杂交对皖南花猪肉质的影响

本文研究了在高能精料和低能粗料两种饲养水平下,皖南花猪纯种及其与中约克夏、大约克夏、杜洛克、苏白、长白和荣昌公猪杂交获得的杂种(共112头)肥育至90千克时屠宰的鲜肉品质。结果表明,杂交使皖南花猪的前肢和后躯肉段的含肉率有明显增加,而颈和胸腰肉段的含肉率无明显改进。杂种猪肌肉的失水率高(25.4—32.3%),熟肉率低(65.54—70.84%)。杂交对皖南花猪肌纤维直径和密度影响不大,pH值变化不明显(6.20～6.66)。杂种肌肉蛋白质含量有显著增加,但16种氨基酸总量与纯种相比无明显差异。     

皖南花猪多元杂交试验研究

在二元杂交研究基础上,选择其中较好组合大约克×皖南花(大花)和中约克×皖南花猪(中花)杂交一代母猪进一步和汉普夏、苏长(苏白×长白猪)、大长(大约克×长白猪)、杜洛克公猪作多元杂交试验研究,研究结果:体重20～90千克,平均日增重:汉、中花783.10克,苏长、大花750.46克,大长、中花734.98克,杜、大花710.62克;饲料转化效率全都在3.5以内;瘦肉率在50%以上;其中杜大花胴体瘦肉率达到59.32%,且肉色和大理石纹均优。     

东北民猪、长白猪和杂种猪生长肥育的研究——Ⅲ.胴体化学组成

1986年,研究了东北民猪(简称民猪)、长白、杜民、长民和长杜民猪左半胴可食部分的化学组成。研究结果表明:①民猪肌肉中水分和粗蛋白质比例最低,干物质、粗脂肪和热能较高,二、三元杂种猪粗蛋白质比例接近长白猪,粗脂肪接近民猪;②各猪种皮下和肾周脂肪化学组成相同;③根据左半胴可食部分化学组成总重,长白猪干物质、粗蛋白质和热能最多,民猪粗脂肪最多,而粗蛋白质最少,二、三元杂种猪处于中间。     

不同基因型猪胴体品质的主成份分析

对不同基因型肥育猪胴体品质的主成分分析表明,影响猪胴体品质的六个主成分其累计贡献率达83.86%,其中六个主成分分别表示胴体品质的肉脂因子、系水熟肉因子、肌纤维的粗密拮抗因子、粗密协同因子、后躯因子和眼肌面积因子。当用皖南花猪为母本与中约克、大约克、杜洛克、苏白、长白和荣昌纯种公猪杂交时,六个主成分表现出不同的组合和局部差异。     

皖南花猪呼吸道疾病综合征病因及防控

皖南花猪是安徽省地方品种，猪呼吸道疾病综合征病因复杂，严重影响皖南花猪养殖和保种。本文详细介绍引起猪呼吸道疾病综合征的主要病原体，对皖南花猪呼吸道疾病综合征防治给出科学建议供参考。     

皖南花猪资源现状及存在问题与对策

受外来高产畜禽品种强烈冲击,我国地方畜禽品种数量逐渐减少和消失的问题日渐突出。皖南花猪是安徽省著名地方品种之一,目前主要分布在黄山以南、新安江上游的皖南地区,1973年入选《中国猪种志》。皖南花猪具有性成熟早,母性好,繁殖率高,哺育率高,瘦肉率高、肉品质好、耐粗饲、抗病抗逆性强等优点。该文阐述了皖南花猪资源和保护利用现状,指出存在的主要问题,并提出若干对策与措施。     

皖南花猪种质资源保护现状与开发利用对策

皖南花猪是我国优良的地方猪种之一,目前主要分布在黄山以南、新安江上游的皖南地区。近些年来,由于大量引进外来品种,皖南花猪种质资源濒临灭绝。就皖南花猪种质资源现状,分析了其中存在的问题,并提出保种和开发利用的对策。     

皖南花猪种质资源保护现状与开发利用对策

皖南花猪是我国优良的地方猪种之一,目前主要分布在黄山以南、新安江上游的皖南地区。近些年来,由于大量引进外来品种,皖南花猪种质资源濒临灭绝。就皖南花猪种质资源现状,分析了其中存在的问题,并提出保种和开发利用的对策。     

中国地方猪种生长激素基因HhaI酶切片段多态特征研究

采用ＰＣＲ－ＲＦＬＰｓ技术分析了８个中国地方猪种和４个国外猪品种生长激素基因位点的多态特性。中国地方猪种包括有：“太湖猪”、“姜曲海”和“民猪”国外独品种分别是是“皮特兰猪”、“长白猪”。     

