A simulation model assisted study on water and nitrogen dynamics and their effects on crop performance in the wheat-maize system: (II) model calibration, evaluation and simulated experimentation

The test on the model with data collected from two years’ field experiments revealed an ability to satisfactorily simulate crop parameters such as LAI, biomass accumulation and partitioning, yield, and variables influencing crop growth and development as nitrogen uptake by crops and partitioning in different organs, and dynamics of soil water and nitrogen including infiltration and leaching. With the model, crop yield, water use efficiency (WUE), nitrogen use efficiency (NYE) and water-nitrogen leaching at specific soil layers under various water and nitrogen management practices were simulated to provide data used as references for designing sustainable nitrogen and water management practices. The outputs of the simulated experiment with various treatments of irrigation and nitrogen application indicated that crop yield was closely related to water and nitrogen application, crop water use was positively related to irrigation amount, and nitrogen fertilization could improve the crop water use and WUE within certain limits. This is a valuable evidence to be considered in water-saving farming. Nitrogen uptake had a positive relation to nitrogen application, while irrigation to some extent improved its uptake by crops and hence increased NYE. Additionally, irrigation and fertilization had great effects on nitrogen leaching. Thus, in order to improve WUE and NYE, the model showed how nitrogen application and irrigation should be well coordinated.     

土壤水分运动与作物生长过程耦合机理模型初探

根据冬小麦生长发育与土壤水分条件关系的机理研究,建立了田间条件下的土壤水分运动与作物生产耦合机理模型。该模型包括土壤水分运动子模型和作物生长发育子模型,分别模拟了棵间蒸发、根系吸水、生育期、光合、呼吸、同化物分配、根系生长、叶面积增长、产量形成等过程。用1995-10～1996-06的田间试验资料对模型进行验证,结果表明该模型能较好地模拟土壤水分运动与作物生长发育过程的耦合关系。     

不同水氮调控对玉米农艺性状及产量的影响

通过不同水氮调控对旱棚栽培玉米的农艺性状和产量的影响研究表明,水分胁迫条件下,较正常施氮量,氮胁迫有增产趋势;而水分相对充足情况下,氮胁迫相对减产,但不显著;在水分充足的条件下,氮肥对株高和叶面积起促进作用;水分对干物质积累的作用高于氮肥;氮肥可以促进根系对土壤水分的吸收,适当的干旱可以促进植株根系发育;水氮双重胁迫下根系衰老最为严重。     

土壤剖面基础性质差异对农田水氮过程和作物产量的影响

【目的】华北平原地区是中国最重要的冬小麦和夏玉米生产基地,不同农田土壤基础性质差异是造成该地区农田生产力空间变异的基本原因。通过研究该地区冲积始成土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田土壤剖面性质对水氮过程以及作物产量形成的影响,以期为该地区高产农田的水氮利用与管理提供参考。【方法】选取位于山东省泰安市研究区3块具有不同土壤基础性质且产量存在显著性差异的农田,进行3年田间试验,测定土壤剖面的土壤基本性质,具体包括机械组成、饱和导水率、田间持水量、永久萎蔫点、有机碳、全氮;监测土壤剖面0-160 cm的水分和硝态氮的动态变化以及作物生物量、叶面积指数和产量等。运用根区水质模型（RZWQM）对各农田的水氮过程进行模拟计算。【结果】RZWQM模型在整体上可以很好地模拟2009年10月至2012年9月3年不同基础土壤性质农田水分、无机氮、作物产量、地上部生物量和叶面积动态特征,并计算各农田水氮平衡项。各农田土壤基础性质差异对水氮过程及产量形成的影响具体为：高产农田0-160 cm剖面的最大有效贮水量为223 mm,分别高出中产和低产农田28和56 mm,同时30 cm深度以下土层具有相对较低的饱和导水率。该基础性质差异使得高产农田年均水分损失（地表径流+深层渗漏）仅为150.3 mm,分别低于中产和低产农田5.7和26.4 mm,从而使高产农田作物受到相对低的水分胁迫。高产农田土壤表层土壤有机碳含量较中低产田高,而碳氮比则较低,使得高产农田具有更高的净矿化氮量（较中产和低产农田高52.0和82.6 kg·hm^-2）,且较低的氮损失（氨挥发+氮淋洗+反硝化作用）,较中产和低产农田分别少6.9和10.9 kg·hm^-2。高产农田的水分利用效率（WUE）为2.32 kg·m^-3,分别较中产和低产农田高12.1%和6.8%,这是因为高产农田受到较低的氮素胁迫。在本研究区不同土壤基础性质农田的氮素利用效率（NUE）差异不显著。【结论】在华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米轮作区,理想的土体构型能够存储更多的有效水,高土壤有机碳含量和低的碳氮比能矿化出更多的无机氮,保障了充足的水氮供应,减缓作物受到的水氮胁迫,从而获得高产。     

