青海东部地区春油菜需肥规律的研究

[目的]寻找最适合青海东部地区春油菜生长的施肥比例。[方法]采用4＋X试验设计方案研究油菜在不同N、P、K肥施用量组合下各生物学性状与施肥的关系,并对所设5个处理进行对比,寻找出最优施肥量组合。[结果]春油菜在相同时期对N、P、K的需求呈现出一定的规律性,苗期养分吸收为N〉K〉P,抽薹期至盛花期对养分的吸收为N≈K〉P,结荚期对养分的吸收为K〉N〉P,成熟期对养分的吸收为N〉K〉P。因此,根据油菜的需肥规律,在苗期、抽薹期、花期和成熟期均应注重施用N肥,花期、结荚期和成熟期加强P、K肥的配合施用。[结论]青海东部地区春油菜生长的施肥最佳N∶P2O5∶K2O配比为1.00∶0.14∶0.94。     

施肥对定西地区马铃薯养分吸收动态、产量和品质的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了氮磷配施低、中、高水平下施钾肥与不施钾肥对马铃薯不同器官氮、磷、钾养分吸收动态以及产量和品质的影响。结果表明不同施肥处理下各生育期马铃薯全株中元素含量均表现为K含量N含量P含量;整个生育期叶片中的N含量均高于茎和块茎,叶片中P含量除淀粉积累期外一直高于地上茎和块茎,而整个生育期各器官中K含量均表现为地上茎叶块茎。与对照(CK)相比,氮磷配施及氮磷钾配施均能促进马铃薯产量的增加,增产幅度为32.6%～12.5%,以中量氮磷水平配施钾肥(N2P2K)马铃薯的增产效果最明显,比对照增产11.7t/hm2,而且产量最高的N2P2K处理的千公斤薯块的养分吸收量最高,养分吸收比例N:P2O5:K2O为2.46:1:4.06。氮磷配施钾肥能明显提高马铃薯粗蛋白、淀粉和还原糖含量以及干物质含量。     

不同氮磷钾配施对棉花干物质积累、养分吸收及产量的影响

研究不同氮磷钾配施下棉花干物质积累与养分吸收分配的特点,为结合棉花生育特性制定高产施肥措施提供理论依据.不同施肥处理在整个生育期内植株干物质积累量较对照高9.68％～119.70％,氮、磷、钾吸收量分别较对照高12.52％～231.80％、14.92％～170.15％和13.00％～263.10％;各施肥处理籽棉和皮棉产量分别较对照提高9.42％～81.71％和15.51％％～136.96％.不同处理干物质积累和养分吸收量均大于对照,且差异显著(P＜0.05),干物质积累以N3P2(N 360 kg·hm-2,P2O5 135 kg·hm-2)处理最高,氮、磷素吸收以N3P2处理最高,钾素吸收以N2P2K2(300kg·hm-2,P2O5 135 kg·hm-2,K2O 75 kg·hm2)处理最高,籽棉和皮棉产量以N3P2处理最高.N3P2处理在生育期内干物质总积累为23 218.00 kg·hm-2,氮总吸收量为548.11 kg·hm-2,磷(P2O5)总吸收量为183.62 kg·hm-2,钾(K2O)总吸收量为668.98 kg·hm-2.籽棉产量为5 627.00 kg· hm-2,皮棉产量为2 622.33 kg·hm-2.每生产100 kg皮棉,适宜氮磷钾的养分吸收量分别为N 2.21 kg、P2O5 0.91 kg和K2O1.41kg,植株吸收养分适宜比例[m(N)∶ m(P2O5)∶m(K2O)]为2.42∶1.00∶1.55.     

