农户对水稻低碳生产技术的采纳意愿研究

全球气候变暖引发了各界的关注,由于农业生产对气候变化的高度依赖性和敏感性,气候变化对农业生产的影响已逐步成为农业领域研究的热点问题.低碳农业生产技术可以从根源上减少碳排放,具有较好的发展前景.研究农户采纳水稻低碳生产技术的影响因素和干预路径,对有效推动低碳农业生产技术和中国低碳农业生产具有重要的现实意义.该文基于湖北省水稻产地1 115户农户的调查数据,对农户采纳水稻低碳生产技术的因素进行了分析,并基于改进的UTAUT(技术采纳与利用整合理论)模型构建农户水稻低碳生产技术采纳的概念模型,采用PLS-SEM(基于偏最小二乘法的方差分析法)对农户采纳水稻低碳生产技术的关键影响因素和干预路径进行分析.研究结果表明:(1)提高农户的气候变化认知有助于提高农户采纳低碳生产技术的意愿;(2)低碳农业生产技术的实施成本对农户采纳意愿具有显著的负向影响;(3)农户对低碳农业生产技术的采纳受周围人群的影响较为显著;(4)技术门槛和实施条件等表征便利条件对农户采纳低碳生产技术具有显著的促进作用.     

社会网络对农户节水灌溉技术采用的影响:同质性还是异质性?

积极推广和采用节水灌溉技术是实现西部干旱半干旱地区农业可持续发展的有效途径。利用甘肃省张掖市甘州区农户的实地调查资料,采用Probit模型,分析同质性关系与异质性关系的技术采用效应,探讨同质性关系与异质性关系影响农户技术采用的内在机理。结果表明,有80.9%的农户已采用节水灌溉技术,19.1%的农户尚未采用;在采用节水灌溉技术中,有67.8%的农户选择使用低压管灌,21.1%的农户采用滴灌技术,喷灌、微灌、渗灌技术的采用率相对较少。社会网络对农户节水灌溉技术采用具有显著正向影响,但同质性关系与异质性关系对技术采用的影响存在差异,与同质性关系相比,异质性关系对农户节水灌溉技术采用的影响更为显著;户主年龄、家庭规模、非农就业比率、合作社参与情况、政府推广等显著影响农户节水灌溉技术采用。研究表明,加强与异质人群的交往有助于提高农户节水灌溉技术采用率。因此,提出了培育与建立农户异质关系网络;积极发展农村专业合作组织;加大对农技推广工作的政策支持和资金投入等建议。     

农户低碳减排技术采纳行为研究

以稻田甲烷减排技术为例,运用二元选择模型和泊松回归模型对微观农户农业低碳减排技术采纳意愿和采纳数量及各自影响因素进行分析。研究表明,提高农户对气候变化的认知能显著提高减排技术的采纳意愿,通过科技示范户对减排技术的试验示范能显著提高减排技术采纳数量;农业技术推广服务、信贷的可获得性、农田水利基础设施3个因素同时显著影响采纳意愿和采纳数量。因此,加强对农户气候变化知识的教育以及不同类型适应性行为的指导,健全低碳农业技术创新与推广机制,建立低碳农业技术推广配套服务和补贴机制是降低低碳技术采纳门槛、促进农户低碳减排技术采纳的主要途径。     

劳动力老龄化会使农户顺利流转农地吗?

从老年农户流出农地的现象入手,基于理论推导,使用“中国农村发展调查”数据,采用面板固定效应回归和倾向得分匹配等计量方法,分析农业劳动力老龄化对农地流转的影响。结果表明:(1)缓解了样本缺失问题后,老龄化对农地流转的估计系数得到增强。(2)对于拥有足额养老金、家庭劳均农业收入较少(低于村平均水平)或家庭农业收入占比较低(<0.25)的农户家庭,其在老龄化影响下流出的农地面积更大。(3)如果村庄被新型农村合作医疗保险政策覆盖或拥有养老院,老年农户流出的农地面积趋于增加。(4)如果村庄提供灌溉设施、机械化耕地服务等改善效率的公共品,家庭劳均农业收入较少或家庭农业收入占比较低的家庭将进一步流出农地。据此,提出加大对农村地区老年人的社会保障力度、积极投资改善农业生产效率的公共品的对策建议。     

