Virulence and Diversity of Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici Populations in China

Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is an important disease in China. To characterize the virulence and diversity of the pathogen, 1 082 isolates were obtained from 8 major wheat-growing regions during the spring growing season in 2011. The virulence test was performed by inoculation on detached leaves of 22 differential lines with known Pm genes. Frequencies of virulence on these genotypes ranged from 0 to 97.4%. None of the 1 082 isolates was compatible to Pm21 and less than 20.0%were virulent to the genotype carrying Pm13. In contrast, the virulence frequencies of each population was more than 50.0%to differentials carrying Pm1a, Pm3b, Pm3c, Pm3f, Pm5a, Pm6 and Pm8. In total, 1 028 pathotypes were detected, of which 984 were unique. Phenotypic diversity indices revealed a high level of diversity within populations. Genetic distance between different populations correlated signiifcantly with geographical distance （R2=0.494, P 0.001）. In addition, isolates from Xinjiang appear to form a separate group. Signiifcant positive or negative associations between alleles at pairs of virulence loci were detected in 57 allele pairs to Pm genes. Virulence and diversity of the 8 populations suggested that varieties with effective resistance gene combinations should be developed at a regional level.     

Development of SSR Markers for a Phytopathogenic Fungus,Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici,Using a FIASCO Protocol

Simple sequence repeats （SSR） have been widely used as molecular markers due to their abundance and high polymorphism, However, up to now, the SSR markers had not been developed in the obligate biotrophic phytopathogenic fungus, Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici. From （AC）10 and （AG）10 enriched genomic libraries for Bgt, 25 primer pairs were designed using the FIASCO （fast isolation by AFLP of sequences containing repeats） protocol. Five primer pairs exhibited polymorphism with allelic diversity from two to seven alleles and produced 29 alleles in a survey of 90 isolates collected from six provinces （cities） in China, while the others displayed monomorphic. Levels of observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.000-0.044 （mean 0.025） and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.297-0.816 （mean 0.538）. These molecular markers provide a novel source to genetic diversity assays and to genetic and physical mapping ofBgt. SSR markers of Bgt need to be further explored.     

Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Natural Populations of Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng Using Microsatellite (SSR) Markers

Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng is endemic to China and only distributed in Huashan Mountain in Shaanxi Province, China. In this study, 15 P. huashanica populations consisting of 450 individuals sampled across their main distribution were investigated by using the simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers. A total of 184 alleles were detected on 24 SSR loci, and the number of alleles on each locus ranged from 2 tol5, with an average of 7.667. The total gene diversity (HT= 0.683) and the coefficient of population differentiation (GST=0.125) showed that P. huashanica had a relatively high level of genetic variation, and the genetic variation was mainly distributed within the populations. The gene flow among the populations of P. huashanica (Nm= 1.750) was much less than that of the common anemophytes (Nm = 5.24). Correlation analysis demonstrated that the number of alleles as well as genetic diversity of the five populations of Huangpu valley decreased along with the increase of altitudes, but the correlation was not significant. Implications of these results for future P. huashanica collection, evaluation and conservation were discussed.     

A FIASCO-Based Approach for Detection and Diagnosis of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in China

Stem or black rust of wheat, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks.＆E. Henn. （Pgt）, has historically caused severe losses to wheat （Triticum aestivum L.） production worldwide. In the Fujian and Guangdong provinces of China, six moderate-to-severe epidemics of wheat stem rust have occurred, which caused destructive losses of wheat between 1949 and 1966, although these were brought under control by integrated management. A rapid and reliable detection of the pathogen will contribute to the accurate forecast and seasonal control of this disease. The objective of this study was to develop a diagnostic molecular marker generated from simple sequence repeats （SSR） for the early rapid identiifcation of P. graminis. The genomic DNA of P. graminis, Puccinia striiformis, Puccinia triticina and seven other species was ampliifed by a pair of SSR primers generated by the FIASCO （fast isolation by AFLP sequences containing repeats） enrichment protocol. The primer set Pgtw （f）/Pgtw （r） generated a polymorphic pattern displaying a 330-bp DNA fragment speciifc for P. graminis whereas no DNA fragment was obtained from other non-target wheat fungal pathogens. The detection limit of the primer was 1 ng DNA in a 25-mL PCR reaction. The SSR markers of P. graminis can also be used to detect the presence of latent hyphae in Pgt-infected wheat leaves as early as 30 h post-inoculation. A rapid approach to distinguish P. graminis from similar pathogenic fungi would be anticipated in further study.     

