若干高白度小麦的色泽优势及形成因素分析

 【目的】以进口的高白度品种澳白麦和山东省现在主要推广的济麦21作对照,研究山东省最新育成的几个高自然白度的小麦品种优麦3号、山农12、山农8355及品系62008的色泽优势,对影响面粉及面制品色泽形成的各种因素进行研究,分析其色泽优势形成的主要影响因素,为面粉及其制品色泽性状的改良和高自然白度优质专用小麦品种的选育提供理论依据。【方法】运用智能白度仪和色彩色差计对面粉、面片和馒头的色泽进行评价。【结果】中国的高白度品种（系）具有很大的色泽优势,在面制品色泽上,和对照澳白麦相比,L*值差异不显著,但b*值极显著降低,特别是62008和山农12加工成馒头后L*值比澳白麦高,b*值比对照澳白麦低。加入增白剂后,中国的高白度品种（系）色泽变化的幅度比澳白麦小。对面粉色泽形成影响因素的研究结果表明,蛋白质含量高的品种,其色泽优势形成的主要原因是PPO活性和黄色素含量低;蛋白质含量低的品种,淀粉含量高是其形成高亮度的主要原因;PPO活性和黄色素含量越高,面粉及面制品黄度越大。【结论】在不用增白剂的情况下,通过选育高白度品种,可以满足人们对面制食品高白度的要求。对蛋白质含量高的材料,不过分追求面粉的白度和亮度,但可通过对低PPO活性和低黄色素含量的选择,培育食品色泽优良的高蛋白小麦新品种。对淀粉含量高的材料,既要重视面粉的白度和亮度,又要重视对低PPO活性和低黄色素含量的选择,培育用于加工中国传统食品的高白度小麦新品种。考虑到面食品的多样化,也可以选择蛋白质含量高、PPO活性低、黄色素含量高的特殊材料,培育加工亮黄色食品的品种,丰富中国的小麦品种类型。     

小麦淀粉特性及微量面粉溶剂保持能力的研究

以陕西省区域试验的14个小麦品种(系)为材料,系统研究了小麦面粉的总淀粉、直链淀粉、破损淀粉率、粘度特性、淀粉酶活性、面粉膨胀体积及其与微量碳酸氢钠SRC值间的关系。结果表明,参试小麦品种 (系)面粉的直链淀粉含量、直／支链淀粉比、破损淀粉率、破损值、回升值的变异系数较高,在小麦品种间变化较大。微量面粉碳酸氢钠SRC值与破损淀粉率呈极显著正相关,与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关,与峰值粘度、降落数值和面粉膨胀体积呈显著负相关。通过二次旋转回归正交组合设计分析了微量SRC法中离心力(X1)、溶剂量(X2)、溶涨温度(X2)和溶涨时间(X4)等因素对碳酸氢钠SRC值的影响,建立了微量面粉碳酸氢钠SRS值的回归方程,结果表明离心力、溶剂量、溶涨温度和溶涨时间均对微量面粉碳酸氢钠SRS值有影响,但不是简单的线性关系。     