两个各具特色的优质地方猪种

1．皖南花猪。皖南花猪是我国地方良种猪之一．主要分布于安徽省的歙县、屯溟、休宁、黟县、祁门，带，主产区在黟县柯村乡江溪村等地。皖南花猪历史悠久．在漫长的岁月里，因地理条件的隔离和传统选种选配习惯．形成了若干天然的纯合率较高的近交群体．主要类型有狮头型、马脸型．     

不同品种猪肌肉脂肪酸和氨基酸含量

对莆田黑猪、杜洛克、大约克3个纯种及其二元杂种杜莆(杜洛克♂×莆田黑猪♀)和大莆(大约克♂×莆田黑猪♀)背最长肌脂肪酸和氨基酸含量进行了测定与分析.杜莆的饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸、必需氨基酸以及鲜味氨基酸含量最高(分别为42.09%、51.14%、9.26%和7.45%),表明杜莆有效地保留了莆田黑猪肉质优良的特点;莆田黑猪与杜洛克(杜洛克♂×莆田黑猪♀)二元组合的杂交效果较好.     

利用5个多态蛋白（酶）位点分析6个地方猪品种的遗传结构

利用5个多态蛋白（酶）位点碱性磷酸酶（Akp）、蛋白酶抑制物1（PI－1)、后白蛋白1（Po-1）、后白蛋白2（Po-2）和铜蓝蛋白（Cp）分析了清平猪、阳新猪、南阳黑猪、南城黑猪、东乡花猪、杭猪6个地方猪品种的遗传结构和遗传变异。6个品种的平均杂合度大小依次为：南阳黑猪（0.4142）、南城黑猪（0.3057）、阳新猪（0.3032）、东乡花猪（0.2606）、杭猪（0.2478）、清平猪（0.2416），通过计算Nei（1978）标准遗传距离，用UPGMA进行聚类分析，6个品种聚成2大类：清平猪、南城黑猪、阳新猪、南阳黑猪聚成一大类；东乡花猪与杭猪聚成另一类。     

二花脸仔猪与皮特兰仔猪肌纤维类型特性的比较及其与肉质的关系

选用性情温顺、肉质好的二花脸猪和胴体瘦肉率高,但肉质欠佳的皮特兰猪为试材,运用组织学和组织化学的方法对2种猪半腱肌、背最长肌和腰大肌的肌纤维进行分型,并对肉质进行了测定.结果表明:(1)二花脸猪各型肌纤维面积均小于皮特兰猪;(2)2种猪半腱肌各型纤维所占比例相近,背最长肌快收缩糖酵解型纤维所占比例最大,而腰大肌则是慢收缩氧化型纤维所占比例最大;(3)二花脸猪背最长肌pH45 min、pH24 h均高于皮特兰猪,pH45 min品种间差异极显著(P<0.01).可见,二花脸猪较小的肌纤维面积与其优良的肉质相关.     

猪RTL1基因多态性及其与胴体、肉质性状的关联分析

旨在研究反转录转座子1基因(retrotransposon-like-1,RTL1)潜在的变异与猪胴体和肉质性状的相关性。测序发现在猪RTL1基因编码区1 209 bp处存在G/A突变,利用PCR-Fnu4H I-RFLP方法在9个猪种中进行了基因分型,并且在360头大白猪×梅山猪F2代群体中进行性状关联分析。结果表明,该位点与皮率、内脂率、6-7腰椎间膘厚、胸腰椎间膘厚、背最长肌pH、股二头肌肌肉色值呈显著相关(P0.05),与骨率、肩部膘厚、臀部膘厚、平均背膘厚、背最长肌失水率、背最长肌系水力、背最长肌肌肉色值呈极显著相关(P0.01)。     

贵州省纳雍县糯谷猪屠宰性能测定

[目的]为糯谷猪的育种提供科学依据。[方法]从贵州省纳雍县随机选取20头糯谷猪进行屠宰性能的测定,将其与其他国内外猪种进行比较。[结果]纳雍糯谷猪的屠宰率较高(达74.46%),瘦肉率适中(45.30%)。糯谷猪的平均背膘厚为3.49 cm,在我国地方猪种中处于中等水平。糯谷猪的眼肌面积和瘦肉率均远低于国外猪种,脂肪含量适中,皮较厚,富含胶原蛋白。由于糯谷猪主要饲喂天然草料,皮和肉均可安全食用,带有香糯的风味,符合目前人们对猪肉品质的要求,具有较好的市场前景。[结论]为更好地保护糯谷猪这个优良猪种,应尽快建立保护区。     

