谷子育成品种的抗倒性评价

倒伏对谷子产量和品质以及机械化收获均有显著影响。为了筛选适宜机械化收获的谷子品种,以近几年通过国家鉴定、省级审定和参加国家区试的22个谷子育成品种为试材,利用倒伏系数评价了参试谷子品种的抗倒性;通过分析茎秆性状（株高、单茎鲜重、根量、茎秆抗折力、基部4节的长度、茎秆机械强度）与品种倒伏系数的相关关系,明确了影响谷子抗倒性的关键性状指标;并以抗倒性有显著差异的几个谷子品种为代表,探讨了这些关键性状指标如何影响谷子的抗倒伏能力。结果表明：济谷14、济谷16和冀谷31的倒伏系数均＜0.15,抗倒伏能力很强; M2173、济谷13、衡0950和济谷12的倒伏系数均＞0.29 ,抗倒伏能力较弱。本研究条件下,谷子株高和单茎鲜重与倒伏系数呈正相关,基部4节的长度与倒伏系数呈负相关,但关系程度均不密切;根量、茎秆抗折力和茎秆机械强度与谷子抗倒性有非常密切的关系。将抗倒性明显不同的7个谷子品种进行了3个关键性状指标的对比分析,结果发现,根量越大,茎秆抗折力越大,茎秆的机械强度越大,谷子品种的抗倒伏能力越强,越适合机械化收获。     

小麦抗倒性评价方法的比较分析

为寻找简便快捷的小麦品种抗倒性鉴定方法,以48个国家冬小麦黄淮南片水地组区域试验小麦新品系为试验材料,通过对小麦品系茎秆等特性的调查分析,结合多试点抗倒性验证,比较4种倒伏指数法在小麦品种抗倒性鉴定评价中的效果。相关性及主成分分析结果表明,倒伏与株高、基部茎节特性等密切相关。其中,倒伏与第1至第3节茎秆长度、株高、重心高度呈极显著正相关,与第2节茎秆的径长比、基部茎秆弹性呈极显著负相关,表明株高越矮,基部节间越短,特别是第2茎节短且粗,茎秆基部弹性越强,小麦品种抗倒性越好。4种倒伏指数均与第2、3茎节长度呈极显著正相关,与第2茎节机械强度呈极显著负相关,且分别与其他茎秆等特性呈显著或极显著相关,表明第2、3茎节长度和第2茎节的机械强度是上述4种倒伏指数法鉴定小麦品种抗倒性的共性基础,同时各倒伏指数又有其特定的关联性状。4种倒伏指数均可有效鉴定小麦品种抗倒性,但从便利性及相关性密切程度方面比较,倒伏指数2和倒伏指数3鉴定的评价效果更好。     

不同小麦品种的茎秆特性及其抗倒性

【目的】明确影响小麦抗倒性的主要因素,为小麦抗倒性品种选育提供理论依据。【方法】以生产上应用较广泛的邯麦16、邯麦17、济麦22、衡4399和石麦22等5个小麦品种为材料,研究不同小麦品种节间生长特性、茎秆机械强度和倒伏指数的差异。【结果】邯麦17的茎秆机械强度较大（495.6 g）,倒伏指数较小（0.749）,与其他品种差异显著,且其基部节间短粗,节间壁较厚,基部节间的鲜重和干重较多,鲜干密度较大,茎秆质量好,抗倒性好;株高、重心高度、基2节长与倒伏指数呈显著正相关,机械强度、基部节间的鲜重、干重、壁厚呈显著负相关,且第2节壁厚与倒伏指数的相关系数较大（r=－0.901）;基2节壁厚,适当降低株高,提高茎秆机械强度,可以增强植株的抗倒能力。【结论】邯麦17的抗倒性优于其他品种;小麦抗倒性品种选育上应注重选择基2节壁较厚的株系。     

新疆春小麦资源茎秆形态特征与抗倒性的关系

【目的】倒伏是制约新疆小麦产量提高的重要因素,植株茎杆形态特征与抗倒能力密切相关,因此弄清新疆春小麦品种资源抗倒伏性状的遗传变异,明确茎秆形态特征与抗倒性的关系,为新疆抗倒高产春小麦品种选育奠定基础。【方法】采用田间试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,对40份新疆春小麦品种资源茎秆抗到伏相关性状遗传变异进行了分析,并对抗倒性及其相关性状的关系进行了相关分析及通径分析。【结果】第二节间充实度、第二节间干重及倒伏指数的变异系数较大,株高、重心高及第二节间粗的变异系数较小。重心高、第二节间粗、第二节间壁厚、第二节间茎秆机械强度与倒伏指数密切相关,重心高较低、茎秆基部第二节间壁厚、茎秆机械强度大的品种抗倒性较强。逐步回归及通径分析表明,重心高、地上部分鲜重、第二节间壁厚、第二节间机械强度是决定抗倒性的主要因素。【结论】提高新疆春小麦品种的抗倒性,关键是协调好地上部分鲜重与第二节间机械强度之间的关系,增进茎秆机械强度,提高茎秆质量,适当增加地上部分鲜重。第二节间壁厚可作为评价茎秆机械强度的间接指标。     

