红树林保护区中互花米草结实器官数量特征研究(英文)

[Objective] The countermeasure on the number of fructification of Spartina alterniflora in the period of sexual reproduction and the component of seed yielding construction was explored. [Method] The Spartina alterniflora in Mangroves conservation zone located at Hepu of Guangxi being taken as experimental material, its morphological and quantitative characteristics, as well as the weight of 100 full seeds at maturity stage in three different growth conditions(clay, loam and sand) were studied. [Results] The results showed that Spartina alterniflora had the best growth pattern in the loam. The morphological factors of fructification of S.alterniflora grown in sand were larger than in others. In the three growth conditions the order of quantitative characteristics of fructification of S.alterniflora was clay > sand > loam and the seeds in spikelet at top position were more maturity than those at the button position. [Conclusion] In good condition, the Spartina alterniflora growth was vigor but the ratio of seed-setting was low.     

Under-Winter Sowings of Red Beetroot in Uzbekistan

The results of the three-year researches which had the purpose to establish an optimum depth of seeding at sowing and rational norm of seeding of red beetroot seeds at under-winter sowing in conditions of mid-loamy typical grey soils of the central climatic zone of Uzbekistan are stated in article. The researches were spent at statement of field experiences in quadruple frequency with the area of a registration allotment 10 M^-1. Crops were carried out in the first decade of December against mulching surfaces of ridges by humus and without mulching. Crops were carried out on ridges in width of 70 sm tape-two-lined with distance between tapes of 50 sm, between lines-20 sm and distance between plants in a line of 12-13 sm, at density of standing of 228-230 thousand plants/hectares. Experiences were spent with zoned in Uzbekistan multi-seedling grade of a red beetroot ＂Bordo 237＂. Experiences were accompanied by phenological supervision, biometric accounts, the account of field germination of seeds, density of standing of plants and definition of size and quality of a crop. Results of researches were exposed to the statistical analysis by a dispersive method. It has been revealed that at under-winter sowing of a red beetroot the effective way providing acceleration of shoots occurrence, formations of high-grade density of standing and increase of productivity of root crops is mulching the surfaces of ridges by humus. It is defined that optimum depth of seeding at sowing both at application of mulching and without it is the depth of seeding 4 sm. It is established that the most rational norm of seeding of the seeds, providing high-grade density of standing, is at cultivation with application of mulching 8 kg/ha, and at cultivation without mulching 8-10 kg/ha. Application of mulching the surfaces of ridges by humus, depths of seeding of 4 sm and norms of seeding of seeds of 8-10 kg/ha in conditions of under-winter sowing in comparison with cultivation without mulching and depth of seeding 2 sm and norms of seeding of 6 kg/ha provides an acceleration of receipt of fresh production of a red beetroot for 12-14 days and considerably raises root crops productivity. Application of agro receptions improved by us is the important reserve of acceleration of receipt of red beetroot early production and increase of its manufacture.     

Variation in soil properties in a transformed ecosystem in Southwestern Nigeria

Variation in soil properties as a result of the conversion of the tropical rainforest to a monospecific plantation of teak, tectona grandis, was examined in Akure forest reserve in Southwestern Nigeria. Comparison was made in the active rooting zone of 50 cm soil depth. It was discovered that there were no significant differences in the physical properties except in the value of organic matter content at the top 10 cm layer but chemical properties such as the pH and organic carbon changed significantly at the top 10 cm layer. Differences in other chemical properties, such as the available P, exchangeable cations K, Ca and Mg, the exchangeable acidity and the cation exchange capacity were minor. This showed that no nutrient was limiting or was likely to be limiting in the soil for subsequent short rotation of plantation development.     

Analysis of Soil Water Dynamics in a Tropical Rain Forest Soil （Arinic lixisol）, Abeokuta,Nigeria

Soil water dynamics in the dominant lwo soil series （Arinic lixisol） were evaluated at the Federal University of Agriculture, Alabata, Abeokuta, Nigeria. Field capacity, infiltration and water retention characteristics were evaluated in situ for a period of 161 d in the dry season for two root zone depths. Results show that the Iwo soil series has a field capacity ranging from 2.6%-5.5% at 0-45 cm and 45-90 cm root zone depths, respectively. The soil is quick draining with high infiltration rate and very poor water retention capacity confirming that the soil will require a short irrigation interval of about 2-3 d since available water for plant growth in predominantly sandy soils ranges between 2%-8%. Based on the foregoing, sprinkler irrigation is best suited for the lwo soil series, it should, however, be noted that the water application rate must be less than the infiltration rate of the soil in order to prevent surface ponding and runoff. A multivariate model relating soil moisture content with soil moisture tension and soil temperature calibrated within the study had very low model accuracy of 56% and 45% for the two root zone depths, respectively, implying the need for further studies.     

