澜沧江自然保护区周边社区林业现状及发展对策

应用农村快速评估方法,对自然保护区内及周边土地利用、社区林业现状、资源传统利用与管理方式、保护区现行管理体系及与周边社区的关系作了全面系统地调查.结果显示:保护区周边群众对森林资源的依赖性高、利用方式多样,但利用率低、资源浪费和消耗严重,周边社区参与保护区管理的能力低,随保护力度加大和经济技术的发展,各民族人民在建房用材上对森林资源的依赖呈现逐步降低的趋势.引入社区林业理论,提出改进保护区管理的方法,提高周边社区参与保护区管理的意识,将保护区管理与乡村群众的经济条件改善结合起来是实现保护区有效管理的途径之一.     

Rapid stakeholder and conflict assessment for natural resource management using cognitive mapping: The case of Damdoi Forest Enterprise,Vietnam

Understanding stakeholders perceptions and motivations is of significant importance in relation to conservation and protected area projects. The importance of stakeholder analysis is widely recognized as a necessary means for gaining insight into the complex systemic interactions between natural processes, management policies, and local people depending on the resource. Today, community and group-based participatory inquiry approaches are widely used for this purpose. Recently, participatory approaches have been critiqued for not considering power relations and conflict internal to the community. In this article, we suggest that the five-step Rapid Stakeholder and Conflict Assessment (RSCA) methodology addresses this critique. The objective of the methodology is to provide a facilitator with a comprehensive foundation on which to plan and conduct subsequent participatory project development. The RSCA integrates elements of soft systems and critical systems thinking. Qualitative research interviews and cognitive mapping of stakeholders mental models are used for collection of empirical material and analysis. The RSCA methodology is demonstrated in a case study concerning buffer zone management in the coastal wetlands of southern Vietnam. The case study shows that the RSCA methodology can provide an efficient way of obtaining a holistic and critical understanding of a complex resource management situation, thus potentially enhancing project performance in an instrumental as well as an ethical sense.     

西庄河山地流域森林资源管理途径探讨

通过分析西庄河山地流域森林资源管理中的具体情况，指出在转型期，流域森林资源管理分类经营是有效方法之一，要充分利用国家实施西部大开发战略的有利时机，以天然林保护、退耕还林还草等具体措施为手段，吸纳社区共管的模式来扎扎实实推进流域森林资源持续管理水平，维持流域社会经济和环境的可持续发展。     

A methodology for tracking the “fate” of technological interventions in agriculture

The primary focus of agricultural research and extension in eastern Africa is technology generation and dissemination. Despite prior critiques of the shortcomings of this approach, the consequences of such activities continue to be measured through the number of technologies developed and introduced into the supply chain. At best, impact is assessed by the total numbers of adopters and by the household and system factors influencing adoption. While the diffusion research tradition has made substantive advances in recent decades, attention to what happens to technologies after adaptive, on-farm research trials continues to be limited in practice. While a host of newer approaches designed to correct for past shortcomings in diffusion research is now available, integrative methodologies that capitalize on the strengths of these different traditions are sorely needed. This article presents a more encompassing methodology for tracking the fate of technological interventions, illustrating the potential applications of findings for enhancing the positive impact of agricultural research and extension in the region. Laura German holds a BSc in Agricultural Engineering from Cornell University (2001) and a PhD in Ecological Anthropology from the University of Georgia (2001). Following many years of involvement in Latin America, she took a position in 2002 as Scientist for the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) under the African Highlands Initiative, an ecoregional program of the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and a network of the Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central Africa. Her current research interests include theoretical and applied work in three main areas: (1) research-development linkages; (2) integrated natural resource management at the landscape/micro-catchment scale; and (3) collective action in natural resource management. Jeremias Mowo holds a BSc in Agriculture (1979) from Dar Es Salaam University and an MSc (1983) and PhD (2000) in Soil Science from Wageningen University. He worked as soil fertility specialist in cotton-based agro-ecosystems for 11 years and coordinated soil research in Tanzania for four years. From 1998 to 2005, he worked under the African Highlands Initiative as Coordinator for the Lushoto Benchmark Site in Tanzania. In May 2005, he took up a two-year contract with the Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda (ISAR) as Senior Scientist in Soil and Water Management Research where he is currently spearheading the Integrated Watershed Management approach. His research interests include integrated natural resource management, farmer participatory research, methods and approaches for technology transfer, soil and water management research, organic farming and use of indigenous knowledge in soil management. Margaret Kingamkono holds a BSc in Agriculture (1994) and an MSc in Agriculture (1996) from the Sokoine University of Agriculture. Since 1995, she has worked for the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security in Tanzania with a focus on livestock production. She has carried out extensive collaborative work on areas of land resource management, participatory approaches, and crop-livestock-agroforestry interactions. Her research interests include gender and development and integrated natural resource management.     