不同HMW-GSs组成小麦籽粒淀粉理化特性对面团稳定时间的影响

【目的】小麦面团由面筋蛋白形成的细丝包裹淀粉构成。面团的流变学特性影响着食品的加工品质。探究淀粉理化特性对面团流变学特性的影响,为阐明淀粉在面团中的作用提供理论依据。【方法】以12个小麦品种或品系为试验材料,这12个试验材料具有3种高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基（HMW-GSs）组合,新麦26、济麦44、西农615和藁城8901的亚基组合为1、7+8、5+10;西农221、西农979、西农633和西农059的亚基组合为1、7+8、2+12;15（85）2A、14（417）0-0-10、小偃22和周麦18的亚基组合为1、7+9、2+12。从试验材料的面粉中提取淀粉并用扫描电子显微镜观察淀粉粒形态,测定并分析淀粉理化性质（淀粉粒分布、直链淀粉含量、相对结晶度、短程有序度和热特性）和面团混揉特性（形成时间和稳定时间）。【结果】12个材料淀粉颗粒中,大淀粉粒呈不规则的椭圆形,小淀粉粒呈不规则椭圆形或多面体。新麦26、济麦44、藁城8901、西农221、西农979和西农059淀粉粒排列紧密,西农615、西农633、15（85）2A、14（417）0-0-10、小偃22和周麦18的淀粉粒排列较为分散,西农979、15（85）2A、小偃22和周麦18中含有较大直径的A型淀粉粒。A型淀粉粒含量越高,B型淀粉粒含量就会越低,B型淀粉粒与A型淀粉粒含量的比值就会越小。当材料间的直链淀粉含量接近时,那么它们的面团稳定时间也较为接近。12个材料淀粉的X射线衍射图相似,均属于A型晶体结构。淀粉的傅里叶变换红外光谱分析表明,新麦26拥有最高的1 045/1 022 cm^-1值和最低的1 022/995 cm^-1值;周麦18的1 022/995 cm^-1值最高,反而1 045/1 022 cm^-1值较低。这表明试验材料较高的1 045/1 022 cm^-1值通常对应较低的1 022/995 cm^-1值。12个试验材料的淀粉特性不同,其面团稳定时间也有显著差异。新麦26、济麦44、西农221、西农979和西农633具有较长的面团稳定时间,其中,新麦26的面团稳定时间远远长于其他材料。【结论】在12个试验材料中,直链淀粉含量（r=0.88,P<0.01）和淀粉短程有序度（r=0.83,P<0.01）与面团的稳定时间呈显著正相关,A型淀粉粒含量（r=0.61,P<0.05）、淀粉相对结晶度（r=0.84,P<0.01）和淀粉糊化焓（r=0.71,P<0.01）与面团稳定时间呈显著负相关。     

小麦品种品质与挤压膨化产品理化特性的关系

【目的】分析不同品种小麦品质与挤压膨化产品理化特性之间的关系,探讨适合生产挤压膨化食品的小麦品质特性。【方法】16个小麦品种经实验型双螺杆挤压机在相同参数条件下挤压得到膨化型小麦粉产品,分析小麦品种品质、挤压膨化产品理化特性以及二者之间的相关关系。【结果】不同品种小麦的品质特性和相应挤压膨化产品的理化特性之间均有较大差异;挤压膨化产品的色差与千粒重、面粉白度、弱化度,吸水性指数与籽粒蛋白质含量、沉淀值、湿面筋含量、形成时间,水溶性指数与籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、拉伸长度,糊化度与籽粒蛋白质含量、沉淀值、湿面筋含量之间均存在显著负相关关系;色差与籽粒硬度、降落数值,吸水性指数与容重,水溶性指数与面筋指数、5cm拉伸阻力,产品硬度与籽粒硬度、面粉白度均存在显著正相关关系;所选的16个小麦品种中,泰农18、济麦22、青丰1号、青农2号、烟农23和鲁麦21更适合制作挤压膨化食品。【结论】小麦品质指标中千粒重、容重、籽粒硬度、面粉白度、籽粒蛋白质含量、沉淀值、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、降落数值、形成时间、弱化度、拉伸长度和5 cm拉伸阻力对挤压膨化产品的理化特性均有显著影响,具有高千粒重、容重、面筋指数、弱化度、5 cm拉伸阻力和低籽粒硬度、面粉白度、籽粒蛋白质含量、沉淀值、湿面筋含量、降落数值、形成时间和拉伸长度的小麦品种或原料较适合生产挤压膨化食品。     

