30个重要小麦生产品种抗叶锈性基因分析

【目的】小麦叶锈病是影响中国小麦产量的重要病害之一,培育持久抗病品种可以经济、有效地控制该病害。论文通过基因推导结合系谱分析、分子标记及成株抗病鉴定对小麦生产品种中抗病基因进行鉴定,从而确定小麦品种中所携带的抗病基因。【方法】选用18个小麦叶锈菌菌系(PHGQ、THJT、PHJT、KHJS、PHJS、THTT?、KHHT、FHRT、FHJQ、PHTT、THTT?、PHTT、FHTR、FHHT?、FHHT?、TGGT、FHTT、FGMT)接种36个已知抗叶锈病基因载体品种和中国的30个小麦生产品种进行苗期抗叶锈病基因推导,进一步利用9个与已知抗病基因紧密连锁的特异性标记进行标记检测,同时系谱分析法确定供试小麦品种中所携带的已知抗叶锈病基因。为了鉴定小麦品种的成株抗性基因,在2014—2015和2015—2016年度将30个小麦品种、慢锈对照品种SAAR和感病对照品种郑州5389种植于河北农业大学小麦试验田和河南周口黄泛区农场试验田,田间用混合生理小种(FHRT、THTT、THJT)接种进行成株抗叶锈性鉴定,进一步运用软件IBM SPSS Statistics 19.0进行方差分析(ANOVA),根据苗期与成株期的侵染型排除具有主效抗性基因的品种,将田间最终严重度(当达到发病高峰时调查的严重度为最终严重度,final disease severity,FDS)明显小于或与慢锈对照SAAR无显著差异的作为慢锈品种,从而筛选出表现慢锈的小麦品种。【结果】基因推导、系谱分析结合标记检测结果表明,30个小麦生产品种中有4个品种(鄂恩5号、鄂麦14、陕229和西农979)含有抗病基因Lr1,10个品种(鄂恩1号、鄂恩5号、鄂恩6号、贵农16、陕225、陕354、陕715、陕合6号、陕麦509和陕农7859)携带有抗病基因Lr26,2个品种(陕225和小偃81)经分子标记检测含有慢锈抗病基因Lr46,另外还有3个品种(西农979、陕229和贵农16)可能含有基因Lr13,所有供试品种均不含Lr9、Lr10、Lr19、Lr20、Lr24和Lr34抗病基因。根据2年2点的田间抗叶锈病鉴定筛选出18个表现慢锈的品种,且方差分析结果表明各品种间和地点间差异均极显著,年份间差异显著,品种与地点间、品种与年份间差异均极显著,而品种与重复间和重复间均不显著,这表明小麦叶锈病抗性的表达受基因型和环境互作共同影响。【结论】30个小麦品种中共检测到Lr1、Lr26、Lr13和Lr46等4个抗叶锈病基因,其中Lr46为成株抗病基因,通过田间抗性鉴定共检测出18个品种可能携带成株慢锈基因,所有慢锈材料中可能含有未知成株抗叶锈病基因,需要进一步进行遗传鉴定。     

23份中国小麦微核心种质抗叶锈性评价

【目的】探测23份微核心种质材料的抗叶锈性和可能携带的抗叶锈基因。【方法】选取12个具有鉴别能力的小麦叶锈菌生理小种对23份微核心种质进行了苗期和成株期的抗性鉴定以及基因推导,同时结合使用已经报道的能够用于抗病基因分子鉴定的分子标记对其进行进一步抗叶锈基因的分子检测。【结果】这些品种中除中国春表现感病外,其余22份种质均表现出较强的抗性。火球、老齐麦、凤麦11、山红麦、红和尚头、府麦、尕老汉和郑引4号含Lr34和未知抗性基因,中国春含Lr34,碱麦和小佛手含Lr1和Lr34,同家坝小麦和红花麦含Lr34和Lr32,克丰3号含有Lr10、Lr34、Lr16和Lr32,Atlas66含有Lr1、Lr2c和Lr32,烟农15含Lr1,可能含有Lr17,白条鱼含Lr26、Lr16、Lr42和LrZH84,木宗卓嘎含Lr26,可能含Lr14a,金黄麦含Lr1、Lr34和Lr32,云麦34含Lr26、Lr37和LrZH84,可能含有Lr15,百农3217含Lr1和Lr16,白朗灰麦和山麦可能含有未知抗叶锈基因。【结论】这些小麦微核心种质中含有比较丰富的抗叶锈基因,具有较好的抗叶锈性,是抗叶锈育种的重要资源。     