社区为基础的自然资源管理(CBNRM)方法的制度化——基于贵州省长顺县凯佐乡的实践

CBNRM是一种积极的、社区为主体的参与式方法,旨在可持续地利用自然资源的同时又关注社区生计发展,是实现农村人口、资源与环境可持续发展的策略。CBNRM方法的制度化是将CBNRM的方法/工具、理念以及基本原则在社区或社区组织和政府体系内推广,并使之最终成为他们日常工作和行为的规范。研究和实践表明,横向推广和纵向推广相结合,研究、培训和倡导手段并用是CBNRM方法制度化的有效方法和策略。然而目前CBNRM方法的推广应用还面临诸多限制,制定一套与之相适应的相关政策和措施是促进CBNRM方法应用并取得预期效果的根本保障。     

南滚河国家级自然保护区及周边地区社会林业现状与发展对策研究

在我国首次运用社会林业理论与调查对南滚河国家级自然保护区区内及周边社区群众管理利用森林资源现状与发展发展社会林业存在问题及对于 专业调查研究。     

Conceptualizing integrative, farmer participatory research for sustainable agriculture: From opportunities to impact

This paper offers a conceptualmodel for participatory research projects thataim to improve the sustainability ofagriculture and natural resource management.The purpose of the model is to provide asystematic framework that can guide the designof participatory research projects, theiranalysis, and the documentation of results. Inthe model, conceptual boundaries are drawnbetween research and development, developmentand extension and between extension andimplementation. Objectives, activities, andactors associated with each of these realmsneed to be carefully selected, monitored, andevaluated throughout the course of a projectusing well-designed indicators. The depth ofdisciplinary and methodological integration,and quality of participation needed to reachthe desired impact effectively and efficiently,however, needs to be determined on acase-by-case basis depending on the context andissues surrounding each particular project.     

参与式森林资源纠纷管理方法探讨

基于对“参与式”涵义的理解和森林资源的纠纷类型与产生原因分析，结合近年来从事的有关资源管理与利用的专题调查研究和有关会议精神，就“参与式”方法如何应用于森林资源纠纷或冲突管理过程作了有益的探索。     

Watered-down democratization: modernization versus social participation in water management in Northeast Brazil

This article examines social participation in water management in the Jaguaribe Valley, state of Ceará, Northeast Brazil. It argues that participatory approaches are heavily influenced by the general ideological and symbolic contexts in which they occur, that is, by how participants understand (or misunderstand) what is taking place, and associate specific meanings to things and events. An analysis of these symbolic factors at work sheds light on the potentialities of and limitations on participatory experiences not accounted for in usual structural analyses. In the particular case of Ceará, this article describes how the idea of modernization, which is so pervasive in the ways economic development is presented in Brazil, provides a frame against which other meanings are constructed. In water management arenas, the presentation of participation as an aspect of the general modernization of the state has reorganized meanings and delegitimized some forms of knowledge and economic activities to the detriment of others. As a result, the promotion of equality through participation lost a great deal of efficacy, and this state of affairs provided some degree of social validation for asymmetries in participatory decision making processes.     