目前推广小麦品种面粉白度概况及其相关因素的研究

在 4环境条件下对 10 4个小麦品种 (系 )面粉白度的研究结果表明 ,气候因素、土壤条件及栽培措施和品种 (基因型 )对小麦面粉白度均有显著的影响作用 ,但品种作用最为重要 ,通过遗传改良可显著提高小麦品种面粉白度 ;小麦品种面粉白度与籽粒硬度、面粉吸水率、蛋白质和面筋含量极显著或显著负相关 ,即籽粒硬度、面粉吸水率、蛋白质和面筋含量越高 ,面粉白度越差 ,面粉白度与蛋白质 (面筋 )的质量无关 ;10 4个小麦品种 (系 )的平均面粉白度为 74 8% ,变幅为 5 4 8%～ 82 2 % ,面粉白度高 (≥ 80 % )的品种多数为筋力弱的粉质麦 ,目前尚缺乏面粉白度高的强筋和中筋力小麦品种     

不同小麦品种面粉品质性状对花期高温响应及耐热性评价

【目的】研究高温热害对小麦面粉品质的影响,为选育高产优质耐热型小麦品种提供理论参考。【方法】选用26份春小麦品种为材料,采用田间模拟高温胁迫,在抽穗-扬花期进行高温处理,取成熟期籽粒测定籽粒蛋白质含量、籽粒硬度及面粉品质等指标,运用聚类分析方法综合评价其耐热性。【结果】阿勃等18个品种在高温胁迫下湿面筋含量呈现上升趋势,但多数品种的面筋指数降低;龙麦30、新春38号和新春41号3个品种的峰值黏度在高温胁迫下呈显著上升,但多数小麦品种的籽粒硬度指标受花期高温影响不显著。阿勃、高原448、宁春53号、新春44号、新春40号等5个品种耐热性强;龙麦30、龙麦37、藏春11号、克春4号、龙麦26、龙麦35、高原506、克春11号、宁春16号、新春31号等 10个品种耐热性中等。【结论】高温胁迫对不同基因型小麦品种面粉品质影响不一,新疆自育品种耐热性还有待进一步提高。     

四川小麦新品种(系)的制曲品质性状评价

【目的】深入了解新育成小麦品种(系)的品质特征,筛选适宜酿造制曲的品种。【方法】以制曲小麦绵阳15和川麦41为对照,采用近红外仪对154份小麦的13个品质性状进行测定,同时采用硬度指数测定仪、凯氏定氮仪和淀粉试剂盒对筛选材料的硬度、蛋白质和淀粉含量等进行测定。【结果】156份小麦平均蛋白质含量12.48%,籽粒硬度55.09,软度179.17,除水分含量、吸水率和容重的变异系数小于10%外,其他性状变异较大;各品质性状间存在不同程度的显著或极显著相关;156份小麦根据品质特征可聚为7类,其中对照品种与120个品种(系)聚为一大类;所筛选的27份材料的平均总淀粉含量55.62%,直链淀粉含量22.02%。近红外测量与其他方法测量硬度(r=0.74)和蛋白质含量(r=0.88)显著正相关。【结论】156份小麦品质性状存在丰富的变异,主要属于中弱筋粉质小麦;绵阳15和川麦41存在品质差异,筛选出5份与对照品质相似的材料供进一步评价利用;研究所筛选材料为深入研究小麦品质与制曲品质关系奠定了基础。     