氮磷钾肥对甘薯养分积累的影响

通过田间试验分析不同氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)肥的施用量与植株养分含量、经济产量养分吸收量和产量的相关性。结果表明:提高N、K肥的施用量相应促进甘薯茎叶和块根对N、K素含量的积累,成正相关趋势;提高P肥的施用量时甘薯P素含量的积累没有明显影响;甘薯产量与N、P、K养分吸收量呈正相关。     

花生干物质积累、养分吸收及分配规律

采用田间小区试验的方法,研究了花生不同生育时期干物质积累量、氮磷钾养分吸收量及在不同器官的分配规律。结果表明,干物质积累量在苗期最少,至结荚期积累量达到生育期总干物质量的57.70%。根系和叶片干物质积累主要在生育前期,茎干物质积累主要在生育中期,结荚期是荚果干物质积累的关键时期。花生对氮磷钾养分吸收量为氮>钾>磷,形成100 kg荚果产量需要N 4.01 kg、P2O51.56 kg、K2O2.65 kg。随着生育期的推进,根、茎、叶的氮磷钾养分吸收量所占比例逐渐降低,荚果的吸收量所占比例逐渐增加,结荚期是养分吸收的关键时期。生产中应结合花生的生理需肥特性和肥料性质合理施肥。     

氮磷钾配合施用对水稻养分吸收、积累与分配的影响

采用田间试验,研究了氮磷钾配合施用对水稻不同器官干物质量以及养分吸收、积累与分配的影响。结果表明,施肥特别是氮磷钾肥配施可以显著提高糙米、谷壳和稻草的干物质量以及各器官对N、P、K的吸收累积量,与不施肥(CK)相比,氮磷钾配施处理(NPK)糙米、谷壳和稻草干物质量分别增加1 343、302和2 152kg/hm2,N、P、K总吸收量分别增加51.30、11.59和76.45 kg/hm2。N、P、K含量在水稻不同器官的分布也存在差异,N和P含量表现为糙米稻草谷壳,K含量则表现为稻草谷壳糙米。施肥降低了糙米中N、P、K的分配率,而相应提高了稻草中的分配率。除了磷钾配施处理(PK)谷壳中N和P的分配率高于CK处理,其余施肥处理谷壳中N、P、K的分配率均低于CK处理。总体来说,不同肥料配施对水稻不同器官N、P、K吸收分配影响的趋势既存在共性也存在差异性,通过调整施肥可以改善养分在不同器官的分配,促进养分的吸收和良性循环,从而达到水稻优质高效生产的目的。     

施肥对甜高粱产量、养分吸收及品质的影响

以‘辽甜1号’为材料,分析氮磷钾肥不同施肥类型和氮肥施用量对甜高粱产量、养分吸收及品质的影响。结果表明:氮、磷、钾肥单施或配施均可显著增加甜高粱籽粒产量,其中,N、P2O5和K2O各300kg/hm2配施产量最高,为3 816kg/hm2,相比不施肥增产79.2%。氮磷钾肥配施经济效益最高,为10 092元/hm2,较不施肥增收40.7%。N、P2O5和K2O各300kg/hm2配施植株氮、磷、钾吸收总量最大,吸氮量比不施肥增加76.8%,吸磷量增加131.2%,吸钾量增加90.7%,以300kg/hm2 P2O5和300kg/hm2 K2O为底肥,增施氮肥有利于提高甜高粱产量和经济效益,但不利于成熟期甜高粱茎秆糖分的积累。氮、磷、钾吸收量随施氮量增加均呈现先增加后减少的趋势,适量施用氮肥有利于甜高粱对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收,氮肥过量施用不但造成资源浪费,而且不利于养分的吸收。氮肥最佳施用量为246.0kg/hm2,籽粒产量较不施氮肥增产49.4%,经济效益增收29.3%。     

黄河三角洲地区冬枣对钾的吸收与分配规律

为给黄河三角洲地区冬枣钾施肥提供理论参考,以10年生冬枣为试材,研究了黄河三角洲冬枣在不同生育期内对钾肥的吸收及分配规律。结果表明,冬枣萌芽期生长较缓慢,干物质积累较少,对钾肥的吸收速率较低,吸收量仅占全生育期的5.33%,所吸收钾的88.25%分配到叶片中;花期枣树生长速率加快,干物质积累明显增加,吸收速率达到0.42g/(株·d),吸收量占全生育期的19.57%;果实膨大期干物质积累略有增加,钾吸收量占全生育期的34.46%;果实成熟期干物质积累达到高峰,吸收速率达到0.49g/(株·d),吸收量占全生育期的40.64%,所吸收钾的14.20%被分配到果实中。综合分析认为,萌芽前应少量施钾,花期适当提高钾肥的施用量,果实膨大期和成熟期应以钾肥为主,增加钾肥施用量。     