参与性监测与评估技术及其在社区自然资源管理研究中的应用

参与性监测与评估是近10年来国际上广泛应用于参与性农村发展、社区自然资源管理研究项目的一项实用技术和方法，本文结合案例的分析详细介绍参与性监测与评估的基本概念、方法以及在社区自然资源管理研究项目中的应用，目的在于推动参与性监测与评估方法在中国的应用，促进参与性发展研究项目的实施。     

贵州山区村级社区自然资源管理的参与性研究

贵州省是一个山地多、平地少，农业资源结构失衡，经济文化发展滞后的贫困省份。发展经济与保护资源环境之间的矛盾十分突出，尤其是在少数民族人口较为集中的贫困山区。本研究针对贵州省贫困山区资源利用管理中缺乏有效的管理机制、利用技术和当地社区足够的参与，采用参与性的资源利用管理方法，通过当地社区的积极参与，初步探索出一套实级社区水平上的资源利用与管理的机制、技术与方法，在合理利用山区资源发展经济的同时，有效地保护了当地的资源，实现了经济与环境的可持续发展。     

参与式发展研究方法在村级发展规划中的应用 ——以保定市两渔村为例

参与式发展研究是农村发展工作者与农民一起共同分析现状、共同制定和执行发展规划的一种研究方法。运用参与式方法制定的发展方案能够充分体现农民的意愿和想法,使农民在实施中具有很高的积极性,保证方案实施的可持续。采用参与式发展研究方法,按照“参与”、“互动”、“讨论”、“研究”的原则,提出了近期两渔村村级发展规划。     

参与式造林管理技术工具应用研究

实施参与式造林管理技术的5个县区、65个乡镇、316个村造林面积为22 665.2 hm²,在总计2 762个小班中达到合格与基本合格的小班占82%,造林效果显著。通过7a实施参与式造林管理技术,对引进的参与式方法进行了本土化总结,归纳整理出40个参与式造林管理技术工具,使参与式方法具体化,贴近造林现场,便于操作。     

项目制资源下乡:利益主体、风险与规避

党的十九大提出了乡村振兴战略决策后,大量公共资源向农村地区输入。项目制资源下乡受到地方政府的青睐,其具有一定的特惠性与竞争性,通过分析项目制资源下乡过程中政府、企业、村庄、村民、村干部等利益主体之间的关系,发现在资源分配中存在着决策信息失真风险、资源流失风险、项目失败风险和农村基层治理生态失衡风险。从健全信息收集反馈机制、建立监督管理制度、引入参与式发展项目管理和重塑农村基层治理秩序等方面提出了规避风险的思考,以期实现公共资源有效下放。     

Eliciting indigenous knowledge on tree fodder among Maasai pastoralists via a multi-method sequencing approach

Although the potential of indigenous knowledge in sustainable natural resource management has been recognized, methods of gathering and utilizing it effectively are still being developed and tested. This paper focuses on various methods used in gathering knowledge on the use and management of tree fodder resources among the Maasai community of Kenya. The methods used were (1) a household survey to collect socio-economic data and identify key topics and informants for the subsequent knowledge elicitation phase; (2) semi-structured interviews using key informants to gather in-depth information; (3) tree inventory to collect quantitative data on the ecological status of trees and shrubs on rangelands; and (4) group consensus method to countercheck information elicited from key informants. Study results obtained show that the use of multiple methods in an appropriate sequence is an effective way of building upon the information elicited from each stage. It also facilitates the collection of different types of data and knowledge allowing a measure of triangulation, which can be used to confirm the validity and consistency of indigenous knowledge. Multiple methods also allow the collection of more knowledge than can be obtained if only one method is used. Therefore, it is recommended that future studies on indigenous knowledge systems use multiple methods that combine both individual and group interviews in order to obtain more complete and accurate information. Evelyne Kiptot, a research scientist with the Kenya Forestry Research Institute, is based at Muguga Regional Research Centre but is currently a PhD student in the Technology and Agrarian Development (TAD) chair group at Wageningen University in the Netherlands. Her current research activities focus on indigenous knowledge systems in pastoral areas, participatory approaches, and upscaling.     