长江中下游地区小麦品种籽粒和面条品质分析

【目的】分析长江中下游麦区江苏省、安徽省和湖北省等3个省份间小麦品种的品质性状差异,选出重要品质性状指标,以及对面条等加工品质产生重要影响的因素,为长江中下游地区小麦品种品质评价、优质专用小麦品种选育和品质区划等提供理论依据。【方法】在对各品质性状进行方差分析的基础上,对种植于3个省份6个试点13个小麦品种的25个品质性状进行主成分分析,筛选和评价该地区小麦品种重要品质性状;采用正交偏最小二乘法判别分析区分省份间品质性状的差异;对影响面条品质的因素作通径分析。【结果】供试材料所有品质性状在地点、品种、品种×地点间差异均达到极显著水平;主成分分析将所有品质性状分为淀粉糊化指数、面粉吸水指数、粉质仪指数、蛋白质指数、面粉色泽指数、麦谷蛋白指数、淀粉崩解值指数7个主成分,其累计贡献值达81.250%,涵盖绝大多数的品质性状;对总体的品质评价起第一主导作用的是淀粉糊化指数,其次是面粉吸水指数和粉质仪指数;正交偏最小二乘法判别分析结果表明,该麦区3个省份间品质性状差异表现在反弹值、最终黏度、低谷黏度和峰值黏度等淀粉糊化特性上;通径分析结果显示碳酸钠溶剂保持力对面条感官评价的直接正向效应最大,而淀粉糊化的崩解值和面筋表现指数对面条感官评价的负向作用较大。【结论】长江中下游地区的小麦品质在不同品种间和不同种植区间的品质性状存在着极显著差异;淀粉糊化特性指数等品质性状表现易受环境的影响,且是影响该区总体品质评价的第一主导因子;江苏省、安徽省和湖北省等3个省份间小麦品种在反弹值、最终黏度、低谷黏度和峰值黏度等淀粉糊化特性的差异最大,在选育该区中弱筋小麦品种和评价其品质时,应加强对低谷黏度、最终黏度、峰值黏度等淀粉糊特性的重视;影响面条品质（感官评价）的主要因素是破损淀粉率,破损淀粉率高的面粉,适合制作优质面条。     

EMS诱变对小麦淀粉理化特性的影响

【目的】通过对1.2% EMS（甲基磺酸乙酯）处理的济麦20、济麦22诱变群体M3单株种子理化特性的分析,为小麦淀粉品质改良提供理论和材料基础。【方法】分别利用快速粘度仪（RVA）、近红外分析仪、耐高温α-淀粉酶法对淀粉糊化特性、总淀粉、直链淀粉和抗性淀粉含量进行测定分析。【结果】济麦20、济麦22诱变材料糊化粘变异度系数分别在12.25%~25.48%和30.92%~40.61%之间;济麦22诱变材料直链淀粉平均含量低于未诱变材料,而济麦20的相差不大;济麦22诱变材料抗性淀粉平均含量明显高于济麦20。【结论】两个小麦品种诱变材料糊化粘度变异程度、变化趋势均不同,可形成不同品质、不同功能的淀粉材料。     

EMS诱变对小麦淀粉理化特性的影响

【目的】通过对1.2%EMS（甲基磺酸乙酯）处理的济麦20、济麦22诱变群体M3单株种子理化特性的分析,为小麦淀粉品质改良提供理论和材料基础。【方法】分别利用快速粘度仪（RVA）、近红外分析仪、耐高温α-淀粉酶法对淀粉糊化特性、总淀粉、直链淀粉和抗性淀粉含量进行测定分析。【结果】济麦20、济麦22诱变材料糊化粘变异度系数分别在12.25%~25.48%和30.92%~40.61%之间;济麦22诱变材料直链淀粉平均含量低于未诱变材料,而济麦20的相差不大;济麦22诱变材料抗性淀粉平均含量明显高于济麦20。【结论】两个小麦品种诱变材料糊化粘度变异程度、变化趋势均不同,可形成不同品质、不同功能的淀粉材料。     

微量SRC值与小麦品质的关系

以陕西省、河南省大面积种植及陕西近年来选育的14个小麦品种(系)为材料,系统分析了小麦面粉微量SRC值与蛋白质品质、淀粉品质及面团流变学特性间的关系,并根据微量乳酸SRC值分布初步拟定了品质分类界限值。结果表明,作为反映谷蛋白特性的快速检测指标,微量乳酸SRC值主要与GM P、面筋指数、SDS沉淀值相关;作为反映面粉破损淀粉水平的快速检测指标,微量碳酸氢钠SRC值主要与破损淀粉率、峰值粘度相关;而作为面团流变学特性的预测指标,微量水SRC值主要反映了面团稳定时间的变化,微量乳酸SRC值主要反映了吸水率、面团形成时间和拉伸能量的变化,微量碳酸氢钠SRC值主要反映了面团吸水率和弱化度的变化。强筋小麦品种微量乳酸SRC值应在120%以上,中筋小麦品种应在100%~120%,弱筋小麦应在100%以下。微量SRC法能够准确反映小麦蛋白质品质、淀粉品质及面团流变学特性,是一种简便的微量品质检测方法。     