陇南地区小麦条锈菌群体遗传多样性SSR分析

 【目的】甘肃陇南地区是小麦条锈菌最主要和最大的越夏区,本研究的目的是分析该地区的小麦条锈菌自然群体的遗传结构,探索其分子遗传变异规律。【方法】采用TP-M13-SSR 荧光标记技术,对甘肃省陇南地区8个种群409个小麦条锈菌分离株基因组DNA进行SSR标记分析。【结果】陇南地区小麦条锈菌的观察等位基因数（Na）为1.95,有效等位基因数目（Ne）为1.43,Nei's (1973)基因多样性指数（H）为0.27,Shannon 信息指数(I)为0.41。武都、文县和秦城种群遗传多样性较高,徽县、成县和西和种群相对较低。AMOVA分析结果表明,小麦条锈菌群体间和群体内都存在着一定的遗传分化,群体间的遗传变异占总变异的12.5%,群体内遗传变异占87.5%。地区间的基因流Nm =1.83。【结论】陇南地区小麦条锈菌群体遗传多样性很丰富,但地区之间有一定的差异;群体遗传变异主要存在于群体内部,不同地区间存在基因的交流和病原菌的移动。     

直接、快速地从罹病小麦叶片中提取条锈菌基因组DNA的方法

 小麦条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici）是专性程度很高的活体寄生菌,通过分子技术对其进行群体遗传结构研究的过程中,基因组DNA提取是基础之一。本研究利用Chelex 100法和CTAB法直接提取罹条锈病的小麦病叶片上的小麦条锈病菌的基因组DNA,使用PCR对所得到的DNA进行真菌核糖体rDNA ITS和小麦条锈病菌特异性引物CYR33进行检测,对2种基因组DNA的提取方法进行比较分析,结果表明Chelex 100法和CTAB法都能够适合于从罹病组织中直接提取小麦条锈病菌的基因组DNA,但是Chelex 100法较CTAB法所需的样品量少,操作步骤少,操作简单,并且整个过程无需使用有机溶剂进行抽提,对人体比较安全。通过PCR检测DNA提取情况,发现Chelex 100法提取的DNA的PCR结果优于CTAB法,且能够满足基于PCR的群体遗传结构的分析等研究。     

Molecular Mapping of a Gene for Resistance to Stripe Rust in Wheat Variety PIW138

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici （Pst）, is one of the most damaging diseases of common wheat （Triticum aestivum L.）. Wheat variety PIW138 introduced from Pakistan is resistant to the currently prevailing Pst race CYR32 in China. In this study, the bulked segregant analysis （BSA） method and simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers were used to map the stripe rust resistance gene in PIW138. The resistant and susceptible DNA bulks were prepared from the segregating F2 population of the cross between Thatcher, a susceptible variety as the female parent, and PIW138 as the male parent. The segregation of resistant and susceptible F2 plants inoculated with CYR32 indicated that single dominant gene determined the reactions of PIW138 line and temporarily designated as YrP138. Total 200 SSR primers were screened, and 4 SSR markers, Xwmc52, Xbarc61, Xgwm268, and Xgwm153, on chromosome 1B were found to be polymorphic between the resistant and the susceptible DNA bulks as well as their parents. Genetic linkage was tested on the segregating F2 population with 259 plants, including 196 resistant and 63 susceptible plants. All 4 SSR markers were linked to the stripe rust resistance gene in PIW138. The genetic distances of Xwmc52, Xbarc61, Xgwm268, and Xgwm153 to the resistance gene were 29.8, 6.2, 6.8, and 8.2 cM, respectively.     