Modeling water and heat transfer in soil-plant-atmosphere continuum applied to maize growth under plastic film mulching

Based on our previous work modeling crop growth (CropSPAC) and water and heat transfer in the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC), the model was improved by considering the effect of plastic film mulching applied to field-grown maize in North-west China. In CropSPAC, a single layer canopy model and a multi-layer soil model were adopted to simulate the energy partition between the canopy and water and heat transfer in the soil, respectively. The maize growth module included photosynthesis, growth stage calculation, biomass accumulation, and participation. The CropSPAC model coupled the maize growth module and SPAC water and heat transfer module through leaf area index (LAI), plant height and soil moisture condition in the root zone. The LAI and plant height were calculated from the maize growth module and used as input for the SPAC water and heat transfer module, and the SPAC module output for soil water stress conditions used as an input for maize growth module. We used r_s, the representation of evaporation resistance, instead of the commonly used evaporation resistance r_s0 to reflect the change of latent heat flux of soil evaporation under film mulching as well as the induced change in energy partition. The model was tested in a maize field at Yingke irrigation area in North-west China. Results showed reasonable agreement between the simulations and measurements of LAI, above-ground biomass and soil water content. Compared with the original model, the modified model was more reliable for maize growth simulation under film mulching and showed better accuracy for the LAI (with the coefficient of determination R² = 0.92, the root mean square of error RMSE= 1.23, and the Nush-Suttclife efficiency E_ns = 0.87), the above-ground biomass (with R² = 0.96, RMSE= 7.17 t·ha⁻¹ and E_ns = 0.95) and the soil water content in 0–1 m soil layer (with R² = 0.78, RMSE= 49.44 mm and E_ns = 0.26). Scenarios were considered to simulate the influence of future climate change and film mulching on crop growth, soil water and heat conditions, and crop yield. The simulations indicated that the change of LAI, leaf biomass and yield are negatively correlated with temperature change, but the growing degree-days, evaporation, soil water content and soil temperature are positively correlated with temperature change. With an increase in the ratio of film mulching area, the evaporation will decrease, while the impact of film mulching on crop transpiration is not significant. In general, film mulching is effective in saving water, preserving soil moisture, increasing soil surface temperature, shortening the potential growth period, and increasing the potential yield of maize.     

日光温室湿环境模拟与试验研究

根据质量平衡原理,构建了日光温室湿环境模拟模型.该模型全面考虑了作物蒸腾、土壤蒸发、覆盖层内表面凝结、自然通风和闭膜后的冷风渗透向空气中传递水蒸气质量四大因素对日光温室内湿环境的动态影响过程.利用典型结构的日光温室对模拟模型进行了试验验证,结果显示模拟值与实测值比较吻合,相关系数大于0.85,相对误差小于10％.试验证明构建的日光温室湿环境模拟模型能较准确地描述日光温室湿环境动态变化过程.     

