生物炭挤压成型机的设计与试验

利用螺旋挤压成型原理,设计一种农作物秸秆生物炭挤压成型机。通过对螺旋喂料器、螺杆、成型出口等关键部件的分析计算,确定螺旋喂料器、螺杆、保型筒等关键部件和机构的运动参数和结构参数,并试制样机。以农作物秸秆生物炭为试验材料,以不同螺杆类型、不同含水率和粘结剂添加量为试验因素,采用抗压强度和抗跌碎性为评价指标,设计正交试验,对该挤压成型机性能进行试验。结果表明,当采用等距不等深螺杆、粘结剂添加量为25%左右、含水率为35%左右时,样机的生产率为215kg/h,成型样品的密度为1.06g/cm~3,抗压强度为0.16 MPa,抗跌碎性为98.23%,各项指标满足生物炭成型标准或设计要求。     

生物炭挤压成型机的设计与试验

利用螺旋挤压成型原理,设计一种农作物秸秆生物炭挤压成型机。通过对螺旋喂料器、螺杆、成型出口等关键部件的分析计算,确定螺旋喂料器、螺杆、保型筒等关键部件和机构的运动参数和结构参数,并试制样机。以农作物秸秆生物炭为试验材料,以不同螺杆类型、不同含水率和粘结剂添加量为试验因素,采用抗压强度和抗跌碎性为评价指标,设计正交试验,对该挤压成型机性能进行试验。结果表明,当采用等距不等深螺杆、粘结剂添加量为25%左右、含水率为35%左右时,样机的生产率为215 kg/h,成型样品的密度为1.06 g/cm3,抗压强度为0.16 MPa,抗跌碎性为98.23%,各项指标满足生物炭成型标准或设计要求。     

基于焦油作为黏结剂的玉米秸秆炭成型工艺研究

为研究玉米秸秆炭成型过程中各参数之间的交互作用,获得最佳工艺参数,该文采用三因素的响应面试验设计研究了混料水分(15%～35%)、成型压力(7～10 k N)、焦油添加量(0～10%)3个参数对成型玉米秸秆炭的抗压强度、松弛密度以及比能耗3个成型指标的影响,建立了响应面模型,获得了最佳工艺参数,并对优化后的试验参数进行了试验验证。结果表明:在选取试验参数范围内,混料水分、成型压力、焦油添加量均会对技术指标产生较大影响;最优的工艺参数组合为混料水分35%、焦油添加量9.87%、成型压力10 kN,在该参数组合下的验证试验结果为抗压强度13 300.57 N、松弛密度701.52 kg/m~3、比能耗0.25 kJ/kg。本研究为成型炭新能源产品的开发提供了理论依据。     

成型参数对有粘结剂成型玉米秸秆燃料密度与强度的影响

为探讨高钙粉煤灰复合粘结剂对玉米秸秆原料成型密度和强度的影响,采用闭式冲压成型装置对添加高钙粉煤灰复合粘结剂的玉米秸秆进行成型实验研究,分别考察压力、温度、粒度和含水率对成型燃料的影响,并给出了最佳的成型压力范围。结果表明:玉米秸秆在压力为32～50MPa的范围内,加热温度85℃,物料含水率在12%以下,平均粒度为2mm的颗粒,能实现较好的有粘结剂成型,密度和强度基本符合工业要求。     

人工湿地废弃植物制备成型燃料

[目的]提高人工湿地植物资源化利用水平。[方法]以收割的废弃植物为原料,通过冷压成型制备成型燃料,研究了成型压力、粘结剂添加量、原料含水率对成型燃料密度和机械强度的影响。[结果]成型燃料制备的最优工艺参数为成型压力40 MPa、粘结剂添加量15%、原料含水率8%,在此条件下制得的成型燃料密度和抗跌强度分别高达0.97 g/cm和96%。[结论]该研究为人工湿地植物处理处置问题提供了新的思路。     