合作社社会化服务能促进农户病虫害综合防治技术的采纳吗——来自四川的经验证据

为探究合作社对农户病虫害综合防治技术采纳的影响,基于合作社社会化服务的视角,利用四川省810户农户的调研数据,运用倾向得分匹配法(PSM)考察了合作社及其社会化服务对农户病虫害综合防治技术采纳的影响。结果显示,加入合作社对农户病虫害综合防治技术的采纳具有显著的正向影响。合作社社会化服务方面,合作社农资供应服务和农产品销售服务可以显著提升农户病虫害综合防治技术的采纳可能性,前者的影响效应更大,而合作社生产培训服务对农户病虫害综合防治技术采纳的影响并不显著。同时,基于农户异质性视角进一步分析表明,加入合作社并出资、受教育水平较低、年龄偏大和进行土地流转的社员获得合作社社会化服务后,更倾向于采纳病虫害综合防治技术。     

Explaining farmers’ reluctance to adopt green manure cover crops planting for sustainable agriculture in Northwest China

Green manure cover crops (GMCCs) planting has a potential for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) in agroecosystems and provides important ecosystem services, thereby achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) stipulated by the United Nations. However, the advantages of cultivating GMCCs on arable land are not widely recognized. For example, in the whole of China, the GMCCs planting area is less than 3.5% of total arable land. The aim of this study is to explore reasons for the low adoption rate of GMCCs planting. Using best–worst scaling (BWS) approach, farmers ranked their preferred conservation practices including three types of GMCC cropping systems. Taking Gansu Province in Northwest China as a case study, a survey with 276 farmers was conducted. The findings indicated that three factors are related to the low adoption rate of GMCCs: 1) farmers preferred improving farmland irrigation facilities and substituting chemical fertilizers with organic rather than planting GMCCs; 2) lack of awareness and understanding of government policy on GMCCs and limited access to training courses; 3) financial support and subsidies from the government are insufficient. This study provides insights and strategic implications for policymakers on how to further promote GMCCs in the future.     

农户耕地利用影响因素二元Logistic回归模型分析——以新疆阿瓦提县为例

[目的]分析阿瓦提县农户耕地利用的主要影响因素,为引导农户合理利用耕地、提高耕地产出效益、推进耕地可持续利用提供依据.[方法]二元Logistic回归模型.[结果]阿瓦提县劳动力数量、耕地投入、政策补贴、灌溉保证率、耕地面积、农产品市场、土壤质量、农业保险等依次对农户耕地利用的影响比较显著,各因素的影响差异客观存在.[结论]应从提高耕地集约利用水平,完善农业水利设施建设,增加农业生资补贴,推行农业生产政策保险等方面引导农户合理利用耕地.     

A comparative analysis of agricultural knowledge and innovation systems in Kenya and Ghana: sustainable agricultural intensification in the rural–urban interface

Agriculture remains the backbone of most African economies, yet land degradation severely hampers agricultural productivity. Over the last decades, scientists and development practitioners have advocated integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) practices to improve soil fertility. However, their adoption rates are low, partly because many farmers in sub-Saharan Africa are not fully aware of the principles of this system innovation. This has been attributed to a wide communication gap between farmers and other agricultural actors in agricultural knowledge and innovation systems (AKIS). We add to the literature by applying innovation system approaches to ISFM awareness processes. This study aims to assess if AKIS are effectively disseminating ISFM knowledge by comparing results from two sites in Kenya and Ghana, which differ in the uptake of ISFM. Social network measures and statistical methods were employed using data from key formal actors and farmers. Our results suggest that the presence of weak knowledge ties is important for the awareness of ISFM at both research sites. However, in Kenya AKIS are more effective as there is a network of knowledge ties crucial for not only dissemination but also learning of complex innovations. This is largely lacking in Ghana where integration of formal and informal agricultural knowledge systems may be enhanced by fostering the function of informal and formal innovation brokers.     

