Genome Array on Differentially Expressed Genes of Skin Tissue in Cashmere Goat at Early Anagen of Cashmere Growth Cycle Using DNA Microarray

In order to study the molecular mechanism involved in cashmere regeneration, this study investigated the gene expression profile of skin tissue at various stages of the cashmere growth cycle and screen differentially expressed genes at proangen in 10 cashmere goats at 2 years of age using agilent sheep oligo microarray. Significance analysis of microarray （SAM） methods was used to identify the differentially expressed genes, Hierarchical clustering was performed to clarify these genes in association with different cashmere growth stages, and GO （Gene ontology） and the pathway analyses were con-ducted by a free web-based Molecular Annotation System3.0 （MAS 3.0）. Approximately 10200 probe sets were detected in skin tissue of 2-yr-old cashmere goat. After SAM analysis of the microarray data, totally 417 genes were shown to be differentially expressed at different cashmere growth stages, and 24 genes are significantly up-regulated （21） or down-regulated （3） at proangen concurrently compared to angen and telogen. Hierarchical clustering analysis clearly distinguished the differentially expressed genes of each stage. GO analysis indicated that these altered genes at proangen were predominantly involved in collagen fibril organization, integrin-mediated signaling pathway, cell-matrix adhesion, cell adhesion, transforming growth factor-β （TGF-β） receptor signaling pathway, regulation of cell growth. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes （KEGG） analysis showed that the significant pathways involved mainly included focal adhesion and extracellular matrixc （ECM）-receptor interaction. Some important genes involved in these biological processes, such as COL1A1, COL1A2, COL3A1, SPARC, CYR61 and CTGF, were related to tissue remolding and repairing and detected by more than one probe with similar expression trends at different stages of cashmere growth cycle. The different expression of these genes may contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of cashmere regeneration.     

Differential Gene Expression in Response to Drought Stress in Maize Seedling

To provide the useful information for the choice of molecular marker used in marker-assisted selection of drought tolerance, it is necessary to find out more candidate genes and fulfill the information gaps in gene expression regulation under drought stress. In this study, we isolated four differentially expressed cDNA fragments from leaves of a droughttolerant inbred line by suppression subtractive hybridization and reverse Northern hybridization, and validated their differential expression patterns among six inbred lines with different drought tolerance in response to drought stress by quantitative real-time PCR. Sequence similarity analysis indicated that two of four differentially expressed cDNA showed homology to gene DegP encoding trypsin-like serine protease, and gene PGAM-i encoding cofactor-independent phosphoglyceromutase, respectively. Expressions of the genes corresponding to four cDNA fragments was decreased at 6 h after drought stress treatment in most of the six inbred lines, and then returned to the control level with further stress in three of the tolerant inbred lines. The expression of the gene PGAM-i and the genes corresponding to fragments E4 and F4 were increased to a high level in tolerant inbred line 81565. In the two drought-sensitive inbred lines （Dan340 and ES40）, the expression of these genes was still down-regulated. The probable mechanisms of these genes in response to drought stress were discussed. These results indicated that the drought-tolerant inbred lines upregulated the expression of the drought-tolerant candidate genes, in contrast, drought-sensitive inbred lines downregulated the expression of the genes.     

The Effects of Dwarfing Genes （Rht-B1b,Rht-D1b,and Rht8） with Different Sensitivity to GA3 on the Coleoptile Length and Plant Height of Wheat

Understanding the effects of wheat dwarfing genes on the coleoptile length and plant height is crucial for the proper utilization of dwarfing genes in the improvement of wheat yield. Molecular marker analysis combined with pedigree information were used to classify wheat cultivars widely planted in major wheat growing regions in China into different categories based on the dwarfing genes they carried. The effects of the dwarfing genes with different sensitivity to gibberellins （GA3） on the coleoptile length and plant height were analyzed. Screening of 129 cultivars by molecular marker analysis revealed that 58 genotypes of wheat contained the dwarfing gene Rht-B1b, 24 genotypes of wheat contained Rht-D1b gene and 73 genotypes of wheat possessed Rht8 gene. In addition, among these 129 cultivars, 35 genotypes of wheat cultivars contained both Rht-B1b and Rht8 genes and 16 genotypes of wheat cultivars contained both Rht-D1b and Rht8 genes. Wheat cultivars with the dwarfing genes Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b were insensitive to GA3, while the cultivars with the dwarfing gene Rht8 were sensitive to GA3. Most of the wheat genotypes containing combination of Rht8 gene with either Rht-B1b or Rht-D1b gene were insensitive to GA3. The plant height was reduced by 24.6, 30.4, 28.2, and 32.2%, respectively, for the wheat cultivars containing Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1b ＋ Rht8, and Rht-D1b ＋ Rht8 genes. The plant height was reduced by 14.3% for the wheat cultivar containing GA3-sensitive gene Rht8. The coleoptile length was shortened by 25.4, 31.3, 28.4 and 31.3%, respectively, in the wheat cultivars containing Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht-B1b ＋Rht8 and Rht-D1b ＋ Rht8 genes, while the coleoptile length was shortened only by 6.2% for the wheat cultivar containing Rht8 gene. We conclude that GA3-insensitive dwarfing genes （Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b） are not suitable for the wheat improvement in dryland because these two genes have effect on reducing both plant height and coleoptile length. In contrast, GA3- sensitive dwarfing gene （Rht8） is a relatively ideal candidate for the wheat improvement since it significantly reduces the plant height of wheat, but has less effect on the coleoptile length.     