三个小麦主推品种的抗倒性能分析

[目的]研究小麦品种的抗倒性能,并进一步提高主推品种的抗倒伏能力,为小麦抗倒伏育种以及品种的推广应用提供参考依据.[方法]以山东省主推的3个品种济麦22、良星66、山农17为试验材料,通过分析其在不同密度条件下茎秆机械强度、茎秆鲜重、重心高度、倒伏指数等与其他茎秆形态性状间的相互关系,评价其抗倒伏能力的相对强弱.[结果]济麦22、良星66均在270万/hm2的密度下取得最高产量,山农17在225万/hm2密度下取得了最高产量;4个时期倒伏指数与3个茎秆性状间的相关程度不一,但是均与机械强度的相关性最大,其中孕穗期3个品种倒伏指数与机械强度均达到极显著负相关,其次为重心高度,与茎秆鲜重的相关性最小;在节间长度方面,3个品种倒伏指数均与倒2节间长度显著相关,山农17、良星66还与倒1节间长度显著相关;在相同密度下,蜡熟期的倒伏指数最大,孕穗期倒伏指数最小,开花期的倒伏指数大于乳熟期,相同生育时期下,倒伏指数随着密度的增加而增加.[结论]3个品种的抗倒性能强弱依次为:良星66、济麦22、山农17.     

矮壮素对小麦抗倒伏性能的诱导效应研究

为了明确矮壮素对小麦抗倒伏性能的诱导效应,以小麦品种商麦5266为试材,以清水处理为对照(CK),研究了不同浓度(0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%、2.5%)矮壮素溶液拌种对小麦种子发芽率的影响;并分析了拌种、拌种配合拔节期叶面喷施0.5%矮壮素溶液对开花期小麦植株抗倒伏性能的影响。结果表明:矮壮素拌种可以提高小麦种子发芽率,使小麦株高和重心高度降低,基部第2节间长度缩短、粗度增加,茎秆机械强度增强,倒伏系数降低,低浓度(0.5%)的矮壮素溶液拌种可以增加小麦根量,从而提高小麦植株的抗倒伏性。2.0%矮壮素溶液拌种配合拔节期叶面喷施0.5%矮壮素溶液对提高小麦茎秆的抗倒伏性作用效果最好,0.5%矮壮素溶液拌种可以提高小麦根系的抗倒伏性。     

小麦倒伏原因分析及高产栽培技术要点

<正>小麦后期倒伏是影响小麦产量的重要因素。倒伏分根倒和茎倒,根倒是由于耕作层浅根系下扎浅,造成灌浆后期倒伏。茎倒是由于栽培管理措施不当,基部节间长,植株过高或病虫危害茎秆,造成茎秆强度差、韧性差,遇到大风大雨造成茎秆倒伏。加强栽培管理措施可以增强小麦抗倒性,降低倒伏机率。今年5月31日-6月5日笔者对农户的整地、播量、播期、施肥、浇水等栽培措施进行了调查(5月23日的大风大雨造成我县小麦大面积倒伏)。通     

小麦倒伏原因、机理及其对产量和品质影响研究进展

倒伏是制约小麦生产的关键因素,提高小麦抗倒性有利于提高小麦机械化收获和农业生产效率,进一步提高小麦产量和籽粒品质.为了明确倒伏原因、机理及其对产量和品质的影响,结合前人的研究,总结了小麦倒伏的影响因素、茎秆倒伏机理、倒伏对产量以及籽粒品质的影响.最后,从小麦育种和栽培两个方面,指出提高小麦抗倒性的关键措施以及未来研究方...     