Influence of REV and ALV-J Co-Infection on Immunologic Function of T Lymphocytes and Histopathology in Broiler Chickens

The aim of present investigation is to study the effect of single- and co-infection with REV and ALV-J on T lymphocytes bioactivities and histopathology in broiler chickens. The bioactivities of blood and spleen T lymphocytes including lymphoproliferation responses, cytotoxicitic responses, and histopathology of spleen were detected in broiler chickens singly- or co-infected with REV and ALV-J at different days post inoculation and the virus expressions in spleen of infected broiler chickens were detected with immunofluorescence assay （IFA）. The results indicated that blood and spleen T lymphocytes proliferation responses and cytotoxicity in broilers infected with REV or/and ALV-J were inhibited in the whole observed period compared with controls. In the co-infected chickens they were highly inhibited than in the single-infected. The histopathology of spleen in infected chickens at 17 and 37 d post inoculation （dpi） indicated that cell interium increased, the numbers of lymphocytes decreased, and the regrowth were destroyed or decreased, especially more significantly at 17 than at 37 dpi. The different numbers of virus were detected in spleen lymphocytes in REV- infected and/or ALV-J-infected chickens. In the spleen of co-infected chicken, both REV and ALV-J were detected and the total numbers of viruses were more than in chickens singly-infected with REV or ALV-J. Thus, the co-effect of REV and ALV-J caused more immunosuppression on T lymphocytes bioactivities in broiler chickens than single-effect of ALV-J or REV, which contributed to the sever histopathology and the product of tumor cells. This study will be helpful for understanding the effect of co-infection with many viruses and control them in poultry.     

Heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations of litter uniformity and litter size in Large White sows

Litter uniformity,which is usually represented by within-iitter weight coefficient of variation at birth（CVB）,could influence litter performance of sows and the profitability of pig enterprises.The objective of this study was to characterize CVB and its effect on other reproductive traits in Large White sows.Genetic parameters and genetic correlation of the reproductive traits,including CVB,within-iitter weight coefficient of variation at three weeks（CVT）,total number born（TNB）,number born alive（NBA）,number born dead（NBD）,gestation length（GL）,piglet mortality at birth（M₀）,piglet mortality at three weeks（M₃）,total litter weight at birth（TLW₀）,and total litter weight at three weeks（TLW₃）were estimated for 2 032 Large White litters.The effects of parity and classified litter size on CVB,CVT,TNB,NBA,NBD,GL,M₀,M₃,TLW₀,and TLW₃ were also estimated.The heritabilities of these reproductive traits ranged from 0.06 to 0.17,with the lowest heritabiiity for CVB and the highest heritabiiity for TLW₀.Phenotypic and genetic correlations between these reproductive traits were low to highly positive and negative（ranging from-0.03 to 0.93,and-0.53 to 0.93,respectively）.The genetic correlations between TNB and CVB,and between M₀ and CVB were 0.32 and 0.29,respectively.In addition,CVB was significantly influenced by parity and litter size class（P<0.05）.All the results suggest that piglet uniformity should be maintained in pig production practices and pig breeding programs.     

Variations of DON Content in Grain during Wheat Tempering at Different Temperatures

[Objective] The aim of this study was to observe variations of DON content in grain of two wheat cultivars during tempering at different temperatures, and explore the possible causes of the variations. [Method] Two naturally Fusarium-infested wheat samples Youmai 3 and Yangmai 14 were selected as experimental materials. Tempering was carried out at different temperature(15, 25 and 35 ℃) for 48 h. During tempering, wheat grain samples were collected every 8 h. DON contents in tempered grain were measured by HPLC coupled with UV detector. [Result] For Youmai 3, DON contents were in the ranges of 3.94-12.49, 4.26-6.11 and 3.41-7.91 μg/g during tempering at 15, 25 and 35 ℃, respectively. The highest DON contents were observed at the 32ndhour at 15 ℃, the 8thhour at 25 ℃ and the 32ndhour at 35 ℃, respectively. After tempering for 48 h, DON contents in grain were increased by 175.1%, 27.5% and 7.2%, respectively. For Yangmai 14, DON contents were in the ranges of 0.55-1.56, 0.39-0.77 and 0.57-3.17 μg/g during tempering at 15, 25 and 35 ℃, respectively. The highest DON contents were observed at the 24thhour at 15 ℃, the 40thhour at 25 ℃ and the 48thhour at 35 ℃, respectively. After tempering for 48 h, DON contents in grain were increased by 94.5% at 15 ℃ and 456.1% at 35 ℃, respectively, whereas it was decreased by 35.0% at 25 ℃. From the point of view of reducing DON level, 15 ℃ was not reasonable for the tempering of both wheat cultivars, and tempering at 35 ℃ for 16 h and tempering at 25 ℃ for 24 h appeared to be desirable for Youmai 3 and Yangmai 14, respectively. [Conclusion] The results suggested controlling the tempering temperature and time would be helpful to reduce DON level in grain.     