Gene Expression Profiling Related to Hyphal Growth in a Temperature-Sensitive Mutant of Magnaporthe oryzae

The rice blast,caused by fungus Magnaporthe oryzae,is a major constraint to the world food security.Hyphal growth is the foundation of fungal development and proliferation of fungi.To investigate genes involved in hyphal growth of this fungus,digital gene expression tag profiling was used to compare a previously generated temperature-sensitive mutant which defect at hyphae growth and reduction on pathogenicity,with its related wildtype strain.416 genes were detected as differential expression,178 of which were specifically expressed in Guy-11 but down-regulated expression in the mutant.Functional classification analysis revealed the phenotype mutation may be mainly caused by a defection in translational and vacuole- related processes.The results and the protocol used will improve our knowledge on morphogenesis and promote the further study on M.oryzae pathogenesis.     

Validation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR in Laodelphax striatellus

The normalization of quantitative real-time PCR （qPCR） is important to obtain accurate gene expression data, and the most common method for qPCR normalization is to use reference genes. However, reference genes can be regulated under different conditions, qPCR has recently been used for gene expression study in Laodelphax striatellus, but there is no study on validation of the reference genes. In this study, five new housekeeping genes （LstrTUB1, LstrTUB2, LstrTUB3, LstrARF and LstrRPL9） in L. striatellus were cloned and deposited in the GenBank with accession numbers of JF728809, JF728810, JF728811, JF728807 and JF728806, respectively. Furthermore, mRNA expressions of the five genes and β-actin were measured by qPCR with insect samples of different instar at nymph stage, and the expression stabilities were determined by the software geNorm and NormFinder. As a result, ARF and RPL9 were consistently more stable than β-actin, while three TUB genes were less stable than β-actin. To determine the optimal number of reference genes used in qPCR, a pairwise variations analysis by geNorm indicated that two references ARF and RPL9 were required to obtain the accurate quantification. These results were fiarther confirmed by the validation qPCR experiment with chitinase gene as the target gene, in which the standard error of the mRNA quantification by using binary reference ARF-RPL9 was much lower than those by ARF, RPL9 or β-actin alone. Taken together, our study suggested that the combination of ARF-RPL9 could replace β-actin as the reference genes for qPCR in L. striatellus.     

小麦低磷响应基因的筛选与表达分析

利用Affymetrix wheat microarray分析了郑麦9023在低磷和正常磷水培条件下,苗期根部基因在转录水平的差异。结果表明,1)筛选得到1 889个差异表达基因,其中1 298个上调表达,591个下调表达。2)基因功能分析显示,这1 889个基因参与了信号转导、蛋白存储、逆境胁迫、能量代谢、病程相关和其他与植物生长发育有关的过程。3)利用qRT-PCR对其中30个基因的表达情况进行了验证,显示与基因芯片结果基本相同的表达趋势。4)在低磷及磷恢复条件下,对其中5个候选基因(TaSPX3,TaIPS1.3,TaGST_Like,TaPDF19,TaG6PDH1_Like)在不同小麦品种中的表达进行分析,显示这5个基因受到低磷胁迫的强烈诱导,恢复供磷后表达显著回调。但是,这些候选基因在不同品种间横向表达趋势有差别,反应了不同基因型小麦对低磷胁迫的响应机制存在差异。预测这5个候选基因的功能涉及信号转导、氨基酸代谢、糖代谢、抗逆响应等重要的代谢或调控途径,在小麦应对低磷逆境机制中发挥重要作用。     