安农0711小麦品种3B染色体茎秆强度位点鉴定

倒伏是限制小麦产量进一步提升的主要因素之一，而茎秆强度是衡量小麦抗倒伏性的重要指标。为了鉴定控制茎秆强度基因位点，以安农0711（较强的茎秆强度和抗倒性）和河农825（较弱的茎秆强度和抗倒性）进行杂交构建的重组自交系群体为试验材料，于2017年测定其茎秆强度，利用SSR标记将控制小麦茎秆强度的位点（Qss.ahau-3B）初步定位于3B染色体上的wmc231-barc248标记之间，物理距离约为68~162 Mb。进一步利用小麦660K SNP芯片扫描两个亲本及高低池，并基于目标区段内差异的SNP，共开发了13个CAPS标记，将控制小麦茎秆强度的位点进一步缩短在EX-6650-barc248之间（150~162 Mb）。该研究结果为后续目标位点精细定位以及候选基因克隆提供了重要理论依据。     

小麦茎秆机械强度与若干性状的相关性研究

在小麦灌浆高峰期对茎秆的机械强度进行测试 ,并对小麦茎秆各节长、粗 ,株高 ,生物学产量等性状进行相关分析及多元回归分析。结果表明 :小麦茎秆机械强度与各节间长呈负相关 ,其中与茎秆基部第 1、2节间长达显著水平 ,与基部第 3节间长达极显著水平 ,与中部第 4节间长达极显著水平 ;与各节间粗呈正相关 ,其中与第 1、5节间粗达显著水平 ,与第 2、3、4节间粗达极显著水平 ;与穗长及穗重相关不显著 ;茎基部第 2节间干物质对机械强度的贡献最大。在小麦的抗倒性育种中 ,选择矮秆、茎秆粗壮并兼顾大穗的品种是可行的     

砂姜黑土区小麦玉米秸秆全量还田对玉米抗倒性能的影响

 【目的】探讨砂姜黑土区小麦玉米秸秆全量还田对夏玉米抗倒性能的影响。【方法】以夏玉米品种郑单958为材料,通过定位试验研究小麦玉米秸秆全量还田对玉米抗倒性能的影响。【结果】小麦或玉米秸秆全量还田均能提高玉米气生根条数、0—30 cm土层根条数及根系干重,同时,玉米株高和单株鲜重均有所增加。秸秆还田后,在吐丝期和灌浆中期,玉米茎秆基部3—7节间的长度、直径、干重和单位茎长干物质重有增加的趋势,尤其是基部节间的茎秆压碎强度和穿刺强度显著提高。另外,玉米的根倒伏系数显著降低,而植株抗倒指数则显著升高。相关分析表明,根倒伏系数与根倒率显著正相关,而与单株鲜重、根系干重和基3节压碎强度显著负相关。玉米总倒折率与节间长度极显著正相关,而与节间干重、充实度、压碎强度和穿刺强度显著负相关。【结论】小麦玉米秸秆连续全量还田可以显著降低夏玉米的根倒率和茎折率,提高籽粒产量。     

青稞抗倒伏性状的基因型差异

【目的】 倒伏是影响青稞生产和产量的主要原因之一。筛选与青稞抗倒伏性密切相关的性状并构建抗倒伏评价体系,是开展青稞抗倒伏品种选育的重要理论依据。【方法】 通过对35份青稞种质资源根系、茎秆和穗部23个农艺性状进行方差分析,明确不同基因型间各性状的差异性。采用相关分析筛选出与青稞抗倒伏性密切相关的指标,并通过主成分分析和线性回归分析构建完成青稞抗倒伏评价体系。【结果】 不同基因型青稞材料在同一性状间表现出较大差异,且农艺性状在基因型间的差异均极显著,农艺性状中倒伏率的遗传变异最丰富;同一参试材料的农艺性状在两个生态区间差异较大,海北高寒生态区试点各基因型的遗传变异较丰富;各性状的基因型与环境因素间存在显著互作效应（P<0.05）。相关分析结果表明茎秆强度同青稞抗倒伏性关系最为密切,并通过抗倒伏指标构建青稞抗倒伏评价体系。青稞分蘖数过多、第三和第四茎节过长易引起植株倒伏。根干重大、茎秆重、茎秆壁厚、茎秆强度大是植株固持能力强、抗倒伏伏性优异的原因。【结论】 分蘖数、穗重、茎长、茎重、茎秆强度适合作为青稞抗倒伏性评价指标,验证结果表明抗倒伏评价体系较可靠,可用于青稞种质的抗倒伏性评价。     

小麦茎秆强度的鉴定方法研究

 茎秆强度决定小麦品种的抗倒伏性能,但现有鉴定茎秆强度的方法还不完善。用秆强测定器测定了661个小麦品种和1183个F2代单株,结果表明,乳熟至蜡熟期是鉴定茎秆强度的适宜时期,利用秆强测定器可从F2代分离群体中鉴定出强秆单株。成熟时茎秆强度降低,不易区分茎秆强度的品种间差异。通过分析30个品种的茎秆强度值与茎秆解剖性状的相关性,发现上部节间的髓腔大小与茎秆强度呈极显著负相关,而下部节间的茎秆粗度与茎秆强度呈极显著正相关。由于穗部重量和生物产量与茎秆强度呈极显著正相关,育种家应选择秆强与穗重相适应的品种以提高产量潜力和稳产性。     