作物-土壤氮循环对大气CO2浓度和温度升高响应的研究进展

在地球化学元素循环中,氮素是最重要、最活跃的营养元素之一。农田生态系统中的氮素很大程度上决定农作物的产量和品质。然而,在全球气候变化背景下,随着大气CO₂浓度和温度升高,作物-土壤氮循环的变化可能显著影响农田生态系统中的作物生产。因此,研究作物-土壤氮循环对大气CO₂浓度和温度升高的响应,能够为科学合理地预测未来气候条件下,农田生态系统中作物的氮素需求,以及保障农作物产量的稳定供应提供理论依据,对于全面认识全球气候变化背景下的农田生态系统氮素循环过程及土壤可持续利用具有重要意义。本文综述了大气CO₂和温度升高对作物氮素吸收和分配,以及与氮有效性密切相关的土壤氮转化的影响,并系统总结了二者对作物-土壤氮循环过程产生的交互作用。总结以往研究发现,在大气CO₂浓度升高条件下,作物的蒸腾作用减弱,但光合作用增强,生物量加大,根系分支和根表面积增加,豆科作物的根瘤固氮能力提高,因此整体上促进作物对氮的吸收,并且增加作物向籽粒中分配氮的比例,但作物的平均氮浓度降低。此外,高CO₂浓度提高了土壤酶活性,增强了土壤有机氮矿化作用、硝化及反硝化作用,加速了土壤氮转化。升温和CO₂浓度升高对作物-土壤氮循环产生正向或负向的交互作用,主要表现在：高温和高CO₂浓度对作物的生物量、光合作用、地下部氮分配、根系分支以及根表面积具有协同促进作用,升高温度减轻了高CO₂浓度对作物蒸腾作用和作物氮浓度的抑制作用。然而,升温抑制了高CO₂浓度对作物向籽粒中氮分配、氮吸收以及产量的促进作用;升温虽然能进一步增强高CO₂浓度对土壤酶活性和有机氮矿化的促进作用,但是对于土壤硝化和反硝化作用,二者的交互作用以及相关的分子机制尚不明确。大气CO₂升高和温度升高对土壤微生物,以及微生物与作物之间的耦合关系的研究比较薄弱,特别是由微生物主导的氮循环过程及其对全球气候变化的反馈机制是未来研究的重点。本文提出利用16S rRNA、DGGE、T-RFLP、qPCR、RT-PCR技术、蛋白组学以及稳定性同位素探针原位研究技术,可以将复杂环境中微生物物种组成及其生理功能进行耦合分析,揭示大气CO₂浓度与温度对作物-土壤氮循环过程的交互作用机理,增强对气候变化下农田生态系统氮素循环响应的预测能力,为农田生态系统有效地适应气候变化提供科学的理论依据。     

饱和—非饱和流溶质运移的实验及数值模拟研究

本文在水盐运移实验基础上,正确地采用了考虑土壤不动水体与吸附作用的溶质运移数学模型和以v为因变量的土壤水分数学模型。在非饱和蒸发条件下对各种求解溶质运移方程的数值方法进行了系统比较,采用了适合于本研究特征—饱和—非饱和流的特征—有限元法对灌溉入渗、蒸发和再分配条件下饱和—非饱和土壤溶质运移规律作了较系统的计算机数值模拟与预测研究。     

灌水量对日光温室黄瓜水分分配及硝态氮运移的影响

为了揭示灌水量对日光温室黄瓜水分分配及硝态氮运移的影响,以津育5号黄瓜(Cucumis sativus L.)为试材,研究了常规灌溉、常规灌溉量下浮25%和50%3个灌水量条件下,灌溉水的去向、硝态氮淋洗、根层土壤硝态氮运移、根系分布及产量和水分利用效率。结果表明:减少灌水量使水分深层渗漏、土面蒸发及土壤储水量下降,而植株蒸腾量和含水量不同处理差异不显著;在本试验设定的灌水量范围内,灌水量减少有增产趋势,下浮25%和50%分别比常规灌溉增产10.5%和15.4%,水分利用效率提高10.9%和22.0%;并减少了硝态氮的淋洗量,促使养分更多的分布于根层,对节水和保护地下水环境具有重要意义。     

地膜覆盖对蒸腾蒸发的影响

通过2000年农田膜覆盖的试验，结果表明该项技术具有明显的保墒作用，有效地改善了土壤的湿度和土壤储水量，还对农田的土壤温度和空气湿度有明显的影响，从而影响了作物蒸腾和土壤的蒸发，促进了农田水分的良性循环。     

交替根区灌溉的研究进展

综述了交替根区灌溉的产生背景、理论基础、节水效应。交替根区灌溉能够产生根源信号,从而调节气孔开度,降低蒸腾速率,而对光合速率的影响较小;它能够促进根系的补偿性生长,增强根系对水分、养分的吸收与传导能力;通过减少灌溉面积,减少了土壤蒸发,降低了水分的深层渗漏损失。同时,综述了交替根区灌溉在多种大田作物、蔬菜以及果树作物上的研究与应用效果,还对今后的研究工作进行了展望。     

