棉花CMS及其育性恢复基因的研究现状

利用作物杂种优势生产杂交种的主要授粉控制系统是细胞质雄性不育及其恢复系统。在杂交品种的选育过程中,优良恢复系的准确选育至关重要。主要综述了棉花细胞质雄性不育种质及恢复系的利用、遗传方式、生理生化研究,育性恢复基因的遗传定位,棉花细胞质雄性不育及其育性恢复的分子生物学研究,以及棉花育性恢复基因的克隆和PPR基因家族的研究进展。     

棉花细胞质雄性不育与育性恢复研究进展

棉花细胞质雄性不育在杂种优势的利用上具有重要的作用。利用棉花细胞质雄性不育和育性恢复系统突破了传统人工去雄杂交育种的瓶颈,为棉花杂交种制种的商业化推广展现了光明的前景。详细阐述了棉花细胞质不育系和恢复系遗传学的研究及利用,细胞质雄性不育相关线粒体基因、育性恢复基因相连锁分子标记的开发以及恢复基因的遗传精细定位,育性相关基因的克隆等方面的研究工作,提出了存在的问题,展望了今后工作的研究方向。     

棉花远缘核质杂种的培育与育种应用

综述了作者所在课题组近 30年的远缘杂交工作。通过染色体加倍、胚珠离体培养等技术 ,克服远缘杂交不亲和性及杂种后代不孕性 ,成功获得了多个种间杂种和异源细胞质的质核杂种。通过进一步回交选育 ,获得了异源细胞质的抗虫种质T458、Q1 0 38及纤维品质优良的陆地棉种质J80 80、H80 8、H82 8等。育成了棉属 9个种 (种系 )细胞质同核系 ,为棉属细胞质的遗传分类及演化研究提供了基础材料 ,研究了同一细胞核背景下异源细胞质的遗传效应。中棉和异常棉胞质能显著提高陆地棉抗性。实现了陆地棉胞质的陆地棉雄性不育“三系”配套。在实现了哈克尼西棉胞质陆地棉雄性不育“三系”配套的基础上 ,进一步与海岛棉 71 - 74杂交 ,改良了恢复系。从陆地棉与异常棉的远缘杂交后代中 ,选育出哈克尼西棉基因组以外的、来自异常棉基因组的新恢复源。展望了棉花远缘质核杂种的应用前景 ,提出种间质核杂种的应用是棉花育种的新途径     

棉花细胞质雄性不育与恢复特性的cDNA-AFLP分析

为了揭示棉花细胞质雄性不育(CMS)及其恢复的分子机理,采用cDNA-AFLP技术,分析了棉花胞质雄性不育系、保持系、恢复系和F1开花前6 d花药的基因表达谱及其差异,结果表明:不育系花药的基因表达谱与其"同核异质"的保持系之间存在着巨大的差异,提示细胞质基因对细胞核基因的表达有调控作用,雄性不育基因引起核基因组的异常表达,可能是导致雄性不育的更直接的原因。恢复基因引入到不育系获得F1,其花药的基因表达谱与恢复系基本相同,提示核内恢复基因可以反作用于细胞质不育基因对核基因表达的调控机制,恢复花粉的育性。CMS基因对核基因表达的调控作用以及恢复基因对这种作用的逆转可能是棉花细胞质雄性不育及其恢复的重要原因。另外,还鉴定了36个在恢复系和F1优势表达而在不育系和保持系中不表达或者微量表达的cD-NA扩增片段,为恢复相关基因的克隆奠定了基础。     

辣椒胞质雄性不育系转育的关键技术

人工转育不育系是辣椒胞质雄性不育系选育的主要方法,为实现不育系、保持系、恢复系的三系同型,以期选育出更多优良的辣椒三系杂交品种,在测交后代群体育性分离的前提下,研究总结出了转育辣椒核质互作雄性不育系、同型保持系和同型恢复系的方法,该方法不仅能转育辣椒雄性不育系,而且可选育出同型恢复系,大大扩展了其他同源不育系恢复父本的...     