不同加工因素对发酵全株青绿玉米低温制粒的影响

为促进发酵全株青绿玉米的应用,本试验采用正交试验设计,研究其在全价饲料中的添加量以及加水量、次粉添加量、制粒机模孔直径对全株青绿玉米颗粒料的制粒温度、颗粒硬度、含粉率、水分含量4个指标的影响。结果表明,全株青绿玉米添加量、加水量和模孔直径极显著影响制粒温度和颗粒硬度(P0.01),模孔直径和全株青绿玉米添加量为主要因素,次粉添加量为次要因素;全株青绿玉米添加量和模孔直径极显著影响含粉率(P0.01);全株青绿玉米添加量和加水量极显著影响颗粒料的水分含量(P0.01);全株青绿玉米低温制粒的制粒温度与颗粒硬度显著负相关(P0.05)、与含粉率存在极显著负相关(P0.01)。认为:控制全株青绿玉米的添加量和模孔直径有助于降低制粒温度;全株青绿玉米颗粒硬度与其水分含量极显著负相关,与含粉率极显著正相关。     

成型燃料规模化生产的影响因素研究

为了提高成型燃料的燃烧性能和储运性能,通过正交试验,分析了成型燃料的含水率,粉碎粒度与成型直径等因素对成型燃料的重要性能指标-抗跌碎性与抗渗水性的影响程度以及影响规律.结果表明:原料的含水率和粉碎粒度对抗跌碎性与抗渗水性存在显著影响:含水率为10%～15%,粉碎粒度大于30mm时效果较好;而成型直径的影响不显著.     

稻秸秆生物质成型燃料物理特性的研究

试验研究了稻秸秆的含水率和原料粒径对其成型燃料物理特性的影响。试验结果表明,随着含水率的提高,稻秸秆成型燃料的松弛密度和抗渗水性呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,成型燃料的抗跌碎性随着稻秸秆含水率的增加而降低,稻草和稻壳的最佳含水率区间分别为6.50%～7.80%和6.80%～8.50%。随着粒径的增大,稻草成型燃料的松弛密度逐渐减小,抗渗水性明显增强。稻草粒径对成型燃料的抗跌碎性影响不显著。     

新疆地区切碎棉秆压缩成型块的研究

通过实验研究新疆地区切碎棉秆压缩成型块的松弛密度和抗变形、抗跌碎、抗渗水性能.加载压力是影响压缩成型块品质的重要因数之一.研究发现随着压力的增大压缩成型块的松驰密度、抗跌碎性逐渐变大,抗渗水性、抗变形性变小,压力在140KN以上时,对成型块的抗变形、抗跌碎、抗渗水性能的影响较小.     

花生壳热压成型工艺参数的试验研究

采用四元二次回归正交旋转试验和响应面分析方法,利用SPSS11．5和Matlab7．1软件研究成型压力、加热温度、花生壳含水率和花生壳与粘结剂质量比对花生壳成型块松弛密度的影响,建立了花生壳成型块松弛密度的数学模型,得出花生壳成型块的最优松弛密度。结果表明：对花生壳成型块松弛密度的影响次序为成型压力、加热温度、花生壳与粘结剂质量比、花生壳含水率;最优组合为成型压力10MPa,花生壳与粘结剂质量比3：1,花生壳含水率15％,加热温度100℃,此条件下得到的花生壳热压成型块的松弛密度为1．1008g／cm2。     

Effects of exogenous spermidine on the photosynthesis of Cucumis sativus L. seedlings under rhizosphere hypoxia stress