肥料增效剂对玉米干物质积累及氮养分吸收的影响

【目的】研究肥料增效剂与化肥配施对玉米干物质积累及氮养分吸收的影响,为玉米生产节本增产提供理论参考。【方法】采用盆栽试验,每1kg土中N、P、K肥施用量分别为：0．368、0．235和0．350g,设常规施肥处理（T1）,另设5个增施处理（T2-T6）,按在常规施肥处理基础上分别增施2mL不同肥料增效剂（F1-F5）,收获期测定玉米籽粒、苞叶、秸秆、根系等全N、P、K养分含量及玉米的养分吸收量和养分利用率。【结果】与常规施肥T1处理相比,增施增效剂处理玉米鲜苞重增加12．0～17．50g／盆,增重4．3％～6．2％,玉米籽粒重增加3．9％～6．9％;施用肥料增效剂处理的植株干物质积累量与常规施肥相比增幅为4．97％～6．65％。玉米植株各器官（秸秆、籽粒、苞叶＋穗轴和根）氮养分吸收量均显示施用增效剂处理优于对照,增幅为：秸秆20．60％～37．00％;籽粒7．20％～13．15％;苞叶＋穗轴12．43％～30．94％;根3．13％～37．75％。施用肥料增效剂处理与单施用化肥处理相比,氮肥利用率提高5．0％～7．2％。【结论】在常规施肥的基础上增施肥料增效剂能显著增加玉米植株干物质量及提高,氮肥利用率。     

平衡施肥对油用向日葵养分吸收分配规律的影响

为了明确配合施用NPK肥对油用向日葵(油葵)养分吸收分配规律的影响,在河套灌区进行了田间试验。结果表明:增施NPK肥均有增产效果,且氮肥钾肥磷肥;1 kg N、P2O5和K2O分别增产葵花籽2.3、2.7和7.2 kg,施用N、P2O5和K2O养分利用率分别为24.4%、10.5%和50.1%,生产100 kg油葵籽实吸收N、P2O5和K2O分别为5.02、1.62和7.64 kg。干物质和NPK养分积累均表现为前期慢、中期快、后期又慢的"S"生长曲线变化规律,可用阻滞方程y=k/(1+aebx)进行模拟。油葵全株吸收的K最多,N次之,P最少,出苗后70 d是养分从营养器官向生殖器官转移的转折点,收获时N和P主要集中在籽实中,K主要分配在茎秆中。     

不同施肥水平对亚麻氮、磷、钾积累量及生长动态的影响

试验采用三因素二次饱和D-最优设计,选用高产中纤的黑亚14和中产高纤的高斯进行盆栽试验,在不同生育时期取样调查叶面积、干物重和氮、磷、钾积累量。结果表明,亚麻地上部氮、磷、钾积累量呈"S"型曲线变化。氮、磷、钾的最终积累量表现为全氮>全钾>全磷;氮肥的施用能显著增加叶面积,提高亚麻的干物质积累,如配合磷、钾肥施用则效果更佳。磷肥有利于氮素的吸收,应配合氮肥施用,增加干物质积累;钾肥有利于抗倒伏,减缓后期叶片脱落,但单施钾肥则不利于干物质积累。     

南疆滴灌高产杂交棉花干物质和氮磷钾积累模拟分析

研究南疆覆膜滴灌条件下高产杂交棉干物质和氮磷钾养分的积累规律.结果表明皮棉3 000 kg/hm2高产条件下,棉花总干物质和生殖器官干物质积累速率最快时间在出苗后的107～108和117～118 d;棉株吸收N、P2O5、K2O的快增期分别在出苗后66～153、55～126和62～126 d.高产杂交棉地上部总干物质和生殖器官干物质积累量分别为102.51和62.27 g/株,吸收积累氮磷钾养分的总量换算为N、P2O5、K2O分别为515.3、126.4和591.9 kg/hm2,每生产100 kg皮棉需吸收氮磷钾比例N∶P2O5∶K2O=1∶0.25∶1.15.     