参与式灌溉管理对农户生计资本影响的实证研究——基于内蒙古灌区农户的调研

基于农户可持续生计分析框架,以内蒙古灌区农户为例,利用内蒙古5个旗县区的353户农户样本数据,分析参与式灌溉管理模式对农户生计资本产生的影响。结果表明:参与式灌溉管理对农户的生计总资本、物质资本、人力资本和社会资本具有显著的正向影响。随着灌溉管理改革的深入,农户的生计资本水平不断提高,与传统的村集体管理方式相比,参与式灌溉管理不但在满足农户用水需求、化解用水矛盾以及节约用水方面起到积极作用,而且在提升农户生计资本水平方面也产生明显的效果。     

Environment

In contrast to the approaches to resource management and preservation of the past decade, a new perspective on environmental problems is emerging. Six major trends in scientific thinking are (i) increased efforts to examine environments In holistic frameworks, (ii) greater attention to life support systems, (iii) enlarged canvass of the range of choices in resource management, (iv) refinement in methods of risk assessment, (v) streamlined methods for monitoring environmental change, and (vi) more emphasis on the global framework.     

Renovating dependency and self-reliance for participatory sustainable development

Dependency stands for manygrievances and is generally considered asymptom of oppression. An opposing concept,offered as the preferred state, isself-reliance. Dependency and self-reliance arekey concepts in sustainable developmentprograms that feature participatory approaches.Some of the ways in which development projectsemploy the concepts of dependency andself-reliance, however, are troubling.Dependency and self-reliance in two programsfor participatory sustainable development areexamined, one in Canada and the other in NewZealand. Frameworks for dependency and self-reliance aredrawn from social psychology and philosophy toexamine problematic aspects associated with theconcepts. Analysis produced a proposal foruse of the term situatedinterdependence as a way to cast the outcomesof participatory sustainable development moreprecisely. The location of the cases (Canadaand New Zealand) centers the discussion withina context of industrialized agriculture, butalso points to issues pertinent to developingcountries.     

国家林业局赴美国人力资源管理培训团学习考察报告

国家林业局人力资源管理培训团于2013年12月赴美国进行了为期21天的培训。培训团集中学习了美国林业系统专业人才培养和管理、林业系统人力资源的开发使用、吸引优秀林业专业人才的措施办法、人力资源管理与信息技术应用等培训课程。同时,围绕林业人力资源管理工作的具体做法、成效、经验等进行了实地考察和深入交流。通过培训、走访交流和实地考察,全团对美国林业及其人力资源管理方面的做法、经验有了一些初步了解。美国人力资源管理机制经过长期的运行、改善,其管理制度、机制沉淀下了许多可供我们学习的东西。学习他们的理念、做法、经验,对于促进我国林业人力资源管理的改革与发展能够起到很好的借鉴作用。     

Excluding to include: (Non)participation in Mexican natural resource management

Participatory processes are often intended to encourage inclusion of multiple perspectives in defining management means and goals. However, ideas about the legitimacy of certain uses and users of the resources can often lead to exclusion from participation. In this way, participation can be transformed from a process of inclusion of various resource users to one of exclusion. Using a case study from a marine protected area in Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico, and drawing on work in deliberative democracy, I present a typology of how individuals and groups can be excluded from participation. External exclusion includes non-invitation and other means for keeping participation from occurring. Internal exclusion refers to exclusionary events during participatory meetings. This analysis suggests that participation needs to be recognized as a valuable but easily manipulated tool in the design of projects like natural resource management.