Seedling and adult plant resistance to leaf rust in 46 Chinese bread wheat landraces and 39 wheat lines with known Lr genes

Wheat leaf rust,caused by Puccinia triticina(Pt),is an important foliar disease that has an important influence on wheat yield.The most economic,safe and effective way to control the disease is growing resistant cultivars.In the present study,a total of 46 wheat landraces and 34 wheat lines with known Lr(leaf rust resistance)genes were inoculated with 16Pt pathotypes for postulating seedling resistance gene(s)in the greenhouse.These cultivars and five wheat differential lines with adult plant resistance(APR)genes(Lr12,Lr22b,Lr34,Lr35 and Lr37)were also evaluated for identification of slow rusting resistance in the field trials in Baoding,Hebei Province of China in the 2014–2015 and 2015–2016 cropping seasons.Furthermore,10 functional molecular markers closely linked to 10 known Lr genes were used to detect all the wheat genotypes.Results showed that most of the landraces were susceptible to most of the Pt pathotypes at seedling stage.Nonetheless,Lr1 was detected only in Hongtangliangmai.The field experimental test of the two environments showed that 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance.Seven cultivars possessed Lr34 but none of the landraces contained Lr37 and Lr46.Lr genes namely,Lr9,Lr19,Lr24,Lr28,Lr29,Lr47,Lr51 and Lr53 were effective at the whole plant stage.Lr18,Lr36 and Lr45 had lost resistance to part of pathotypes at the seedling stage but showed high resistance at the adult plant stage.Lr34 as a slowing rusting gene showed good resistance in the field.Four race-specific APR genes Lr12,Lr13,Lr35 and Lr37 conferred good resistance in the field experiments.Seven race-specific genes,Lr2b,Lr2c,Lr11,Lr16,Lr26,Lr33 and LrB had lost resistance.The 38 landraces showed slow rusting resistance to wheat leaf rust can be used as resistance resources for wheat resistance breeding in China.     

粗山羊草苗期抗叶锈性鉴定及抗叶锈基因推导

普通小麦D基因组的供体材料粗山羊草含有丰富的抗叶锈病基因资源,而且具有较好的农艺性状,在抗病育种中具有重要的应用价值。本研究旨在了解粗山羊草的抗叶锈性以及准确了解其中所含抗叶锈基因。选取25株小麦叶锈菌株对6个粗山羊草品系进行抗叶锈性离体鉴定,筛选出4个在苗期对22个和23个菌株表现中到高抗的品系。试验选用18个不同毒力类型的小麦叶锈菌株和44个已知的抗叶锈单基因品系对其进行了抗叶锈基因推导,推导出粗山羊草4254-Y206可能含有Lr1,Lr10和Lr29或其他未用于本次研究的抗叶锈基因;4255-Y212可能含有Lr10和Lr29抗叶锈基因或其他未用于本次研究的抗叶锈基因;Y192可能含有Lr41抗叶锈基因或其他未用于本次研究的抗叶锈基因;Y201可能含有其他未用于本次研究的抗叶锈基因。     