东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下高产玉米干物质与 养分的积累分配特性

【目的】 研究东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下,不同栽培模式的玉米群体干物质和养分积累动态变化与转运分配特征,为区域春玉米滴灌施肥高产栽培技术提供理论依据。【方法】 2014—2016年,在吉林省西部半干旱区乾安县进行定位试验,以农华101为材料,在滴灌施肥条件下,分别设置农民栽培（FP)、高产栽培（HY）和超高产栽培（SHY）3种栽培模式。研究了滴灌施肥条件下,不同栽培模式对群体干物质和养分积累动态、转运与分配特征以及产量构成特性的影响。【结果】 与FP模式相比,HY和SHY模式玉米产量显著增加,平均增幅分别为16.0%和37.4%;穗粒数和百粒重低于FP模式,但单位面积穗数显著高于FP模式。HY和SHY模式较FP模式显著提高了玉米开花期至成熟期的群体干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量,并提高了开花后干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量占总生育期积累量的比例（花后干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量占总生育期积累量比例分别提高 8.0%、23.3%、10.0%、33.9%和13.8%、42.6%、21.6%、44.6%）。Logistic方程解析表明,HY和SHY模式群体干物质最大增长速率和平均增长速率均高于FP模式（干物质最大增长速率和平均增长速率分别提高6.9%、4.2% 和23.8%、10.9%）;且最大速率出现时间晚于FP模式。与FP模式相比,HY和SHY模式显著降低了玉米开花前养分转运率和转运养分对籽粒的贡献率,显著提高了开花后积累养分对籽粒的贡献率。相关分析结果表明,玉米开花前后干物质和氮、磷、钾素积累量与籽粒产量均呈显著或极显著正相关(r=0.7513—0.9840),其中开花后群体干物质和氮、磷、钾积累量与产量的相关性高于开花前。【结论】 与农户栽培模式相比,高产和超高产栽培模式在提高群体干物质最大增长速率和平均增长速率的同时,推迟了群体干物质最大增长速率出现时间,进而使玉米开花期至成熟期有较高的干物质与养分积累,同时显著提高了玉米开花后积累养分对籽粒贡献率。因此,在东北半干旱区滴灌施肥条件下,通过增加种植密度,利用氮磷钾肥料总量控制、分期调控等管理措施,保证玉米整个生育期对氮、磷、钾养分的需求,是实现玉米产量进一步提高的重要途径。     

The Accumulation and Distribution Characteristics on Dry Matter and Nutrients of High-Yielding Maize Under Drip Irrigation and Fertilization Conditions in Semi-Arid Region of Northeastern China

【Objective】 Aiming at the accumulation dynamics and translocation and distribution characteristics of dry matter and nutrient of maize population among different cultivation modes under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in semi-arid region of Northeastern China, this research provided the theoretical basis on high-yielding cultivation technique of spring maize under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in the area.【Method】 The location experiment was conducted in Qian'an county in the western semi-arid region of Jilin province from 2014 to 2016 with three cultivation modes, including farmers' practice cultivation (FP), high-yielding cultivation (HY) and super high-yielding cultivation (SHY) under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions. Nonghua101 was chosen as experimental material. The characteristics of accumulation, translocation and distribution of dry matter and nutrient of maize population and the yield construction were studied among different cultivation modes under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions. 【Result】 The maize yield under HY and SHY modes were significantly higher than that under FP mode, with the average increment by 16.0% and 37.4%, respectively. The spike kernels and 100-kernels weight of HY and SHY modes were decreased than that of FP mode, but the spike numbers per unit area were significantly increased. Compared with FP mode, dry matter and N, P and K accumulations of maize population were significantly increased under HY and SHY modes from flowering stage to maturing stage, and the accumulation proportion of dry matter and N, P and K accumulations were increased in total growth period after flowering stage (the accumulation proportion of dry matter and N, P and K accumulations in total growth period after flowering stage were increased by 8.0%, 23.3%, 10.0%, 33.9% and 13.8%, 42.6%, 21.6%, 44.6%, respectively). Logistic equation analysis showed that the maximum and average increase rates of HY and SHY modes were 6.9%, 4.2% and 23.8%, 10.9% higher than that under FP mode, respectively, and the occurrence time of maximum rate was later. Compare with FP mode, HY and SHY modes reduced significantly nutrient translocation rate and contribution rate of translocation nutrients to kernels before flowering stage, and improved significantly contribution rate of accumulation nutrients to kernels after flowering stage of spring maize. Correlation analysis showed that the grain yield was significant or extremely significant correlated positively (r=0.7513-0.9840) with the dry matter and N, P and K accumulations around flowering stage of maize population, and the correlation coefficients after flowering stage were higher than them before flowering stage. 【Conclusion】 Compared with FP mode, HY and SHY modes improved the maximum and average increase rates of the dry matter in maize population, and postponed the occurrence time of the maximum increase rate of the dry matter. HY and SHY modes increased the dry matter and nutrient accumulations from flowering stage to maturing stage of maize, and enhanced significantly the contribution rate of accumulation nutrients to kernels after flowering stage. Therefore, the managing measures of increasing the planting density, controlling the total amount of N, P and K fertilizers and regulating fertilizer application during different stages could ensure the demand of N, P and K in the whole growth period of maize. This article provided an advantageous way for further promoting maize yield under drip irrigation and fertilization conditions in the semi-arid region of Northeastern China.     