With water culture, this paper studied the effects of exogenous spermidine (Spd) on the net photosynthetic rate (P _n), intercellular CO₂ concentrations (C _i), stomatal conductance (G _s), transpiration rate (T _r), apparent quantum yield (Φ _c), and carboxylation efficiency (CE) of cucumber seedlings under hypoxia stress. The results showed that P _n decreased gradually under the hypoxia stress, and reached the minimum 10 days later, which was 63.33% of the control. Compared with that of the hypoxia-stressed plants, the P _n 10 days after the application of exogenous Spd increased by 1.25 times. A negative correlation (R ²=0.473−0.7118) was found between _{P n} and C _i, and G _s and T _r changed in wider ranges, which decreased under the hypoxia-stress, but increased under the hypoxia-stress plus exogenous Spd application. There was a significant positive correlation between G _s and T _r (R ²=0.7821−0.9458), but these two parameters had no significant correlation with P _n. The hypoxia stress induced a decrease of Φ _c and CE by 63.01% and 72.33%, respectively, while the hypoxia stress plus exogenous Spd application made Φ _c and CE increase by 23% and 14%, respectively. The photo-inhibition of cucumber seedlings under hypoxia stress was mainly caused by non-stomatal inhibition, while the exogenous Spd alleviating the hypoxia stress by repairing photosynthesis systems. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2006, 17(9): 1609–1612 [译自: 应用生态学报]     

Adventitious shoot regeneration from the leaves of some pear varieties (Pyrus spp.) grown in vitro

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important temperate fruit crops. A complete protocol for adventitious shoot regeneration was developed from the leaves of four pear varieties grown in vitro: Abbe Fetel, Yali, Packham’s Triumph and Aikansui, and the Chinese rootstock variety Duli. Shoot explants were collected from the field and cultured in vitro in Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). After four weeks, leaf explants of all 5 varieties grown in vitro were excised and cultured in MS media supplemented with 0.0 mg·L⁻¹, 0.2mg·L⁻¹, 0.5 mg·L⁻¹, 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA or with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹, 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ and 4.0 mg·L⁻¹ thidiazuron (TDZ). The cultures were maintained in darkness for 21 days for shoot induction in the shoot induction medium (IM), then transferred to the shoot expression medium (EM) in 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ without any auxins and kept in a growth room at (25±2)°C under a 16/8 h light/dark photoperiod regime for 8 weeks. Finally, the shoots were transferred to the MS shoot elongation medium (SEM) supplemented with 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ BA, 0.1 mg·L⁻¹ IBA and 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ gibberellic acid (GA₃). A combination of TDZ and NAA had a significant effect on the number of shoot regenerations in all 5 tested varieties. The maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf obtained from Yali variety were 11.8 (P⩽0.001) and 22, followed by Aikansui with 6.6 (P⩽0.001) and 4.6, and Duli with 8 (P⩽0.001) and 12, all arising from the combination of 0.2 mg·L⁻¹ NAA with 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ TDZ. For Packham’s Triumph and Abbe Fetel, the maximum mean number of shoots and maximum number of shoots per leaf were 5.6 (P⩽0.001), 4.8 and 8 (P⩽0.001), and 11, respectively, from the combination of NAA (1.0 mg·L⁻¹) and TDZ (2.0 mg·L⁻¹). Abbe Fetel was the only variety which produced significantly higher adventitious shoots from the two different combinations of 1.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.05), and 2.0 mg·L⁻¹ NAA and 5.0 mg·L⁻¹ BA (P⩽0.01). Some of the most prominent problems associated with shoot proliferation and regeneration were also observed and discussed in this paper.     

3种园林植物的抗盐光合特性

研究狗牙花、红背桂和花叶假连翘叶片的光合作用对盐胁迫的响应,揭示3种幼苗耐盐胁迫的能力,以便为滨海盐土的园林植物选择提供参考。通过利用人工浇盐的方式模拟野外盐环境,测定植物光合指标,并用主成分方法评定各种园林植株的抗盐性。结果表明,随着盐胁迫时间的延长,在0.3%盐浓度胁迫下,3种幼苗的Pn不断下降;狗牙花与花叶假连翘的Gs和Ci不断下降,红背桂先升后降;狗牙花与红背桂的Tr不断下降,花叶假连翘先降后升。在0.6%盐浓度胁迫下,3种幼苗的Pn持续下降;狗牙花的Gs先降后升,红背桂与花叶假连翘下降。狗牙花、花叶假连翘的Ci先降后升,红背桂持续下降;3种幼苗的Tr先降后升。采用主成分分析法对3种植株的光合指标进行综合评价,显示盐浓度胁迫下的3种植物幼苗的光合指标得分为红背桂狗牙花花叶假连翘。3种苗木中,红背桂叶片能维持较高的光合活性,更适于盐碱地栽培,而花叶假连翘的耐盐胁迫能力弱。     