华山新麦草属间杂种细胞间遗传物质的转移及其在物种演化中的意义

本文描述了华山新麦草同纤毛鹅观草、鹅观草、普通小麦和节节麦属间杂种小孢子发生过程中，细胞间通过接合管或接合孔转移遗传物质的现象。遗传物质的转移引起多核细胞的出现和染色体数目的变化。这些变化为生物进化提供了重要的物质基础。初步证明细胞间遗传物质的转称是受基因系统控制的，华山新麦草的Ｎｂ染色体组上可能存在控制细胞间遗传物质转移的基因系统。并讨论了细胞间遗传物质转移后，在物种演化过程中的意义和作用。     

Genetics and Molecular Mapping of Stripe Rust Resistance Gene YrShan515in Chinese Wheat Cultivar Shan 515

Stripe rust is one of the most important wheat diseases worldwide. To identify new resistance genes is significant in wheat breeding. In this study, stripe rust resistance of a Chinese cultivar Shah 515 was tested with Chinese predominant races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici in the seedling stage, and genetic analysis and simple sequence repeats (SSR) technique were used to identify the inheritance model of seedling stripe rust resistance in cultivar Shan 515 and to mark the sites of resistance gene(s) on chromosome. The genetic analysis indicated that the resistance of Shan 515 against Su 11-4 was conferred by a single dominant gene, which was temporarily designated as YrShan515. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and SSR markers, 12 SSR markers (Xwmc335, Xwmc696, Xwmc476, Xbarc267, Xgwm333, Xwmc653, Xwmc396,Xgwm213, Xgwm112, Xgwm274, Xcfd22, Xgwm131, and Xwmc517) located on wheat chromosome 7BL were linked to YrShan515 with genetic distance ranging from 3 to 24 eM. Based on the previously published genetic map and Chinese Spring nulli-tetrasomic analysis, YrShan515 was located on wheat chromosome 7BL. Polymorphism of wheat cuitivars collected from Huanghuai wheat grown regions were screened with two markers, Xwmc653 and Xbarc267, and all of these wheat cultivars tested did not present the polymorphic bands as Shan 515 did. Therefore, it suggested that YrShan515 might be a allele of the available yellow rust resistance gene. The mapping of the new resistance gene in Shan 515 is useful for wheat breeding and diversification of resistance genes against stripe rust in commercial wheat cultivars in China.     

小麦条锈菌中国鉴别寄主维尔中抗条锈病基因YrVir1的微卫星标记

【目的】明确中国小麦条锈菌重要鉴别寄主维尔的抗条锈病基因及其遗传特点,建立与其连锁的微卫星标记,将病菌小种监测和抗病性分析提高到基因水平。【方法】由维尔为基因供体转育而成的含有小麦重要抗条锈基因YrVir1的近等基因系Taichung29*6/YrVir1,用小麦条锈菌单胞菌系2E16对近等基因系Taichung29*6/YrVir1、轮回亲本Taichung29及其杂交后代进行遗传分析;选用YrVir1所在2B染色体上的141对引物对近等基因系和轮回亲本的基因组DNA进行SSR分析。【结果】近等基因系Taichung29*6/YrVir1对2E16的抗病性由1对显性基因控制;引物Xbarc349在近等基因系与轮回亲本间稳定扩增出特异性DNA片段,同时在近等基因系和基因供体维尔间存在相同扩增片段,经F2代群体200个抗、感单株检测证实,Xbarc349标记位点与抗条锈病基因YrVir1连锁,遗传距离为4.2 cm。【结论】Xbarc349引物扩增出的特异性DNA片段可作为抗条锈病基因YrVir1的SSR标记;根据小麦SSR遗传图谱,将YrVir1基因定位在小麦2B染色体上。     

Identification of a new stripe rust resistance gene in Chinese winter wheat Zhongmai 175