17个粗山羊草品种(系)抗叶锈基因的鉴定

为鉴定17个粗山羊草品种(系)中可能含有的抗叶锈病基因,用10株具有不同毒力的小麦叶锈菌混合菌对17个粗山羊草品种进行成株期抗叶锈性鉴定,筛选出7个在田间对叶锈菌有抗性的材料。用抗叶锈基因Lr1、Lr9、Lr19、Lr21、Lr24、Lr28、Lr29和Lr34的STS、SCAR或CAPS标记对这些品种进行分子辅助鉴定。初步明确粗山羊草CN40033和CN30823中可能含有Lr1基因;CN42471中可能含有Lr9基因;CN30942中可能含有Lr21;供试的17个粗山羊草品种中都不含有Lr19、Lr24、Lr28、Lr29和Lr34。     

巨麦6号抗叶锈病基因的推导和分子定位

巨麦6号在田间表现出很好的抗叶锈性,鉴定其抗叶锈病基因对小麦抗叶锈病育种具有重要意义。在小麦苗期对36个含有已知抗叶锈病基因的对照品种和巨麦6号接种15个中国小麦叶锈菌小种进行抗叶锈病鉴定,推导巨麦6号中可能含有的抗叶锈病基因。以巨麦6号为抗病亲本与感病品种郑州5389进行杂交、自交获得F1、F2代群体,苗期利用叶锈菌小种FHBQ接种F2代群体进行抗叶锈病遗传分析。结果表明,巨麦6号中可能含有已知抗叶锈病基因Lr1,其抗叶锈性由1对显性的抗病基因控制。利用与Lr1共分离的STS标记WR003进一步检测F2单株DNA,结果显示,该标记与抗叶锈病基因共分离,进一步证实巨麦6号携带已知抗叶锈病基因Lr1。     

小麦品种‘武农148’和‘西农928’的抗叶锈病基因分析

本研究选用9个小麦叶锈菌菌系接种36个已知基因载体品种(系)、‘武农148’和‘西农928’进行抗叶锈基因苗期推导分析,在2014—2015和2015—2016连续两年两点对其进行成株抗叶锈性鉴定并结合苗期抗叶锈基因推导与系谱分析;利用9个与已知抗病基因紧密连锁的特异性标记进行标记检测,从而得出供试材料的抗性和携带的抗病基因。结果表明,‘西农928’中可能携带抗病基因Lr30、Lr42和携带有未知微效抗病基因,所检测的2个品种均不含抗病基因Lr1、Lr9、Lr10、Lr19、Lr20、Lr24、Lr26、Lr34和Lr46。针对西农928中含有的抗叶锈病基因,可作为小麦抗锈病育种中的抗源材料。     

小麦品种及单基因系与叶锈菌互作的组织学和超微结构研究

应用荧光显微镜、微分干涉显微镜和电镜技术 ,比较研究了洛 10和冀麦 3号及其相应的单基因系L r2 6和 L r3Bg接种小麦叶锈菌后的组织病理学和超微结构特征。洛 10和 L r2 6的组织学表现极其相似 ,呈典型的早期过敏性坏死反应 ,导致侵染结构败育 ;冀麦 3号和 L r3Bg的组织学表现出一定差异 ,锈菌在 L r3Bg上的发展要快于呈现出慢锈特征的冀麦 3号。超微结构研究表明 ,小麦叶锈菌在洛 10和冀麦 3号上的发育受到了程度不同的抑制 ,表现为锈菌和寄主在细胞和亚细胞水平上有一系列变化。过敏性坏死反应和胼胝质的形成是 2个重要的抗锈机制。     