AquaCrop模型在大葱生物量和土壤贮水量模拟中的应用和验证

为评估AquaCrop模型在华北平原模拟大葱生长和农田水分的适用性,本研究利用实测的农民施肥方式的一个小区和增施氮肥处理的土壤水分、作物生长和产量数据,结合气象资料,获得了AquaCrop模型模拟大葱生长和土壤水分的模型参数,并利用实测的农民施肥方式的另外一个小区、减施氮肥、优化施氮和秸秆还田处理的土壤贮水量和生物量数据进行了模型验证。结果表明：在无水分胁迫条件下AquaCrop模型对大葱土壤贮水量及生物量的模拟结果是可以接受的。对土壤贮水量实测值与模拟值的RMSE为19.4~24.9 mm之间,相对误差为3.9%~12.4%;大葱生物量实测值与模拟值的RMSE为0.31~0.73 t/hm2,相对误差为5.8%~12.8%。     

Integrating remote sensing information with crop model to monitor wheat growth and yield based on simulation zone partitioning

Research into crop growth models at the spatial scale is of great significance for evaluating crop growth, predicting grain yield and studying global climate change. Coupling spatial remote sensing (RS) data can effectively promote the simulation of growth models at spatial scales. However, the integration of RS data and crop models to produce a coupled model based on pixel by pixel requires a large amount of calculations. Simulation zone partitioning is used to separate and cluster the large area into a few relatively uniform zones. Then, the growth model can run on the basis of these units. This method both reflects spatial heterogeneity and avoids repeated simulations of regions with similar attributes, improving the simulation efficiency. In this study, simulation partitioning was performed using soil nutrient indices (organic matter content, total nitrogen content and available potassium content) and corresponding spatial characteristics of wheat growth, as indicated by RS data. A coupled model, integrating RS information and the WheatGrow model, using vegetation indices as the coupling parameters (based on the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm and PROSAIL model), was developed. The aim was to realize accurate prediction of wheat growth parameters and grain yield at the spatial scale. Good zone partitions were obtained by partitioning with the spatial combination of soil nutrient indices and the wheat canopy vegetation index, calculated during the main growth (jointing, heading and filling) stages. The variation coefficients of each index within individual simulation sub-zones were much smaller than those of the indices across the whole area. An analysis of variance showed that the indices were significantly different between the simulation sub-zones, which indicated that appropriate simulated sub-zones had been defined. The minimum root mean square error of the leaf area index, leaf nitrogen accumulation and yield between the predicted values and the values simulated by the coupled model were 0.92, 1.12 g m^?2, and 409.70 kg ha^?1, respectively, which were obtained when the soil-adjusted vegetation index was used as a partitioning zone and assimilating parameter. These results demonstrated that the coupled model of the crop model and RS data, based on the simulation sub-zones had a good prediction accuracy. The results provide important technical support for increasing model efficiency, when crop models need to be applied at the spatial scale.     

施氮量对柳枝稷生物质产量和水肥利用特性的影响

在黄土高原半干旱地区,以能源作物柳枝稷为材料,通过田间试验,研究不同施氮量(0、60、120和240kg/hm2)对柳枝稷生物质生产和水氮利用效率的影响。结果表明:施氮显著提高柳枝稷生物质产量,当施氮量为120kg/hm2时柳枝稷生物质产量最高;施氮显著增加柳枝稷耗水量,在一定程度上降低土壤含水量,但显著提高水分利用效率;施氮显著提高柳枝稷生物质中氮质量分数和吸氮量,但施氮量超过120kg/hm2后,继续增加施氮量则不能显著增加植株对氮素的吸收积累;柳枝稷氮肥利用效率随氮肥用量增加而降低。可见,施氮量60~120kg/hm2既能保证柳枝稷较高的生物质产量,又能保证较高的水分利用效率和氮肥利用效率。     