Does Internet use promote the adoption of agricultural technology? Evidence from 1 449 farm households in 14 Chinese provinces

China is characterized as ‘a large country with many smallholder farmers’ whose participation in modern agriculture is key to the country's modern agriculture development. Promoting smallholder farmers’ adoption of modern agricultural production technology is one effective way to improve the capabilities of smallholder farmers. This paper aims to explore the impact of Internet use on the adoption of agricultural production technology by smallholder farmers based on a survey of 1 449 smallholders across 14 provinces in China. The results suggest that Internet use can significantly promote technology adoption, with the probability of adopting new crop varieties, water-saving irrigation technology and straw-returning technology increasing by 0.200, 0.157 and 0.155, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of Internet use is found to be heterogeneous with a greater effect on smallholder farmers having low education levels, limited training, and high incomes. To increase agricultural production technology adoption by smallholders, rural Internet infrastructure and Internet use promotion should be the focus for the Chinese government.     

互联网农业信息获取与农户农机社会化服务采纳

针对农村互联网使用能否有效推动农户农业机械化发展这一现实问题,基于微观数据,采用OLS模型估计农户通过互联网获取农业信息对农机社会化服务采纳的影响,并使用工具变量法和处理效应模型控制内生性,同时进行多种稳健性检验和异质性分析。结果表明：1)通过互联网获取农业信息与农户农机社会化服务采纳为负相关关系,使用2种不同方法控制内生性得出的系数分别为-2.3和-1.8;2)异质性检验显示,互联网信息获取与农机社会化服务采纳的反向关系在老年农户和经营规模极小农户的样本中并不成立;3)机制检验显示,互联网信息获取对农户自购农机有显著的促进作用。使用互联网获取农业信息在现阶段抑制了农户农机社会化服务采纳,但有助于推动农户自购农机;在通过互联网获取信息到有效利用网络信息获取收益之间还有更深层次的数字鸿沟。     

农户绿色生产技术采用行为及其对收入的影响——以武陵山茶叶主产区为例

为了解农户绿色生产技术采用行为,推动农业可持续发展与农民增收.基于武陵山茶叶主产区634个农户调研数据,通过构建Heckman样本选择模型分析农户绿色生产技术采用行为的影响因素,并运用分位数回归模型进一步探讨技术采用行为对农户不同茶叶收入水平的影响及差异.结果表明:1)农户对品种改良、土壤改良与生物农药单项技术的采用率...     

粮食种植户保护性耕作技术采纳决策——影响因素及其异质性特征

为推进保护性耕作高质量发展，基于14省2 127户粮食种植户的实地调研数据，运用Logit模型、夏普里值(Shapley-value)分解方法和多元Probit模型，考察保护性耕作技术采纳行为的关键影响因素及其差异化表现。结果发现：决策者年龄、受教育程度以及风险偏好、是否受过农业生产经营培训和是否加入合作社对农户保护性耕作技术采纳行为具有显著的正向影响，而耕地细碎化程度则显著抑制了保护性耕作技术采纳，经营规模与保护性耕作技术采纳行为之间存在显著的倒U型关系。个体特征、生产经营特征和家庭特征之于技术采纳决策差异的贡献度逐渐降低。不同经营主体类型中，受教育程度、是否受过农业生产经营培训和在外务工人数为共同关键因素，年龄、经营规模、耕地细碎化程度和是否调整过耕地为群体差异性因素；不同兼业化水平类型中，受教育程度和经营规模为共同关键因素，年龄、是否受过农业生产经营培训、耕地细碎化程度和是否调整过耕地为群体差异性因素。此外，多项保护性耕作子技术采纳之间存在显著的互补效应。鉴于此，一方面应当结合不同类型农户的资源禀赋与生产实际需求，选择性制定保护性耕作技术推广方案；另一方面需要优化配套条件，减少技...     