Swelling Index of Glutenin (SIG) Related to Protein Quality,Dough Characters and Noodle Quality

The swelling index of glutenin (SIG) and the protein fraction of 25 Chinese wheat varieties were studied with new protein fractions extracting method. The protein fractions compose of monomeric protein, soluble glutenin and insoluble glutenin. The relations between other protein index, dough character, and fresh noodle quality were also discussed. The SIG results at different time is positively and highly significantly related to the insoluble glutenin content (r=0.808 -0.867, P＜ 0.01). The SIG result can reflect the insoluble glutenin content. The protein content, gluten index, farinograph stability time, extensibility length and extensigramenergy were positively and significantly correlated with SIG5 and SIG20 (r=0.516- 0.734, P＜0.05, 0.01).SIG proved to be applicable in Chinese wheat dough evaluation. Fresh noodle making quality parameters were evaluated by fresh noodle length, thickness, maximum resistance to extension, extension area and extension distance, while cooked noodle texture was determined by cutting firmness, compression recovery, surface firmness and TPA by using a texture analyzer of TA.XT2i.The noodle cooking quality was significantly correlated with SIG value. The surface firmness and cutting firmness were more desirable for predicating the quality difference than TPA test and compression. Cooking loss and water absorption were negatively related to SIG value and insoluble content (r=-0.556 - - 0.787, P＜ 0.05, 0.01) . The results showed that SIG test was also suitable in evaluating noodle making and cooking quality in very small sample size, which was very important in wheat breeding programs. Therefore,SIG test, as a small scale test, is suitable to evaluate dough rheological properties for Chinese wheat varieties, and will be helpful in cereal research and wheat breeding program, especially, in early generations.     

谷蛋白溶涨指数与面团特性和面条品质的关系

 采用谷蛋白溶涨指数 (SIG)法及新的蛋白质组分分离方法 ,分析了 2 5个中国小麦品种的蛋白质组分含量 ,并对面团物理特性、面条制作特性和蒸煮品质进行了评价。结果表明 ,不同溶涨时间 (min)SIG与不溶性谷蛋白含量呈极显著正相关 (r=0 .80 8～ 0 .86 7;P <0 .0 1) ,说明SIG可间接反映不溶性谷蛋白的含量。蛋白质含量、面筋指数、稳定时间、拉伸长度、拉伸能量与SIG5、SIG2 0显著正相关 (r=0 .5 16～ 0 .734;P <0 .0 5 ,0 .0 1) ,说明SI     

新疆春小麦品种品质性状主成分及聚类分析

[目的]选择不同筋力新疆自育和引进的春小麦品种,分析其磨粉品质、蛋白质品质性状和淀粉品质性状等指标,为育种家进一步开展品种选育和品质改良提供参考依据.[方法]选择30个春小麦品种,分析23个品种性状指标,采用主成分分析.把23个品质性状归于8个主成分,分别是淀粉糊化特性、粉质参数、蛋白质含量、降落数值、直链淀粉含量、面筋指数、峰值时间和Zeleny沉淀值,以品质因子进行聚类分析.[结果]经主成分分析,8个主成分其分别决定总变异量的44.00;、14.49;、8.52;、8.25;、5.46;、4.07;、3.30;和2.74;.把30个春小麦品种聚成4类:第一类小麦品种的面粉L*、面团形成时间、稳定时间和评价值等粉质参数上表现突出,面筋指数和淀粉糊化特性表现较好,而籽粒蛋白含量、湿面筋含量和面粉吸水率偏低.第二类小麦品种中的淀粉糊化特性好,湿面筋含量、籽粒蛋白质、面粉b*含量高,但面筋指数含量低.第三类小麦品种在面粉L*、面团稳定时间和评价值表现差.第四类小麦品种的灰分含量、面粉吸水率偏高,而形成时间较短,淀粉糊化特性表现较差.[结论]通过对新疆自育和引进的30个春小麦品种的23个品质性状的主成分和聚类分类分析,筛选出了影响春小麦品质的8个主成分,对这8个品质指标的选择有利于小麦品质育种和改良效率的提高.     