引进猪种与我国地方猪种生产效率及肉质特性比较

随着我国人们生活水平的日益提高,对食品的品质要求也越来越高。对进口猪种与地方猪种从生产效率、肉质特性等进行详细的分析比较。结果表明,目前由于过分追求猪的生长速度和瘦肉率,使肉质风味严重下降,应该将地方猪肉肉质优良的得天独厚资源进行更好地保存和利用,才能生产出优质的肉品,为人民和社会造福。     

Effects of carcass weight,sex and breed composition on meat cuts and carcass trait in finishing pigs

Pork cutting is a very important processing in promoting economic appreciation across the swine business chain. The goal of this research is to determine the proportion and weight of meat cuts, as well as to analyze the effects of carcass weight, sex and breed composition on meat cuts. Simultaneously, we investigate the correlation between meat cuts, carcass traits and meat quality traits. To assess 17 meat cut traits, 12 carcass traits and 6 meat quality traits, we sample 2 012 pigs from four breeds, including Landrace (LD), Yorkshire (YK), Landrace Yorkshire (LY), and Duroc Landrace Yorkshire (DLY). The results showed that carcass weight, sex and breed composition have significant effects on the weight and proportion of most meat cuts. The proportion of cuts for muscle and bone decrease as carcass weight grows, whereas the proportion of cuts for fat increases. Moreover, the thickness of four-point backfat was significantly increasing (P<0.001) with increase of carcass weights, indicating that large amount of intaking energy in the late finishing stage was used for fat deposition. Besides, the proportion of Shoulder cut (SC) and Back fat (BF) in barrows was significantly higher (P<0.001) than that in sows, whereas the Leg cut (LC) showed the opposite trend. The Loin (LO) proportion and Loin muscle area (LMA) of barrows were significantly lower (P<0.001), but the proportion of fat areas in the image (PFAI) and visual marbling score (VMS) were significantly higher (P<0.001) than those of sows, respectively. In terms of breeds, LD had the longest straight carcass length, significantly longer (P<0.001) than the other three breeds, which partially explains why LD had the largest proportion of the Middle cut (MC). Moreover, the proportion of SC in DLY was the highest. Last but not least, the correlations between the proportions of most meat cuts, and also between meat cuts and meat quality or carcass traits were low or not significant (P>0.05). The effects of carcass weight, sex and breed composition on the meat cuts, meat quality and carcass traits are breed and growth stage dependent. It also reflects the asynchrony of the growth curve between different sexes. Our results laid an important foundation for breeding pig carcass cuts and composition.     

鄂通两头乌与通城猪生长、胴体、肉质性状及血液生理生化指标的比较

为评价以通城猪为母本与瘦肉型大白猪杂交培育的新品种鄂通两头乌的培育效果,对鄂通两头乌和通城猪进行同期对比试验,测定生长性状、胴体性状(胴体长、背膘厚、眼肌面积和瘦肉率等)、肉质性状(肉色、滴水损失、大理石纹和肌内脂肪含量等)以及血液生理生化指标。结果显示,鄂通两头乌日增重((596.27±90.24)g/d)极显著高于通城猪((513.28±90.31) g/d,P0.01),瘦肉率(49.56%±2.21%)极显著高于通城猪(43.47%±1.39%,P0.01),背膘厚((34.73±0.94) mm)极显著低于通城猪((38.80±0.96) mm,P0.01);通城猪大理石纹评分与肌内脂肪含量分别为3.47±1.16、3.45%±1.11%,与通城猪相比,鄂通两头乌肉质性状中除了肌内脂肪含量(2.72%±0.87%)有降低外,其他肉质性状指标均无显著性差异;两品种仅部分血液生理生化指标有显著差异。结果表明,鄂通两头乌在保留通城猪优良肉质性状的同时其生长和胴体性状得到了有效改良。     

Measurement of trimethylamine concentration and evaluation of pig meat natural quality by a spectrophotometric method

Pig meat off-flavor is attributed to trimethylamine (TMA) concentration, and it is considered as the precursor of the fishy off-flavor problems. In this study, TMA concentrations in pig meat were determined, and the interactions with breed and gender effects were discussed. In addition, the TMA threshold for meat off-flavor and pig meat natural quality was measured in relation to meat storage and movement, and the influential factors including the pig breed and storage time were discussed. The results indicated positive effects on the precursor of the fishy off-flavor and the TMA threshold. Native breeds were found to have lower TMA concentrations than European breeds (P<0.01), and females and castrated males had significantly lower TMA concentration than males (P<0.01), The threshold concentration of TMA when meat was classed as off-flavored was 25 μg·g^-1, and this occurred after 35–38 h of storage. The natural qualities, such as appearance, flavor, color and overall acceptable scores declined significantly after 4 days in storage (P<0.01). It is concluded that pig meat off-flavor, breed and gender were essential factors affecting flavor for meat breeding programs, and storage time is important for pig meat natural quality.