水稻与稻瘟病菌不同小种互作的基因差异表达谱分析

【目的】分析水稻接种稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe grisea）48 h后亲和互作与非亲和互作反应的基因表达谱,探索水稻对不同稻瘟病菌抗性差异的分子机理。【方法】运用Affymetrix表达谱芯片分析差异表达mRNA;通过分子注释系统平台（MAS 3.0）对差异表达基因进行了基因注释及GO分析;应用实时定量PCR 对部分差异表达基因进行验证。【结果】在49 824个转录本中共检测到大约24 000个转录本,Fold change大于2.5的基因共1 028个,其中非亲和互作上调基因460个,下调基因568个。所验证的4个基因的荧光定量PCR结果与芯片结果基本一致。经GO分析差异基因对应蛋白的功能主要涉及信号转导、酶的调节、转录及分子转运等。【结论】水稻与稻瘟病菌非亲和与亲和互作的基因表达谱存在较大差异,基因芯片筛选到的差异表达基因通过GO注释明确了差异基因的分子功能及信号通路,有利于进一步了解植物抗病机制,并可能为稻瘟病防治措施提供新的途径。     

家蚕中肠组织感染质型多角体病毒的应答基因分析

 【目的】筛选家蚕（Bombyx mori）中肠感染质型多角体病毒的应答基因，为阐明家蚕感染质型多角体病的分子机制奠定基础。【方法】 应用含有约23 000个家蚕基因组寡核苷酸芯片比较分析感染家蚕质型多角体病毒24、48及72 h的中肠试验组与中肠对照组的差异表达基因；结合生物信息学工具对差异表达基因的功能注释、分类及涉及的信号通路等进行分析；应用实时荧光定量PCR验证17个基因的差异表达。【结果】 在感染24、48及72 h后，分别得到了9、51及258个差异表达基因。KEGG通路分析表明，在感染48及72 h后，大多数涉及到代谢通路的基因的表达水平下调，所有涉及到核糖体通路和蛋白酶体通路的基因的表达水平上调。一些免疫相关基因如丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂、脂酶、热激蛋白、细胞色素P450、核糖体P0蛋白等基因的表达水平上调。【结论】经荧光定量PCR验证的差异表达基因可能与家蚕感染质型多角体病毒的应答机制相关，研究结果为从分子水平上阐明家蚕感染质型多角体病毒的致病机理提供了新的研究方向。     

胡杨叶与根中特异性表达基因的表达谱分析

以2年生胡杨实生苗为研究材料,通过NaCl溶液处理24 h,分别收集NaCl处理后的细嫩白根及叶片,采用CTAB法抽提胡杨盐胁迫下的叶与根的RNA,用基因芯片技术研究胡杨盐胁迫后叶与根中基因的差异表达。经过比对,差异10倍以上的基因共有175个,其中在叶中表达上调的有120个,在根中表达上调的有55个。     

冷应激引起鸡下丘脑基因表达谱差异分析

为研究冷应激发生机制以及冷应激过程中下丘脑神经内分泌系统基因表达变化,选取28日龄淮南麻黄鸡为研究对象,采用全基因组表达谱芯片技术分析冷应激24 h后下丘脑组织差异表达基因.通过比较淮南麻黄鸡冷应激24 h前后下丘脑组织基因表达谱,表达倍数＞3倍的基因共877个,其中下调基因334个,主要涉及HAAO、CHRNA9及STAM2等信号转导接头分子基因的低表达;上调基因543个,主要为CCK、NPY及其受体基因、CAMK2A、SST及TRH等基因.对差异表达基因参与的生物学过程分析可见,在冷应激24 h过程中,鸡下丘脑首先启动神经受体-配体相互作用,刺激鸡体产生采食欲望,随后启动脂质代谢途径以供应机体能量需求.在此过程中,Jak-STAT、Ca离子信号通路等一系列生物反应途径发生响应,以调节机体对寒冷应激的反应.差异表达基因的生物学通路分析为阐明鸡冷应激机理提供重要信息,差异表达基因分析有助于抗冷应激分子育种候选基因筛选.     

氧化磷酸化相关基因在大鼠肝再生中表达模式

为在基因转录水平了解氧化磷酸化相关基因在肝再生(liver regeneration,LR)中的作用,通过搜索网站资料和查阅相关论文等方法获得上述基因,用Rat Genome 230 2.0芯片检测它们在大鼠再生肝中表达变化,初步证实上述基因中31个基因与肝再生相关.它们表达的相似性分为均上调、上调占优势、均下调、下调占优势、上调和下调相近等5类,分别涉及9、1、15、4和2个基因,共表达上调42次、下调102次,表明肝再生中表达降低基因多于表达加强基因.它们表达的时间相关性分为12组,表明肝再生中细胞生理生化活动具有阶段性.根据芯片结果推测,肝再生早期和前期氧化磷酸化反应和ATP合成减少,中期和后期增强.其中,31个肝再生相关基因起重要作用.