残留地膜对土壤污染及棉花生长发育的影响

棉田地膜覆盖栽培技术的广泛应用，残留地膜对土壤污染逐年大幅度的增加，试验结果表明地膜残留于土壤中使土壤物理性状恶化。主要表现在土壤水份下渗和上渗系数降低。使棉田出苗率降低，死苗率上升，改变了植株根系在土壤中的分布形态，使主根下扎深度变浅，不利于根系对土壤深层水的吸收利用，造成一定程度上的减产。虽然目前棉田地膜残留量尚未对棉花产量构成明显影响，但对自然环境污染程度已成为不容忽视的问题。     

温室番茄营养生长期叶片蒸腾速率的模拟模型研究

建立节水条件下作物叶片的蒸腾速率模拟模型将为温室作物节水灌溉提供理论依据。本研究以温室盆栽番茄营养生长期叶片为研究对象,在温室内进行了不同定植期和水分处理试验。以光合速率光响应曲线模拟值为基础,建立了不同水分条件下的气孔导度模型以及基于气孔导度模型的Penman-Monteith叶片蒸腾速率模型,并采用不同播期试验下的试验数据对建立的模型进行检验。结果表明,气孔导度模型模拟番茄叶片气孔导度的均方根误差(RMSE)和相对回归估计标准误差(rRMSE)分别为0.0109mol/(m2·s)(H2O)和12.83%,叶片蒸腾速率模型的RMSE和rRMSE分别为0.18mmol/(m2·s)(H2O)和15.55%。建立的番茄叶片蒸腾速率模型实现了通过基本温室气象参数和土壤水分参数模拟叶片蒸腾速率,模拟精度较高,参数便于获取,是对短时间尺度蒸腾速率模拟研究的有益探索,具有一定的理论意义和良好的应用前景。     

运用投影寻踪法建立苹果树蒸腾量的预测模型

[目的]运用投影寻踪回归分析法建立苹果树蒸腾量的预测模型,为更方便更好地预测苹果树蒸腾量提供指导。[方法]根据2009年5～9月气象站观测数据,对气温、相对湿度、风速、太阳辐射、大气压、土壤温度、叶温和水面蒸发量进行分析,并应用投影寻踪回归分析法建立了各气象因子与苹果树蒸腾量的预测模型。[结果]气象数据分析表明,大气水势随着气温增高呈减小的趋势,但随着气温降低和湿度增加而增加。气温、净辐射与作物叶水势均呈抛物线关系。随着净辐射的增大,作物消耗的水量增大,叶水势降低。由叶水势与土壤含水率关系可知,当土壤含水率减少时,苹果根系难以吸收到足够的水分,不能满足叶片蒸腾耗水的需求,导致叶片含水量偏低,叶水势也随着下降。苹果叶水势随着土壤含水率的降低而降低。[结论]运用投影寻踪回归分析法建立了气象因子对苹果树蒸腾量的预测模型,且预测精度较高。     

玉米根分泌物对喀斯特地区土壤吸附磷的影响

磷是作物生长发育的必要养分,喀斯特地区的土壤中碳酸钙是主要的磷吸附基质,使得喀斯特土壤中可利用的磷含量低。农作物根的分泌物在活化磷的过程中起重要作用。利用平衡法模拟喀斯特地区土壤在有根分泌物存在时的磷吸附反应。结果表明,玉米根分泌物能抑制土壤对磷的吸附,即使得土壤中可供作物利用的磷增加。土壤对磷的等温吸附反应能被Freundlich方程很好地拟合,拟二级速率方程是描述土壤对磷的吸附动力学的最优方程。     

硬覆盖对农田生态系统影响的试验研究

通过田间定位试验研究了水泥极硬覆盖对棉田和玉米田土壤蒸发、作物蒸腾、土壤温度变化、作物生长发育状况及产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明：硬覆盖能减少农田土壤无效蒸发，调节土壤水分、降低土壤温度变化幅度，促进春播作物全苗壮，提高作物产量和水分 效率。     

非饱和土壤水分一维运动的数值模拟

以土壤水动力学原理为基础,利用有限差分法,建立了垂直方向上非饱和土壤水分一维运动的数值模型,用以模拟均质土壤在不同初始与边界条件下的水分运动。程序使用面向对象编程的VisualBasic高级程序设计语言编写,并通过验证。该模型可以模拟降水和灌溉入渗以及蒸发条件下的土壤水分在垂直剖面上的分布情况。