10个小麦新品种（系）抗小麦叶锈性评价

 【目的】明确小麦新品种（系）河农5290、河农58-3、河农825、河农826、河农827、河农6049、河农6251、河农6425、河农7106和河农9206的抗叶锈性,确定其应用潜力,为合理推广使用这些品种（系）提供依据。【方法】采用16个具有鉴别能力的小麦叶锈菌株对测试的10个材料进行苗期抗性鉴定和基因推导;选用其中6个菌株对其进行田间成株期抗叶锈性鉴定和基因推导,同时,结合使用已报道的15个抗叶锈病基因稳定的分子标记对测试材料进行抗叶锈基因的分子检测。【结果】河农6425和河农9206含有抗病基因Lr1和Lr26,河农825、河农826、河农827、河农6049和河农6251含有Lr26。河农58-3、河农5290、河农6251和河农825对大部分供试菌株表现抗性,可能含有测试基因以外的或未知抗叶锈基因。【结论】河农58-3、河农5290和河农6251具有抗叶锈病应用潜力。     

小麦抗叶锈病基因定位及分子标记研究进展

综述了已报道了４８个小麦抗叶锈病基因的染色体定位及ＲＡＰＤ、ＲＦＬＰ等分子标记技术在小麦抗中锈病基因方面的研究进展，并对小麦抗叶锈病基因分子标记辅助选择中的一些问题进行了探讨，目前，利用近等基因系、ＢＳＡ等方法，已找到了Ｌr1、Ｌr９、Ｌr１０、Ｌr２４、Ｌr２８、Ｌr３４等抗叶锈病基因紧密连锁或共分离的分子标记，为以后分离、克隆这些基因以及分子标记辅助育种打下基础。     

Postulation of seedling leaf rust resistance genes in 84 Chinese winter wheat cultivars

Wheat leaf rust(caused by Puccinia triticina) is one of the most important fungal diseases in China. There are tens of winter wheat cultivars which are approved to be released by the government at a national level and more than 100 wheat cultivars at the provincial level. But there is no information about leaf rust(Lr) genes in these cultivars, which makes it difficult for farmers and breeders to select which cultivars they should plant in their fields and use in their breeding programs. The objective of this paper was to identify the leaf rust resistant genes at seedling stage present in the 84 commercial wheat cultivars from China that have been released in the past few years. A set of 20 near isogenic lines with Thatcher background and 6 lines with known Lr genes were used to test the virulence of 12 races of P. triticina(Pt). By comparing the infection types(ITs) produced on the 84 cultivars by the 12 Pt races with the ITs on the differential sets, the Lr genes were postulated. In addition, 8 molecular markers of Lr genes such as Lr9, Lr10, Lr19, Lr20, Lr21, Lr24, Lr26 and Lr29, which are closely linked to or co-segregated with the Lr gene, were used for further validation of the genes in the 84 Chinese winter wheat cultivars. Twelve Lr genes, including Lr1, Lr3,(Lr3bg),(Lr3ka), Lr11, Lr13, Lr14 a, Lr16, Lr26, Lr27, Lr30 and Lr31 were postulated to be present either singly or in combinations in these Chinese wheat cultivars. Lr3 and Lr26 were detected most often in the tested cultivars, with frequencies of 51.2 and 38.1%, respectively. No wheat Lr genes were detected in 16 cultivars, and 4 cultivars may carry unknown Lr genes other than those used in this study. Lr9, Lr20, Lr21, Lr24, Lr25 and Lr29 were not present in any of the 84 tested accessions.     

442份小麦苗期抗条锈病鉴定

为了解442份小麦材料苗期的抗病性，利用当前条锈菌优势流行生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对其进行苗期抗性鉴定，并利用基因芯片检测了其中241份春小麦所携带的抗条锈基因。结合苗期抗条锈病鉴定和基因芯片检测结果，共筛选出151个抗性品种，其中四川材料和CIMMYT材料中的抗条锈病基因较为丰富，且分布频率高。研究结果为筛选国内抗病性小麦种质资源以及国外优异种质的引进提供了参考，也为挖掘小麦抗条锈病基因及后续小麦抗条锈病分子育种研究奠定基础。     