Stripe rust is a serious foliar disease posing a grave threat to wheat production worldwide. The most economical and environmentally friendly way to control this disease is to breed and deploy resistant cultivars. Zhongmai 175 is an elite winter wheat cultivar conferring resistance to a broad spectrum of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici(Pst) races. To identify the resistance gene in the cultivar, genetic analysis was conducted using the parents, F1, F2 and F2:3 populations derived from the cross of Lunxuan 987/Zhongmai 175. Segregations in the F2 and F2:3 populations indicated a single dominant gene conferring resistance to stripe rust in Zhongmai 175, temporarily designated Yr ZM175. Bulked segregant analysis(BSA) with wheat i Select 90 K SNP array determined a preliminary location of Yr ZM175. Subsequently, Yr ZM175 was mapped on chromosome 2AS using simple sequence repeats(SSR), expressed sequence tags(EST) and newly-developed kompetitive allele specific PCR(KASP) markers, being flanked by Xgwm636 and Xwmc382 at genetic distances of 4.9 and 8.1 c M, respectively. Comparison of reaction patterns of Yr ZM175 on 23 Pst races or isolates and pedigree analysis with other genes on chromosome 2AS suggested that it is likely to be a new gene for resistance to stripe rust. The resistance gene and linked molecular markers will be useful in wheat breeding targeting for the improvement of stripe rust resistance.     

中国小麦条锈菌鉴别寄主南大2419抗条锈性遗传分析

南大2419(Mentana)是中国小麦条锈菌重要鉴别寄主之一。采用经典遗传分析与等位性分析相结合方法,通过分小种(菌系)鉴定,分析南大2419所含抗条锈病基因和遗传特点及其与已知基因的异同。结果发现:南大2419对Su-1和86036菌系的抗性正交由3对隐性互补基因控制,反交由2对隐性重叠或独立基因控制;对CY26小种抗性正交由2对隐性重叠或独立基因所控制,反交由2对隐性互补基因控制。正反交抗病遗传特点不同,可能与细胞质效应有关。等位性分析表明南大2419所含的3对主效基因与已知基因载体品系中的主效基因Yr7、Yr8、Yr9、Yr10、Yr17、Yr19、Yr22、Yr23、Yr27和YrSu不同,为未知基因,暂定名为YrMen1、YrMen2和YrMen3。     

条锈菌诱导的小麦C3HC4型锌指蛋白基因的克隆及其特征分析

应用电子克隆和RT-PCR方法,从小麦叶片中首次分离出1个条锈菌诱导的编码C3HC4型锌指蛋白基因的cDNA序列,暂被命名为TaZFP1。TaZFP1包含一个完整的849 bp的开放阅读框,编码282个氨基酸,具有C3HC4保守结构域;小麦TaZFP1氨基酸序列与水稻OsZFP1相似性达89%,与玉米ZmZFP1相似性达81%。TaZFP1在小麦根、茎、叶组织中表达量基本一致。在小麦与条锈菌的亲和、非亲和互作中,TaZFP1基因均受条锈菌诱导高水平表达,且非亲和组合表达量高于亲和组合,表明TaZFP1可能参与小麦对条锈菌的防御反应。     

CYTOGENETIC INVESTIGATION OF THE HYBRID BETWEEN AEGILOPS TAUSCHH AMD PSATHYROSTACHYS HUASHANICA

<正> An intergeneric hybrid between Aegilops tauschti Cosson. an annual diploid grass. and Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng, a perenmal diploid grass. The F_1 hybrid plant had chromosome number of 2n=2x=14. and was annual and morphologically intermediate between two parents. Meiotic analysis showed that this F_1 hybrid had an average of 12.20 univalants, 0.12 rod bivalents ad 0.004 quadrivalents at MI of the pollen-mother-cells. Multipolar division, irregular ctyokinesis. conjungation opening and coenocyte were observed in this hybrid. These results suggested that the D genome in the Ae. tauschii was distantly related to the N genome in the P huashanica.     

Genetic Analysis and Molecular Tagging a Novel Yellow Rust Resistance Gene Derived from Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat Germplasm M08

Yellow rust of wheat （caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Eriks.） has been periodically epidemic and severely damaged wheat production in China. The development of resistant cultivars could be an effective way to reduce yield losses of wheat caused by yellow rust. Rust reaction tests and genetic analysis indicated that M08, the synthetic hexaploid wheat derived from hybridization between Triticum durum （2n = 6X = 28; genome AABB） and Aegilops tauschii （2n = 2X = 14; genome DD）, showed resistance to current prevailing yellow rust races at seedling stage, which was controlled by a single dominant gene, designated as YrAm. Bulked segregant analysis was used to identify microsatellite markers linked to gene YrAm in an F2 population derived from cross M08 （resistant） × Jinan 17 （susceptible）. Three microsatellite marker loci Xgwm77, Xgwm285, and Xgwml31 located on chromosome 3B were mapped to the YrAm locus. Xgwml31 was the closest marker locus and showed a linkage distance of 7.8 cM to the resistance locus. Thus, it is assumed that YrAm for resistance to yellow rust may be derived from Triticum durum and is located on the long arm of chromosome 3B.     