棉花细胞质雄性不育的研究与利用

棉花具有十分明显的杂种优势。杂交棉通常比常规棉增产15%左右,而且在纤维品质、抗病、抗虫、抗逆境和光合效率等性状上也有明显改良。在棉花杂种优势的利用中,最重要的环节之一是杂交种子的生产（制种）。目前,杂交棉制种常有四条途径,人工去雄授粉法制种、化学杀雄法制种、利用核雄性不育的“两系法”制种和利用细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种。生产实践表明,利用棉花雄性不育既可简化制种又可节省成本,特别是利用棉花细胞质雄性不育系、保持系和恢复系的“三系法”制种,可较有效克服其他制种方法的一些缺点,是最有效的途径。为此,文章在阐述棉花杂种优势利用途径的基础上,重点综述棉花细胞质雄性不育的遗传学、细胞学和生理生化的特点;深入阐述不育细胞质对杂种F₁的正/负效应,并就如何培育强恢复系的问题,以培育转GST的强恢复系为例,探讨克服不育细胞质对杂种F₁负效应的可能机制;根据棉花为常异花授粉作物和花器具有虫媒花特征的特点,详细介绍三系杂交棉制种的亲本（不育系和恢复系）选配、地点选择和环境优化等条件,以及如何综合优化这些条件提高制种产量的关键技术。利用棉花细胞质雄性不育的“三系法”制种,与其他作物比较,在杂种优势利用中具有4个突出的优点：（1）不育系为无花粉不育类型,育性不受气候等环境的影响,可保证杂种的纯度;（2）棉花开花期长达3个月,不存在制种时花期不遇的现象,制种产量有保证;（3）棉花生态适应性广,育成的组合可在各地种植,种子产业化效益明显;（4）可利用种间（海岛棉与陆地棉间）杂种优势。可以预言,基于细胞质雄性不育的三系杂交棉是大有前途的,将是棉花杂种优势利用的主要途径。最后,就本领域的发展趋势,特别是在利用现代生物技术培育新的不育系和恢复系方面进行了初步探讨。     

细胞质雄性不育海岛棉恢复系恢复基因的遗传分析

 【目的】在陆地棉细胞质雄性不育系与海岛棉种质材料进行测恢筛选时,选得一个对不育有恢复力的海岛棉材料“海R”,本研究的目的是了解其育性恢复的遗传方式。【方法】构建23种不同的F2群体和回交群体,分析和明确恢复基因的遗传。【结果】“海R”恢复基因属孢子体遗传,由一个主效显性基因（RfB）控制。在恢复基因呈隐性时不育胞质不但对雄配子的传递有影响,而且对雌配子的传递也有影响。【结论】推测此海岛棉恢复系的育性恢复基因来源于哈克尼西棉基因组,在陆地棉与海岛棉的种间杂种优势利用中具有应用价值。     

甘蓝型油菜波里马细胞质雄性不育恢复系轮回选择群体的建立

在被测交的５个甘蓝型油菜波里马细胞质雄性不育恢复系中，没有１个能使显性细胞核雄性不育系恢复可育性。分别以纯合型显性细胞核雄性不育系Ｒｓ１０４６和显性细胞核雄性不育杂种中杂３号作父本与具有不育细胞质的波里马细胞质雄性不育恢复系花叶恢杂交，成功地将显性细胞核雄性不育基因导入到波里马细胞质雄性不育恢复系花叶恢中。以作者自己选育的具有不同来源的双低甘蓝型油菜波里马细胞质雄性不育恢复系作父本与得到的具有波里马细胞质的显性细胞核雄性不育株不断回交，并将所有回交后代种子混合种植，建立起了一个甘蓝型油菜波里马细胞质雄性不育恢复系的轮回选择群体。     

棉花质核互作雄性不育与育性恢复的研究及利用现状

利用质核互作雄性不育系实现强优势组合三系配套是解决目前棉花杂交制种瓶颈,促进棉花杂种优势利用的有效途径之一。本文综述了棉花质核互作雄性不育与育性恢复的研究现状,介绍了棉花质核互作雄性不育系和恢复系的类型;在细胞学和分子生物学水平上探讨了质核互作雄性不育产生的机理,阐述了育性恢复的遗传方式、恢复基因的分子标记和遗传定位、恢复基因的图位克隆及三系杂交棉的研究进展;对三系杂交棉今后的研究方向进行了展望。     