互联网信息技术使用对农业生产率的影响分析——以江西省水稻种植户为例

利用江西省549份水稻种植户数据,采用普通最小二乘法(OLS)、倾向得分匹配法(PSM),从微观层面分析互联网信息技术使用对水稻农业生产率的影响。研究结果表明,使用互联网信息技术可以显著提高水稻的土地生产率和全要素生产率,但是增产效应大于增效的效应。使用倾向得分匹配方法对比基准回归结果后,仍然得到了一致结论。异质性结果表明,考虑农户教育水平差异,互联网信息技术使用仅对较低教育水平农户土地生产率的促进作用显著,对全要素生产率的提升效应仅对较高教育水平农户显著;考虑农业经营规模差异,互联网信息技术使用仅对规模较大户的土地生产率和全要素生产率提升作用显著,在适度扩大土地经营规模的条件下,互联网信息技术的增产效应大于效率提升效应。因此需要持续推进农村互联网及配套基础设施建设,同时提高农民文化素养、鼓励规模经营,提升农民从互联网获取农业信息、技术的能力与需求。     

Gender discrimination and its impact on income,productivity, and technical efficiency: evidence from Benin

This paper examines the occurrence and impact of gender discrimination in access to production resources on the income, productivity, and technical efficiency of farmers. Through an empirical investigation of farmers from Koussin-Lélé, a semi-collective irrigated rice scheme in central Benin, we find that female rice farmers are particularly discriminated against with regard to scheme membership and access to land and equipment, resulting in significant negative impacts on their productivity and income. Although women have lower productivity, they are as technically efficient as men. The findings suggest that there is considerable scope for improving the productivity of women through increasing their access to production resources.     

生产性服务外包是否促进了测土配方施肥技术采纳——以小麦为例

为了解中国小麦种植户生产性服务外包对测土配方施肥技术采纳的影响,运用7个粮食主产区826户微观数据,通过内生转换概率模型(ESP)讨论了农户将生产服务外包时对其测土配方施肥技术采纳的影响。结果表明:1)生产性服务外包对测土配方施肥技术采纳有显著正向影响,且农户具有减量施肥需求会更倾向于将服务外包;2)随着服务外包程度的提升,测土配方施肥技术采纳的效果更好;3)此外,生产性服务外包对经营规模较小的农户测土配方施肥技术采纳的带动效果更明显。因此,应当考虑发展各地生产性服务市场,并提升小农户对生产性服务外包的认识,促进中国农业生产减量施肥与可持续发展。     

Uncertainty aversion and farmers’ innovative seed adoption: Evidence from a field experiment in rural China

Based on the microdata of 705 wheat farmers in the Loess Plateau, this study empirically analyzes the impact of uncertainty on farmers’ adoption of innovative seeds using a field experiment. The results indicate that farmers are generally ambiguity-averse and risk-averse. In addition, farmers with higher ambiguity aversion and risk aversion are less likely to adopt innovative wheat seeds, where their risk aversion plays a dominant role. Enhancing information access will alleviate the negative influence of ambiguity aversion on farmers’ adoption of innovative seeds, and interlinked insurance and credit contracts will be beneficial to ease the adverse effect of risk aversion on the adoption of innovative wheat seeds. Meanwhile, heterogeneity analysis reveals that the inhibitory effects of ambiguity aversion and risk aversion on innovative seed adoption are more significant among farmers with lower education and household income. The government can establish both ex-ante and ex-post relevant guarantee mechanisms to help farmers preferably cope with various uncertainties in the production process, remitting farmers’ ambiguity aversion and risk aversion to enhance new agricultural technology adoption rates.     

Adoption of new technologies by smallholder farmers: the contributions of extension,research institutes,cooperatives, and access to cash for improving tef production in Ethiopia

Agricultural intensification and extensification are standard responses to ecological and economic vulnerability among smallholder communities. Climate change has exacerbated this vulnerability and thrown the complexity of and critical need for managing a healthy natural resource base while increasing on-farm productivity into sharp light. Sustainable intensification is one of many mechanisms for accomplishing this balancing act. This study examines the adoption of sustainable intensification practices, namely input packages focused on tef row planting—designed to boost yield and promote more efficient use of inputs. This study utilized a mix methods approach to survey 115 smallholder farmers in the South Wollo zone of the Amhara region in Ethiopia. This study found that cash and capital, more so than contact with the AIS, influenced farmers’ decisions to adopt row planting input packages. Khat production was an important source of cash for inputs and was more likely to be available to farmers with irrigation schemes. Long-term, farmers who cultivate khat may not successfully engage in SI, as khat replaces traditional food crop production in the region. Yet, for farmers who do not grow khat, long-term investment in SI practices is unlikely unless access to affordable credit options is improved.     