不同施氮措施对枸杞园土壤NH3挥发和N2O排放的影响

为明确适宜氮肥用量配施硝化抑制剂对柴达木枸杞园土壤NH₃挥发和N₂O排放的影响,在柴达木地区枸杞园开展研究,共设置9个处理:N667、N534、N400、N267、N133、N0处理分别表示施用纯氮667、534、400、267、133、0 kg·hm^-2,N400I2.00、N267I1.33、N133I0.67处理分别表示在N400、N267、N133处理基础上配施2-氯-6(三氯甲基)-吡啶(nitrapyrin)2.00、1.33、0.67 kg·hm^-2,采用通气法和静态暗箱法采集NH₃和NO₂,连续流动分析仪和气相色谱仪测定气体含量。结果表明:NH₃挥发速率与累积量均随施氮量的增加而增加,相同施氮量下配施硝化抑制剂对NH₃挥发无显著影响。N667处理2019年及2020年的NH₃挥发速率峰值分别为0.48 kg·hm^-2·d^-1和0.57 kg·hm^-2·d^-1,NH₃挥发累积量分别为34.49 kg·hm^-2和35.11 kg·hm^-2,显著高于其他处理。两年相同施氮量处理下配施与未配施硝化抑制剂处理的NH₃挥发累积量均无显著差异;N400I2.00、N267I1.33、N133I0.67处理较农民习惯施氮(N667)处理显著降低了N₂O排放。2019年和2020年N667处理的N₂O累积排放量较N400处理分别增加了43.10%、16.11%,N400I2.00、N267I1.33、N133I0.67处理的N₂O累积排放量较N400、N267、N133处理降低了28.52%~41.37%。2019年和2020年N400I2.00处理的产量较N667处理显著提高了9.26%及6.67%,且净收益提高了9.80%、7.10%。研究表明,与农民习惯施氮量相比,减施氮肥且配施硝化抑制剂可显著降低NH₃挥发和N₂O排放,同时可提高枸杞产量与经济效益。施氮量为400 kg·hm^-2且配施nitrapyrin 2.00 kg·hm^-2为柴达木高肥力枸杞园较优的施氮组合。     

猪伪狂犬病病毒流行毒株gE/gI缺失突变株的构建及生物学特性研究

【目的】为研制针对猪伪狂犬病病毒流行毒株的疫苗提供候选毒株。【方法】构建针对猪伪狂犬病病毒流行毒株的gE/gI缺失重组转移质粒pMD-LA-RA及携带EGFP标记基因的重组转移质粒pMD-LA-EGFP-RA,将pMDLA-EGFP-RA与伪狂犬病病毒流行毒株PRV AH进行同源重组,利用EGFP为筛选标记,获得携带EGFP基因的gE/gI基因缺失突变株PRV AH gE~–/gI~–/EGFP~+,以此毒株与pMD-LA-RA进行第2次同源重组,筛选去除EGFP基因的gE/gI基因缺失突变株PRV AH gE~–/gI~–,并通过生长曲线、易感细胞连续传代和动物免疫评价其增殖能力、遗传稳定性及免疫原性。【结果】通过2次同源重组,结合荧光观察、空斑纯化和PCR检测,成功获得了PRV AH gE~–/gI~–,经PCR鉴定、荧光观察及测序鉴定,证实该毒株g E和g I基因被成功缺失,且不携带EGFP标记基因。生物学特性研究结果表明,该毒株增殖能力与亲本毒株相当,遗传稳定性及免疫原性良好。【结论】采用同源重组技术成功构建了免疫原性良好的猪伪狂犬病病毒流行毒株gE/gI基因缺失突变株,为研制针对流行毒株的基因缺失疫苗奠定了一定的基础。     