高梁辐射育种的研究

1971年,作者利用~(60)CO—γ射线照射中国高梁品种“跃—4—1”和“水里红”的风干种子。处理剂量为1.2万r和1.5万r剂量率均为100r/min。 在诱发产生的雄性不育突变体中,育成高梁雄性不育系“601”。雄性不育性的遗传是由一对基因控制的,还育成了高梁雄性核不育系“602”。雄性不育性的遗传与细胞质无关。 人工诱发雄性不育突变体,可能存在核质互作和核不育类型。作者认为对于鉴定雄性不育类型。以培育不育系的原始材料所属类型是更为重要的依据、因为非迈罗胞质的雄性不育系与迈罗胞质的雄性不育系,对同一恢复核基因的效应并非都有显著差异。     

Overview of the Study and Application of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in Cotton

Cotton has significant heterosis. Hybrid cotton usually can increase production in lint yield by about 15% compared with conventional self-pollinated cultivars, and also can get obvious improvement in fiber quality, disease resistance, insect resistance, adversity resistance and photosynthetic efficiency. Among some links of cotton heterosis use, the most important link is the castration in the production of hybrid seeds. At present, there are four ways for the castration, such as hand emasculation, chemical male gametocide, nuclear male sterility and cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). The production practice showed that use of cotton male sterility could not only simplify the hybrid seed production but also save the production cost on a commercial economic scale. In particular, the way of hybrid seed production by use of cotton CMS line, maintainer line and restorer line were the most effective way since it could overcome some disadvantages in the other ways. Therefore, in this paper, the study and application of the cotton CMS system in hybrid seed production were overviewed and some of problems currently limiting application were also addressed. At first, the genetic, cytological and biochemical characteristics of the cotton CMS were reviewed. Secondly, the positive/negative effects of sterile cytoplasm in hybrid F₁ were analyzed, and how to overcome these negative effects, such as pollen temperature sensitive and F₁ not expressing complete fertility, by developing strong restorer lines with a stronger ability for F₁ fertility restoration, was discussed in detail. For an example, transgenic strong restorer line could be developed by introducing the exogenous GST gene, which was assumed to have the function of enhancing pollen vitality, into some conventional restorer lines, and so that hybrids with higher heterosis could be produced by crossing this strong restorer with sterile lines. According to the characteristics of cotton as an often cross-pollination crop, this paper recommended in detail the key techniques of hybrid cotton seed production, such as rules of parent (sterile line and restorer line) selection, location selection and environment optimization for enriching native pollinators to produce more hybrid seeds. Then, the paper pointed out that compared with other crops, cotton hybrid seed production based on CMS system has four advantages in the cotton heterosis use: (1) The purity of hybrid seeds can be guaranteed because there is no pollen in anthers of cotton CMS line and its sterility is very stable and not affected by the climate and other environments; (2) The high yield of hybrid seed can be obtained since the long flowering period (about 3 months) of cotton does not result in the flowering asynchronism between sterile line and restorer line; (3) The wide ecological adaptability of cotton and the possibility of large-scale hybrid seed production will be benefited to popularize hybrid cotton; and (4) Interspecific heterosis between upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and sea-island cotton (G. barbadense L.) can be used. It is predicted that the hybrid cotton production based on CMS system will be the main approach to utilize heterosis of cotton. Finally, the future works in study and application of CMS in cotton heterosis, especially in development of new sterile lines and restorer lines by use of modern biotechnology, was also discussed.     

Inheritance of Fertility Restoration for Cytoplasmic Male Sterility in a New Gossypium barbadense Restorer

In order to clarify inheritance mechanism of fertility restoration for cytoplasmic male sterility （CMS） in a new Gossypium barbadense restorer line Hai R which was found in the fertility test crossing of G. hirsutum CMS lines with G. barbadense germplasms. 23 fertility segregation populations of F2 and backcross were used to analyze the inheritance of fertility restoring gene（s） of Hai R. The result showed that Hai R had one major dominant gene （RfB） to control the CMS fertility restoration and this fertility restoration gene functioned at the sporophytic level. The sterile cytoplasm background might not only influence the transmission rate of male gamete but also that of female gamete when the restorer gene was recessive. It could be deduced that this fertility restoration gene might come from G. harknessii cotton, Hai R is of value in the application of cotton interspecific hybrid breeding.     