现代农业新型保险的实践与思考——以浙江省为例

随着对耕地质量问题越来越重视,农业保险政策也逐步发展和完善。近年来,作为现代农业新型保险的耕地地力指数保险越来越得到人们的关注。本文以浙江省在耕地地力指数保险的实践为例,全面阐述了现阶段发展状况,深入剖析了当前存在的问题,如保险产品仍不完善、政府重视程度仍不强、农户主动意识仍不足、保险公司获取信息渠道有限,并针对性的提出了相关对策建议,以期为加快推进现代农业新型保险发展提供依据,为全国其它地区实践提供参考。     

An Awareness-Adoption Matrix for Strategic Decision Making in Agricultural Development Projects： A Case Study in Yunnan Province, China

Significant achievements have been made in generating sustainable agricultural technologies in developing countries. Usually, these new technologies have been more effective in increasing production and productivity than existing technologies. However, many new technologies considered ＇effective＇ have not been successful in alleviating the associated sustainability problems, due to poor adoption by targeted users. Success of any novel technical intervention should be judged on the basis of how widespread adoption is in the target area by targeted users. In this context, a case study identified the factors affecting farmers＇ adoption of improved technologies extended by an agricultural development project in a rural Village in Yunnan Province, China. Initial adoption/adaptation of project technologies was influenced by farmers＇ awareness of the technology. Farmers were more aware of polythene mulch, contour cultivation, intercropping and tree planting technologies than others. This led to a comparatively high initial uptake of polythene mulch, contour cultivation, sweet chestnut, and intercropping technologies. Farmers had inadequate knowledge about some Project technologies, the adoption of which was particularly low. This reveals the need for increasing farmers＇ awareness about the rationale for Project technologies to achieve greater adoption/adaptation of project technologies by farmers over wider areas. Farmers＇ testing of the technology leads to better adoption/adaptation compared to mere awareness. However, considerable time and resources are required for testing/trying technologies. This justifies the usefulness of comparatively quick and less resource demanding options for awareness creation. Development of effective cropping technologies is important for sustainable agricultural development. The success of any agricultural development project, especially in terms of improving sustainability, depends on how widely those improved technologies are adopted/adapted by farmers in the targeted region. Therefore, farmers＇ adoption of technologies should be a key criterion for judging the success of any project. The awareness-adoption matrix is a useful tool to guide research and development projects to achieve expected adoption/adaptation of technologies. Use of the matrix helps identification of weak and strong aspects of research and development projects and thus assists strategic decision-making.     

华北小农户不同规模化组织的生产效率研究

小农户是我国农业生产主体,也是实现我国粮食安全战略的主要贡献力量,因此提高小农户的生产效率对提高我国的粮食生产具有重要的意义。以河北省曲周县小农户向规模化经营转变的几种典型模式(种粮大户、粮食种植专业合作社、高产创建以及一种新型的农民组织模式—大方操作)为对象,比较2012年夏玉米不同组织模式下农业生产因素,包括土壤,施肥,水分,劳动力及现金成本的差异,分析其农业生产效率,探讨不同农户组织方式生产效率差异及其原因。结果表明,不同形式的农户组织在满足农户技术需求和服务需求方面开展的工作存在明显的差异。与分散经营模式相比,向规模化经营转变的农户产量提高了2.9%-15.7%、关键技术平均到位率提高了18-71个百分点、农业劳动生产效率提高了36.8%-103.8%,在资源利用效率(氮肥利用效率和灌溉水利用效率)和资本生产率方面,除种粮大户低于分散经营农户之外,其他三种典型模式均高于分散经营农户,其中,大方操作模式在综合提升小农户各项效率效益方面表现更为突出。研究揭示了农业技术社会化服务体系和规模化经营方式结合更加具备提高农业生产效率的优势。