克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella);在奶厅样品前药浴液与后药浴杯样品中分离鉴定出3株BMV7。综上,本研究探究了天津某牧场中主要流行的微生物种类,提出该牧场卫生管理防控薄弱环节,为牧场奶牛乳房炎防控与卫生管理提出建议与意见,为进一步研究乳房炎致病菌溯源奠定基础。