斑马鱼胚胎经丙草胺暴露后对其仔鱼致畸效应的研究

为探讨斑马鱼胚胎暴露于丙草胺后对斑马鱼仔鱼的致畸效应和致畸机理,研究了斑马鱼胚胎暴露于0.50、1.00、1.50 mg·L~(-1)丙草胺染毒液120 h后仔鱼的畸形表型及比率,并通过检测与畸形器官发育相关的基因表达探讨致畸机理。结果发现,丙草胺暴露后诱导斑马鱼仔鱼出现心包囊肿、躯干弯曲、游囊关闭等畸形表型,随着暴露浓度的增加,各畸形症状比例增大。1.00、1.50 mg·L~(-1)暴露组仔鱼心包囊肿率分别为15.56%(P0.05)、25.56%(P0.01),脊柱弯曲率分别为27.78%(P0.01)、35.56%(P0.01);0.50、1.00、1.50 mg·L~(-1)暴露组仔鱼游囊关闭率分别为20%(P0.05)、37.78%(P0.01)和60%(P0.01)。丙草胺显著降低了心脏发育相关基因Tbx2[1.00 mg·L~(-1)(P0.01)、1.50 mg·L~(-1)(P0.05)],骨骼发育相关基因BMP-2[1.50 mg·L~(-1)(P0.05)]、BMP-4[1.00 mg·L~(-1)(P0.01)、1.50 mg·L~(-1)(P0.01)],游囊发育相关基因shha[1.50 mg·L~(-1)(P0.05)]、ihha[1.00 mg·L~(-1)(P0.05)、1.50 mg·L~(-1)(P0.05)]的表达水平。研究表明,丙草胺通过影响心脏、骨骼和游囊相关基因的表达引起斑马鱼仔鱼的以上器官发育异常。     

Effect of interactions between carbon dioxide enrichment and NH 4 + /NO 3 − ratio on pH of culturing nutrient solution, growth and vigor of tomato root system

A growth chamber experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻ ratio and elevated CO₂ concentration on the pH in nutrient solution, growth and root vigor system of tomato seedling roots, which attempts to understand whether the elevated CO₂ concentration can alleviate the harmful effects of higher NH₄⁺-N concentration in nutrient solutions on the tomato root system. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. var. Hezuo 906) was grown in pots with nutrient solutions varying in NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻ ratio (0:1, 1:3, 1:1, 3:1 and 1:0) and the growth chambers were supplied with ambient (360 μL·L⁻¹) or elevated CO₂ concentration (720 μL·L⁻¹). The results showed that the pH changed with the growth process and CO₂ concentration increased. At both CO₂ levels, pH increased when 100% NO₃⁻-N was supplied and decreased in other treatments. The pH decrease in the nutrient solution was directly correlated to the NH₄⁺-N proportion. The pH value was more reduced in 100% NH₄⁺-N nutrient solution than increased in the 100% NO₃⁻-N nutrient solution. CO₂ enrichment increased the dry weight of shoots and roots, root vigor system, total absorbing area and active absorbing area of tomato seedlings. All the measurement indexes above were increased in the elevated CO₂ concentration treatment with the NO₃⁻ proportion increase in the nutrient solutions. Thus, under the elevated CO₂ concentration, the dry weights of shoots and roots, root vigor system, total root absorbing area and active absorbing area were found to be inversely correlated to NH₄⁺/NO₃⁻ ratio, leading to about 65.8%, 78.0%, 18.9%, 12.9% and 18.9% increase, respectively, compared with that under the ambient CO₂ concentration. Our results indicated that tomato seedling roots may benefit mostly from CO₂ enrichment when 100% NO₃⁻-N nutrient solutions was supplied, but the CO₂ concentration elevation did not alleviate the harmful effects when 100% NH₄⁺-N was supplied. __________ Translated from Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2007, 13(5): 865–870 [译自: 植物营养与肥料学报]     