两个中国小麦品种中抗叶锈基因的遗传分析和基因定位

【目的】确定来自四川的两个小麦品种绵阳351-15和SW8588所携带的抗叶锈基因,为选育持久抗锈品种提供理论依据。【方法】在苗期用15个叶锈菌生理小种接种小麦品种绵阳351-15、SW8588和30个含有已知抗叶锈基因的近等基因系,推导2个材料中所含有的抗叶锈病基因,同时以小麦抗叶锈品种绵阳351-15和SW8588分别同感病品种郑州5389杂交获得F1和F2代群体,用叶锈菌小种FHTT接种各亲本及其杂交后代,进行抗叶锈遗传分析,并利用SSR和STS标记进行抗叶锈病基因的分子定位。【结果】经苗期基因推导发现SW8588中含有未知基因不同于已知抗叶锈病基因Lr1,绵阳351-15中可能含有已知抗叶锈病基因Lr1。用叶锈菌小种FHTT接种各F1和F2代群体,2个F2代群体抗感单株分离比例均符合3﹕1的理论分离比例,表明2个亲本对小种FHTT的抗病性均由1个显性基因控制。经过分子标记分析,在小麦材料绵阳351-15中发现该抗叶锈基因与位于5DL的SSR标记barc144和wmc765连锁,其遗传距离分别为8.9和20.8 cM,并同Lr1的STS标记WR003共分离,确定在小麦材料绵阳351-15中对小种FHTT的抗病性由抗叶锈基因Lr1提供;经分子标记检测SW8588中含有1对显性的抗叶锈病基因,暂命名为LrSW85,该基因位于5DL染色体上与Lr1的STS标记WR003共分离,该抗叶锈基因可能是Lr1的等位基因或紧密连锁基因。【结论】通过基因推导、遗传分析和分子标记等手段,确定小麦材料绵阳351-15中含有抗叶锈基因Lr1;小麦材料SW8588中含有抗叶锈基因LrSW85,该基因可能为Lr1的等位基因或紧密连锁基因。     

山东省小麦叶锈菌群体毒性研究

[目的]为小麦抗病品种的培育和合理利用提供依据。[方法]以小麦抗叶锈近等（单）基因系及已知基因的品系作为鉴别寄主,对2008年采集自山东省的62株叶锈菌菌株标样进行测定,计算其毒性频率。[结果]62株菌株共划分为35个致病类型,其中THSS、PHSS、THQS、THTS、FHSS、PHQT和THTT为优势致病类型,其出现频率分别为9.7%、6.5%、6.5%、6.5%、6.5%、4.8%、4.8%;根据小麦叶锈菌群体毒性基因频率,可确定抗叶锈基因Lr9、Lr19、Lr24、Lr30、Lr36、Lr39、Lr42、Lr21＋39、Lr45和Lr47为目前山东省有效抗病基因（组合）。[结论]该研究为山东省小麦叶锈病的有效控制提供了参考。     

458份小麦品种(系)抗病性状功能基因的KASP标记检测

[目的]研究不同小麦品种(系)抗病性状功能基因的分布状态,分析小麦品种(系)的抗病功能基因,为小麦抗病育种提供理论依据.[方法]利用KASP技术通过1个抗白粉病分子标记(Pm21)、1个抗条锈病分子标记(Yr15)和2个抗叶锈病分子标记(Lr14、Lr68),检测458份小麦品种(系).[结果]筛选出携带Pm21标记材...     

Progress Towards Genetics and Breeding for Minor Genes Based Resistance to Ug99 and Other Rusts in CIMMYT High-Yielding Spring Wheat