Concentration of Enrofloxacin Residue from Tilapia （Oreochromis niloticus） Muscular That Infected by Aeromonas salmonicida

Aim of this research was to find out the concentration of enrofloxacin residue in tilapia meat for several weeks after antibiotic treatment. Twenty seven tilapia fishes were divided into three groups. The first group was not infected and treated, the second group was infected with A. salmonicida subsp, smithia and the third group was infected with A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes intramuscularly. Six days after infection, treatment was carried out using Baytril administered orally for the second group and intramuscularly for the third group during five days. At the 1 st, 4th and 8th week after the treatment, Three fish were taken from each group to be analyzed for its concentration of enrofloxacin residue by diffusion on Mueller Hinton Agar （MHA） method and quantitatively using high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） method. The MHA test showed the formation of inhibition zone, at the 1 st week and 4th week after the treatment, while at 8th week after treatment did not show inhibition zone. The HPLC test on enrofloxacin residual concentration in tilapia infected with A. salmonicida subsp, smithia （second group） at the 1st, 4th and 8th week after treatment showed the average of 33.0, 6.10 and 0.0021 μg/g of enrofloxacin residue level. While in tilapia infected with A. salmonicida subsp, achromogenes and treated with enrofloxacin intramuscularly （third group） showed the average of residue level 35.79, 2.18 and 0.00065 μg/g. In conclusion, the residue of enrofloxacin was still high concentration until the fourth week after treatment in the second and third groups. Based on Indonesian National Standards and Rules, the maximum limit of enrofloxacin residue is 0.01 μg/g. The concentration of enrofloxacine residue was very low and the concentration of enrofloxacin residue collected from tilapia using orally and intramuscularly method of treatment was not different.     

Genetic Parameters for Yields and Reproductive Traits of Chinese Holstein Cows in Heilongjiang Province

[Objective] This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters for milk yield, fat percentage, fat yield and age at first freshening of Chinese Holsteins first lactation cows in Heilongjiang under frigid-temperature and temperature zone. [Method] Records of yield and reproduction from 8 868 Chinese Holstein first lactation cows from 21 herds were utilized to evaluate genetic parameters for Heilongjiangs’ Chinese Holsteins. Restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method was used with an animal model. [Result] The heritabilities were 0.16 to 0.34 for yields and fat percentage, 0.38 for reproduction (age at the first freshening), which were similar to estimates for temperate areas from similar methods, except for constituent percentage. Also, the estimates of genetic correlation were high between milk yield and fat yield (0.97), but were low between milk yield and fat percentage (-0.24), age at the first freshening (-0.29) and generally antagonistic. [Conclusion] Thus, estimates of genetic parameters in this frigid and frigid-temperate environment did not differ appreciably from those that occur in temperate dairy areas.     

Low Root Zone Temperature Exacerbates the Ion Imbalance and Photosynthesis Inhibition and Induces Antioxidant Responses in Tomato Plants Under Salinity

The combined effects of salinity with low root zone temperature （RZT） on plant growth and photosynthesis were studied in tomato （Solanum lycopersicum） plants. The plants were exposed to two different root zone temperatures （28/20℃, 12/8℃, day/night temperature） in combination with two NaC1 levels （0 and 100 mmol L-l）. After 2 wk of treatment, K＋ and Na~ concentration, leaf photosynthetic gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. Salinity significantly decreased plant biomass, net photosynthesis rate, actual quantum yield of photosynthesis and concentration of K＋, but remarkably increased the concentration of Na＋. These effects were more pronounced when the salinity treatments were combined with the treatment of low RZT conditions. Either salinity or low RZT individually did not affect maximal efficiency of PSII photochemistry （Fv/Fm）, while a combination of these two stresses decreased Fv/Fm considerably, indicating that the photo-damage occurred under such conditions. Non-photochemical quenching was increased by salt stress in accompany with the enhancement of the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophyll cycle, in contrast, this was not the case with low RZT applied individually. Salinity stress individually increased the activities of SOD, APX, GPOD and GR, and decreased the activities of DHAR. Due to the interactive effects of salinity with low RZT, these five enzyme activities increased sharply in the combined stressed plants. These results indicate that low RZT exacerbates the ion imbalance, PSII damage and photosynthesis inhibition in tomato plants under salinity. In response to the oxidative stress under salinity in combination with low RZT, the activities of antioxidant enzymes SOD, APX, GPOD, DHAR and GR were clearly enhanced in tomato plants.     