双氰胺减少铵态氮肥施用后潮土N2O排放的机制

为探讨双氰胺（DCD）减少铵态氮肥施用后氧化亚氮（N₂O）的排放机制,通过开展好氧培养试验,研究DCD配施铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）或亚硝态氮（NO₂^--N）对潮土土壤N₂O排放的影响,同时添加不同浓度NO₂^--N模拟NO₂^--N累积对N₂O和CO₂排放的影响。结果表明： DCD仅对NH₄⁺-N氧化过程中N₂O排放有抑制作用,对NO₂^--N还原过程中产生的N₂O没有影响;培养前7 d,DCD显著抑制NH₄⁺-N的氧化过程,降低净硝化速率,而在添加NO₂^--N土壤中加入DCD后净硝化速率显著增加,培养30 d后,DCD对NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N氧化过程均没有影响;添加外源NO₂^--N明显促进了N₂O排放,其排放通量显著高于不施肥的对照处理; N₂O累积排放量同NO₂^--N浓度呈正相关,CO₂累积排放量同NO₂^--N浓度呈显著负相关。研究表明,DCD可以避免NO₂^--N大量累积而产生的毒害作用,但仅对氨氧化过程N₂O减排有效果,因此亟待研发适于抑制NO₂^--N产生N₂O的新型抑制剂。     

臭氧与干旱胁迫对海南蒲桃和盆架子幼苗光合生理的影响

以海南蒲桃（Syzygium hainanense）和盆架子（Alstonia scholaris）幼苗为材料,置于开顶气室进行人工臭氧熏气和干旱处理。通过测定0 d、15 d、30 d时2种树木幼苗叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度及蒸腾速率,计算气孔限制值,分析这些指标在臭氧胁迫和干旱胁迫下的变化情况。结果显示：⑴受臭氧和干旱胁迫的影响,2种幼苗叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率随处理时间的延长呈现下降,胞间CO₂浓度和气孔限制值上升或下降,臭氧与干旱交叉胁迫的影响大于臭氧或干旱单一胁迫。在臭氧胁迫下,海南蒲桃幼苗的净光合速率下降以气孔限制为主,干旱胁迫下以非气孔限制为主。（2）盆架子幼苗在臭氧胁迫和干旱胁迫下从气孔限制转为非气孔限制,说明海南蒲桃的抗臭氧能力强于盆架子,抗旱能力不如盆架子;臭氧和干旱交叉胁迫下,2种幼苗的净光合速率下降均以非气孔限制为主,说明他们抗臭氧与干旱交叉胁迫的能力相近。     

黄瓜YABBYs家族及CsYAB1a基因功能初探

为鉴定黄瓜YABBYs家族及对CsYAB1a基因的生物学功能进行初步探究,通过BLASTp比对鉴定黄瓜YABBYs基因,并对其进行基因、蛋白质水平分析和染色体定位,同时利用实时荧光定量和原位杂交技术检测其在黄瓜中的时空表达模式;在拟南芥中异源过表达CsYAB1a基因,对转基因株系进行表达量分析和表型观察统计;通过外源喷施脱落酸和生长素处理检测CsYAB1a基因的响应情况。结果表明:1)黄瓜YABBYs家族包含8个家族成员,所有成员均包含C2C2锌指结构域和YABBY结构域;大部分YABBYs基因在生殖器官有表达,CsYAB1a基因主要在花瓣原基和子房外果皮中富集,并呈现出远轴端表达的极性模式。2)在拟南芥中异源过表达CsYAB1a基因导致雌雄蕊发育畸形且果荚变短、叶片细长并向远轴端卷曲等表型;CsYAB1a基因调控拟南芥果实和叶片的发育,并对果实发育基因AtSPL、AtIND、AtHEC以及叶片极性基因AtAS1和AtKANs的表达量有影响。3)黄瓜YABBYs基因启动子包含5种激素响应元件,CsYAB1a和CsCRC基因对外源脱落酸和生长素喷施处理均有响应。综上,推测黄瓜YABBYs家族可能在黄瓜营养生长和生殖生长过程中发挥重要作用,且CsYAB1a基因调控黄瓜果实和叶片的发育。