小麦条锈菌条中29号生理小种SCAR检测标记的建立

用210条随机引物对中国小麦条锈菌(Pucciniastriiformisf.sp.tritici)5个主要生理小种进行了RAPD分析,寻找到了2个条中29号特异性的RAPD标记。根据其中一个特异片段的测序结果,设计了特异PCR引物,成功获得了条中29号小种专化的SCAR标记。     

A-3中抗条锈新基因YrTp1和YrTp2的分子标记定位分析

【目的】半个多世纪的中国小麦育种史基本是育种家与条锈病的赛跑史。因此，筛选、鉴定、储备和利用新抗源是我国育种和资源研究中的一个长远战略性课题。【方法】利用小麦条锈菌条中31、32号生理小种，对来自小麦与十倍体长穗偃麦草［Thinopyrum ponticum (Host) Liu & Wang］的杂交后代材料A-3进行抗性遗传分析。用荧光SSR分子标记技术，鉴定所携带抗条锈病基因是否为新基因，并对其进行染色体定位研究。【结果】遗传分析表明，A-3对条中31号和32号的抗性由一显一隐2对基因控制。经过对196对微卫星引物的筛选，发现2B染色体短臂上的WMC477-167bp与显性基因紧密连锁，遗传距离为0.4 cM,将该显性基因定位于2BS上；7B染色体短臂上的WMC364-208bp与隐性基因连锁，遗传距离为5.8 cM。图位比较、系谱分析和抗谱分析表明，A-3所含抗条锈基因不同于已知抗条锈基因，暂定名为YrTp1和YrTp2。【结论】可利用A-3中与条锈病抗性紧密连锁的分子标记YrTp1和YrTp2将抗性基因转移到主栽品种中，在小麦育种和生产上发挥作用。     

小麦及其近缘种中Yr10第一外显子功能标记初步研究

条锈病是小麦生产上危害最严重的病害之一。抗条锈病基因Yr10是抗性优良且在生产上还未被大量利用的基因。为给Yr10基因的筛选及利用提供理论参考和技术支撑,以对条锈菌抗性不同的小麦及其近缘种共28个材料,采用PCR扩增技术对Yr10基因的第一外显子进行了功能标记初步研究。结果表明:小麦抗性材料中不含有Yr10基因,这些抗性材料中的抗性由其他抗性基因决定;感病材料26号(提莫菲维)的基因组中含有与Yr10基因第一外显子序列相似性较高的等位基因或抗性相关等位基因,该材料中扩增产物与Yr10中在决定氨基酸的关键位点上应该存在序列差异,进而导致抗性上的对立。     

中国小麦条锈菌流行小种的RAPD分析

 用随机扩增多态性DNA（Random amplified polymorphic DNA，RAPD）技术对中国小麦条锈菌（Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici）流行小种的11个模式分离系（CY17，CY19，CY21，CY22，CY23，CY25，CY26, CY27，CY28，CY29，水源11-1）以及5个分属于两个新发现小种CY30和CY31的分离系进行了基因组DNA多态性分析。用17个10-核苷酸随机引物共获得114个RAPD标记，其中75.4%表现多态性。选取共中的58个RAPD标记通过系统聚类分析确定了供试分离系间的亲缘关系，并与以毒性标记为基础确定的分离系间的演化关系进行了比较。结果表明，DNA多态性与毒性多态性之间没有相关性。利用RAPD标记检测到了小种间以及小种内的遗传变异，有些引物扩增到了分离系特异的RAPD特征图谱。与其它基因组多态性分析技术相比，RAPD分析可为小麦条锈菌的遗传分析提供大量的分子标记，且具有技术操作简单、快速、安全以及仅需微量的模板DNA等优点，对该活体营养病菌的群体遗传结构分析极 具潜力。