Wheat rusts continue to cause significant losses worldwide despite major efforts given to their genetic control. This is due to frequent evolution and selection of virulence in pathogen overcoming the deployed race-specific resistance genes. Although the life of effective race-specific resistance genes can be prolonged by using gene combinations, an alternative approach being implemented at CIMMYT is to deploy varieties that posses adult plant resistance （APR） based on combinations of minor, slow rusting genes. When present alone, the APR genes do not confer adequate resistance especially under high disease pressure; however, combinations of 4 or 5 minor genes usually result in ＂near-immunity＂ or a high level of resistance. Although only a few APR genes are catalogued, various APR QTLs are now known and could lead to further characterization of additional genes. Four characterized genes have pleiotropic effects in conferring partial APR to all 3 rusts and powdery mildew, thus simplifying the task of breeding wheat varieties that are resistant to multiple diseases. Significant progress was made recently in developing high-yielding wheat germplasm that possesses high levels of APR to all three rusts by implementing a Mexico- Kenya shuttle breeding scheme. Parents with APR to Ug99 were hybridized with high-yielding parents that had adequate to high levels of APR to leaf rust and yellow rust. Segregating populations and advanced lines from these crosses were selected under high rust pressures in Mexico （leaf rust and yellow rust） and Kenya （Ug99 stem rust and yellow rust） to identify high- yielding progenies that possess high to adequate APR to all three rusts. International distribution of these high-yielding wheats is underway through CIMMYT intemational yield trials and screening nurseries. It is expected that several wheat varieties with APR to three rusts will be released and grown in various countries in the near-future that will allow determining the durability of resistance.     

Molecular mapping of leaf rust resistance genes in the wheat line Yu 356-9

The Chinese wheat line Yu 356-9 exhibits a high level of resistance to leaf rust. In order to decipher the genetic base of resistance in Yu 356-9, gene postulation, inheritance analyses, and chromosome linkage mapping were carried out. Gene postulation completed using 15 leaf rust pathotypes and 36 isogenic lines indicated that Yu 356-9 was resistant to all pathotypes tested. F1 and F2 plants from the cross Yu 356-9(resistant)/Zhengzhou 5389(susceptible) were tested with leaf rust pathotype "FHNQ" in the greenhouse. Results indicated a 3:1 segregation ratio, indicative of the presence of a single dominant leaf rust resistance gene in Yu 356-9 which was temporarily designated as Lr Yu. Bulk segregant analysis and molecular marker assays were used to map Lr Yu. Five simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers on chromosome 2BS were found closely linked to Lr Yu. Among these markers, Xwmc770 is the most closely linked, with a genetic distance of 5.7 c M.     

219个小麦品种成株期慢锈性品种的筛选

[目的]从几大小麦产区主栽品种中筛选出慢锈品种。[方法]用当前条锈菌优势小种接种孕穗期的小麦,计算各品种的潜育期、病情指数及千粒重损失率,从而推算出各品种的慢锈类型。[结果]219个参试品种中筛选出5个免疫品种、67个高度慢锈品种、66个中度慢锈品种、11个耐锈品种和70个感病品种。[结论]在主栽品种中感病类型占有相当的比例,在今后的育种工作中,应多纳入持久抗病种质,逐步淘汰感病种质。     

云南铁壳麦及其他小麦种质中慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18的分子检测

利用csLV34标记对云南铁壳麦和云南省其他小麦种质中慢锈性基因Lr34/Yr18进行了检测,旨在筛选出含有目标基因的优异小麦种质,为云南省持久抗锈性小麦新品种的选育提供材料和方法.结果表明,55份供试材料中云南铁壳麦种质A13、云南省育成品种云麦39、云南省地方品种保山老玉麦和云县小白麦等4份材料携带有慢锈基因Lr34/Yr18,供试材料中来源于CIMMYT的材料未检测到Lr34/Yr18基因.这些携带有慢锈性基因的材料可作为今后云南省抗锈病育种的抗源材料.     

小麦慢条锈品种鉴定及筛选

对37份国内小麦品种（系）进行了成株期慢条锈鉴定,结果表明,兰天20号等6份材料具有高度慢条锈特性,陇原932等6份材料具有中度慢条锈特性,阜麦16等5份材料具有低度慢条锈特性,石麦11等5份材料具有中度快条锈特性,洮157等15份材料具有高度快条锈特性,同时对慢条锈品种田间判别方法及其研究利用进行了探讨。