两个新选玉米雄性不育材料的初步鉴定和分析

通过不育稳定性、恢复专效性以及分子特异性分析,对两个新选玉米不育材料"R1"和"R2"进行初步鉴定。结果表明,这两个不育材料均为可遗传的细胞质雄性不育,不育性表现稳定,且能被"恢313"保持,被"自凤1"恢复,特异PCR扩增的带型与C组细胞质雄性不育一致。初步判断这两个不育材料均属于C组细胞质雄性不育。但因它们的恢复系和保持系不尽相同,推测可能属于不同的C亚组。根据恢复株自交F2的分离比例,推断"R1"的育性恢复受2对或3对基因控制,而"R2"的育性恢复受1对显性基因控制。     

K型雄性不育小麦育性恢复基因的遗传特点及育性稳定性研究

利用2个K型小麦雄性不育系、21个恢复系及2个对照材料,组配杂交组合,经杂交、自交获得F1(AXR)和F2等世代材料,并考查其自交结实率,结合植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型进行遗传分析,同时对部分组合的育性稳定性进行研究。结果表明:K型小麦雄性不育系的育性基因rf主要由雌配子传递,属配子体雄性不育类型;育性受2对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因共同控制,且第1对主基因控制育性的作用强于第2对主基因;在F2群体中主基因的遗传率为62.44%,多基因遗传率为0,环境方差占表现型方差的37.56%,说明该类型小麦雄性不育性以主基因遗传为主,同时受多基因和环境的影响。育性稳定性研究表明,虽然K型细胞质雄性不育小麦的育性恢复年际间波动很大,但通过筛选可以获得恢复度高且稳定的恢复系,进而为杂交小麦的育种提供支持。     

Genetics of Fertility Restoration in Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Pepper

Pepper hybrid seeds production using male sterility could lower cost by reducing time and labour, and increase the genetic purity of the F1 seeds. To investigate the genetics of fertility restoration of the Peterson cytoplasmic sterility in pepper, a doubled haploid population of 115 pepper lines obtained from anther culture of the F1 hybrid between Yolo Wonder （sterility maintainer line） and Perennial （fertility restorer line） and the parental lines were test-crossed by 77013A （a strict cytoplasmic-genic male sterile line）. The fertility of the test-crossed lines was assessed in greenhouse and open field with the following three criteria： pollen index （PI, visual estimation of pollen amount per flower）, pollen number （PN, pollen counting under microscope）, and seed number （SN, the number of seeds per fruit in open pollination）. Correlations between the each couple of criteria within, as well as between the cultivation methods ranged from 0.55 to 0.84. Analysis of variance showed that the genotype （DH line） and environment were the significant sources of variation of the fertility. Narrow sense of heritance of fertility restoration ranged from 0.38 to 0.92, depending on the criteria and environment. The distribution of the progeny was continuous between the parental genotypes indicating the quantitative inheritance of fertility restoration. Inferred from segregation according to Snape et al.（1984）, the number of segregating genes was estimated to be that three to four genetic factors were involved in pollen traits （PI and PN） and five to eight genetic factors in seed production （SN）. The heredity analysis of the CMS will be helpful for understanding of the genetic mechanism of the fertility restoration and the exploitation of the CMS in hybrid seed production.     

利用花药相关基因及启动子创制雄性不育种质研究进展

杂种优势利用是大幅度提高作物产量、改良作物品质的有效途径,而作物雄性不育及优良的育性恢复种质是利用杂种优势的关键因素。为此,综述了近年来有关花药发育重要基因克隆和功能验证研究方面的重要成果,以及运用植物遗传转化工程创制植物雄性不育种质的进展。同时讨论了利用转基因技术创制作物雄性不育系、恢复系和保持系的技术策略,并对利用植物遗传转化技术创制植物杂种优势利用中"三系"种质的现状进行了分析和展望。     

甘蓝型油菜CMS不育系L160A的遗传分析

对新近选育的甘蓝型油菜CMS不育系L160A育性的遗传特点,L160A与pol细胞质不育系和陕2A不育系的关系以及L160A的恢复系L160R-1与恢复系L17C,湖南花叶恢,垦C1恢复基因的等位性进行了分析,结果表明：L160A不育性的遗传由一对隐性基因控制,同时受到其他微效基因的修饰;其恢保关系与pol细胞质不育系L17A,湘矮A和不育系陕2A是一致的,L160A的恢复系L160R-1与L17A的恢复系L17C和湘矮A的恢复系湖南花叶恢的恢复基因是等位的,而与陕2A的恢复系垦C1的恢复基因是否具有等位性,还有待于进一步从分子生物学的角度利用分子标记进行研究。