Characteristics of lodging resistance of high-yield winter wheat as affected by nitrogen rate and irrigation managements

High yields of wheat are mainly obtained through a high level of nitrogen and irrigation supplementation. However, excessive nitrogen and irrigation supplication increase the risk of lodging. The main objectives of this work were to clarify the capacity of lodging resistance of wheat in response to nitrogen and irrigation, as well as to explore the effective ways of improving lodging resistance in a high-yield wheat cultivar. In this study, field experiments were conducted in the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons. A wheat cultivar Jimai 22 (JM22), which is widely planted in the northern of Huang-Huai winter wheat region, was grown at Tai'an, Shandong Province, under three nitrogen rates and four irrigation treatments. The lodging risk was increased with increased nitrogen rate, as indicated by increasing lodging index (LI) and lodging rate across both growing seasons. With nitrogen increasing, the plant height, the basal internode length and the center of gravity height, which were positively correlated with LI, increased significantly. While the density of the basal 2nd internode (for culm and leaf sheath) and cell wall component contents, which were negatively correlated with LI, decreased conspicuous along with nitrogen increased. Increasing irrigation supplementation increased the 2nd internode culm wall thickness, breaking strength and leaf sheath density within limits which increased stem strength. Among the treatments, nitrogen application at a rate of 240 kg ha^–1 and irrigation application at 600 m³ ha^–1 at both the jointing and anthesis stages resulted in the highest yield and strongest stem. A suitable plant height ensures sufficient biomass for high yield, and higher stem stiffness, which was primarily attributed to thicker culm wall, greater density of the culm and leaf sheaths and higher cell wall component contents are the characteristics that should be taken into account to improving wheat lodging resistance.     

Lodging resistance and yield potential of winter wheat: effect of planting density and genotype

Improved lodging resistance is important for achieving high yield in irrigated environments. This study was conducted to determine genotypic variation in lodging resistance and related morphological traits among winter wheat cultivars planted at two densities, and to identify key traits associated with lodging resistance. Lodging performance of 28 genotypes, including 24 released cultivars and four advanced lines, was evaluated at 250 plants per square meter and 500 plants per square meter in Shandong province during the 2008–2009 and 2009–2010 crop seasons. At the higher density, the average grain yield was 2.6% higher, even though lodging score rose by as much as 136%. The higher planting density increased lodging through increased leaf area index (LAI), plant height, center of gravity and length of basal internodes, and reduced grain weight per spike and diameter of the lower two stem internodes. LAI, center of gravity and diameter of first internodes, as the important indicators for lodging resistance, were significantly correlated with lodging score, with R= 0.62, 0.59 and −0.52 (P<0.01), respectively. Plant pushing resistance was significantly associated with diameter and length of the first internodes (R = 0.71–0.77, P<0.01), indicating it could be used to assess the strength of the lower stem. Higher planting density could be used to select genotypes with lodging resistance in irrigated environments. Cultivars carrying high plant density tolerance and high yield potential, such as Jimai 22 and Liangxing 66, were recommended as leading cultivars for production as well as elite crossing parents for further increasing yield potential in the Yellow and Huai Valleys Winter Wheat Zone in China.     

矮壮素滴施量对滴灌冬小麦茎秆特征及其抗倒伏性的影响

[目的]分析矮壮素滴施量对滴灌冬小麦茎秆特征及其抗倒伏性的影响,研究滴灌冬小麦抗倒伏的矮壮素最佳滴施量,为新疆滴灌小麦抗倒伏及其调控措施提供理论依据.[方法]于2018～2019年在大田滴灌条件下,设置5个不同矮壮素滴施量,分别为0 mL/hm2(D0)、1500 mL/hm2(D1)、3000 mL/hm2(D2)、...     

Determination of Resistance to Lodging by Stem Strength in Wheat

Stem strength affects directly the resistance of wheat plant to lodging. Unfortunately, the determination of the stem strength is not perfect for wheat breeding and genetics up to now. In this study a prostrate tester was engaged for testing the stem strength of 661 wheat varieties and of 1183 single plants from a F2 population. The results showed that the suitable time to determine the stem strength should be from milk stage to dough ripe stage. The stem strength at the maturity would decrease and it was not easy to distinguish the difference among the varieties. The single plant with a strong stem could be judged using the prostrate tester from the F2 population. By testing the stem strength and anatomic characters of 30 varieties, a significant negative relationship between the pith diameter of the upper internodes and the stem strength was observed. On the other hand, there was a significant positive relationship between the stem diameter of the lower internodes and stem strength. It was suggested that a wheat breeder should breed the cuitivar with a strong stem, because the spike weight and biomass yield were significantly related to the stem strength.