RVA and Farinograph Properties Study on Blends of Resistant Starch and Wheat Flour

Resistant starch （RS） is the undigested starch that passes through the small intestine to the large intestine. As a functional low calorie additive, it has special applications in the food industry. Rapid visco analysis （RVA） and the Brabender farinograph were used to study the pasting properties and the viscoelasticity of blends of RS （RS3 and RS2） and three wheat flours. The wheat flours represented strong gluten wheat （SGW）, intermediate gluten wheat （IGW）, and weak gluten wheat （WGW） flours, at different levels of RS substitution （0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%）. The influence of RS3 on the control wheat flours and RS-wheat flour blends were consistent with those of RS2. The peak, trough, and final viscosities of RS3-wheat flour blends were higher than those of the corresponding RS2-wheat flour blends. The peak, trough, breakdown, final, and setback viscosities ofwheat-RS blends decreased with an increase in resistant starch contents from 0 to 20% in the blends. The 0-20% RS-wheat flour blends were all able to form doughs. The dough development times, dough stabilities, dough breakdown times, and farinograph quality numbers for the RS-wheat flour blends decreased as the RS proportion in the blends increased. The values for RS-SGW flour blends were the highest, followed by RS-IGW and then RS-WGW flour blends. The water absorption values for RS-wheat flour blends and the mixing tolerance index for RS-WGW flour blends were found to increase significantly with an increasing proportion of RS from 0 to 20%, but the mixing tolerance index for RS-SGW and RS-IGW flour blends showed no significant differences amongst the different ratios. Correlation analysis showed that the Farinograph quality number was highly positively correlated with dough breakdown time, dough stability, and dough development time （r= 1.000, 0.958, 0.894）, and highly negatively correlated with the mixing tolerance index （r =-0.890）. Data from this study can be used for the development of dough-based products. It also pr     

Comprehensive Analysis on Grain and Processing Quality of Several Wheat Varieties in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River

【Objective】 The present study was conducted to analyze the quality differences of tested wheat varieties in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River, including Jiangsu, Anhui and Hubei Provinces. The important factors influencing the noodle quality was assessed in providing theoretical basis for the wheat quality evaluation, variety selection with high-quality, and regional distribution of wheat quality. 【Method】 Based on the variance analysis of quality properties, principal component analysis was carried out in 25 quality traits of 13 wheat varieties planted in 6 pilot sites from 3 provinces, so as to evaluate and screen the important quality properties in this area. Then, partial least square analysis was used to distinguish the quality variation among provinces. Finally, the factors affecting the quality of noodle were analyzed by path analysis. 【Result】 Principal component analysis classified all quality traits into starch gelatinization index, flour water absorption index, flour quality index, protein index, flour color index, glutenin index and starch breakdown index and their cumulative contribution value reached 81.250% covering the vast majority of quality indexes. In the middle and lower reaches wheat areas of the Yangtze River, starch gelatinization index was the leading factor in quality evaluation, followed by flour water absorption index and flour quality index. The results of orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) showed that the specific quality differences among the three provinces in this region were manifested in the gelatinization characteristics of starch, such as final viscosity and setback. From the results of path analysis, sodium carbonate solvent retention capacity could be seen as the largest directly positive effect on the sensory evaluation of noodles, while the disintegrating value of starch gelatinization and gluten performance index had relatively great negative effect on noodle quality. 【Conclusion】 Wheat quality in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is a complex integrative character, and there are significant differences in quality traits among different cultivars and planting areas. Starch gelatinization index and other quality traits are all easily affected by the environment. The great quality variation among the three provinces is setback and final viscosity of starch. With the increase of Trough, final viscosity and setback in starch, the quality of noodle enhance. Damaged starch content is the main factor that affects the quality of noodles based on the sensory evaluation. The wheat flour with high damaged starch content could be used to produce the high-quality noodle.