下一代Internet发展综述——下一代Internet的产生和发展

本文论述了IPV6产生的社会原因,阐述了国外发达国家下一代Internet的发展状况和中国下一代Internet的发展状况及最新进展。     

关于西部大开发路径抉择的探讨 ——兼论西部的人口城市化

西部地区大开发是东部地区产业梯度转移的需要:在经历了改革开放20余年的高速发展之后,东部地区的劳动力成本日渐提高,其劳动力密集型产业日渐失去比较优势,东部的这些产业急需向中西部地区转移;西部大开发还是启动内需政策的需要:中央投资于西部的基础设施所带来的牵引投资效应将是巨大的;西部大开发更是可持续发展的需要:只有使西部走出“发展中的陷阱”,才能使西部的生态环境进入良性循环,只有进行西部大开发,才能使西部地区的社会经济“软环境”得到根本改善.……     

论从犯原因力的判断

从犯的原因力是指成立从犯所必需的因行为人的行为与其他人的犯罪行为之间产生的内在的必然联系。从犯是否成立,要经过一般性判断、具体性判断和排除性判断三个环节。一般性判断主要考虑是否具有成立从犯所要求的主观要件和客观要件,具体性判断涉及事前判断与事后判断、主观判断和客观判断、应然判断与实然判断,排除性判断主要考虑刑法分则的特殊规定和刑法总则中的但书。     

加强向海水库的管理 大力发展向海旅游产业

吉林省通榆县向海水库为通榆县水利事业发展做出了突出贡献。分析向海水库发展的现状,认为要加强对向海水库的管理,因地制宜,通过向海这一品牌发展旅游经济。     

基于信息理论的生态网络灵敏度分析

将信息理论与物流模型的研究挂接 ,定义了生态系统的信息熵和信息流量。以各分室输出量占总体的份额作为系统选择该分室的概率。通过对系统聚合度和冗余度的分析 ,推导了二者对各分室的灵敏度。对黑龙江省双城市双城镇永和村的物流模型进行了灵敏度分析。计算结果表明 ,籽粒和土壤分室对系统的稳定性起重要作用 ;而调整畜牧业的结构 ,改变农肥的投入量等 ,可以有效地改善系统的物流情况 ,使系统向良性循环     

树冠圆满度对树木生长的影响及作用研究

树冠是树木的重要组成部分,其数量指标———树冠圆满度不仅客观地反映了树木占有生长空间的状况及竞争能力,而且对树木的生长过程和树木的形状都有着非常重要的影响。研究结果表明:在树木直径、树高较小(或年龄小)时,其树干材积也较小,而树冠圆满度较大,随着直径、树高的增加,其树干材积随之增加,但树冠圆满度逐渐变小。所以,树冠圆满度与直径、树高及树干材积之间存在着紧密的相关关系,其相关指数(R)基本上在0 80以上,而形数与树冠圆满度之间呈正相关。     

猪场空气细菌数量与猪高热综合征的相关性研究

自2001年入夏以来,浙江、上海等许多地区的猪群中流行以持续高热、气喘、皮肤发红为主要特征的猪"高热综合征",给养猪业带来了巨大的损失.但到目前为止,其主要病原依然未被确定.为了研究空气中细菌含量与该病的发生和严重程度之间的关系,我们对浙江省几个不同规模、不同发病情况的猪场的空气细菌含量进行了测试.结果发现:该病的发生及严重程度与猪舍内空气的细菌含量存在着明显的正相关性.     

Peculiarities of the biology of the specimens of the Prunus L. Genus under the conditions of the South of the Russian Far East

The seasonal rhythms of the development of the plants of 15 taxons of the Prunus L. genus in the south of the Russian Far East were analyzed. Based on the biological features of the plants, a dendrogram of phylogenetic interrelations of species within the genus was constructed.     

刺五加种胚生长发育规律的分析

为解决刺五加种子休眠难以打破,一般情况下种子出苗率很低的难题,对当年生刺五加种胚的生长发育规律进行了研究.结果表明,种胚生长发育表现出S形生长曲线,即前期缓慢生长期,中期快速生长期,及再次缓慢生长的生理后熟期.各个时期所需要的适宜温度和时间各不相同,在种子处理的各个阶段及时调整好适宜温度时,裂口率可达70%以上,裂口籽发芽率可达90%以上.