小豆养分吸收、分配及利用效应研究

运用室内分析测试植株干物质量及养分含量的方法,研究了小豆植株干物质量的积累及N、P、K元素的吸收、分配和利用效应。结果表明:随着小豆的生育进程,小豆植株干物质积累逐渐增加,而各器官中N、P、K养分含量呈下降趋势。干物质的阶段净积累量呈单峰曲线变化,始花期达最大值2777.75kg/hm2,各生育时期小豆干物质积累速率、养分吸收强度及净阶段净积累量呈"双峰曲线"变化,第一个高峰为苗期至始花期,第二个高峰为鼓粒至成熟期;N、P、K养分在各器官上的分配比例随着生育进程的推移而发生变化,在生育前期养分分配以叶片为中心,生育后期以荚中心,荚的养分含量始终高于其它器官;生产100kg小豆籽粒需从土壤中吸收氮12.71kg、磷3.16kg、钾5.65kg,摄取比例为4.02∶1∶1.79。     

磷钾对套作大豆干物质积累与分配及产量的影响

在玉/豆"套作模式下,采用随机区组设计,研究磷、钾营养对套作大豆干物质积累、分配及产量的影响.结果表明:完熟期套作大豆干物质积累总量及根、茎、叶、荚各器官干物质积累量均随施钾量增加而增加,随施磷量增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,且都以P2K3(P2O517kg爛hm-2,K2O 112畅5kg爛hm-2)处理最高;茎秆、叶片干物质积累量随生育时期均呈单峰曲线变化,各时期干物质积累量随施钾、施磷量增加的变化与干物质积累总量表现一致(苗期除外);完熟期干物质向荚果的分配比例随施钾量增加而增加,随施磷量增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,而向茎秆和叶片则表现为相反的趋势;增施磷、钾肥能够提高营养器官干物质向荚果的转移量、转移率及其对荚果的贡献率和产量,以P2K3产量最高,为2832畅04kg爛hm-2,显著高于其他处理.     

玉米生长量、养分吸收量和及氮肥利用率的动态变化

在不同水、氮供应条件下，研究了玉米干物质累积、养分吸收及氮肥利用率的变化动态。结果表明，植株干物质和养分吸收量，随生育期延长而持续增加，变化动态可用S曲线方程拟合。对干物质和养分累积方程求导，得到了干物质累积和养分吸收速率。玉米生长期间干物质累积速率前期上升快，至高峰后缓慢下降。在氮、磷、钾三要素中，氮、钾吸收速率高，上升快，下降也快；磷吸收速率低，上升慢，下降亦慢。养分最大吸收速率出现的时间，钾最早，氮次之，磷最晚，但均早于干物质最大累积速率出现时间。氮肥利用率与干物质累积、养分吸收速率有类似变化趋势；氮肥最高瞬时利用率与氮素最大吸收速率出现的时间基本一致。灌水明显提高了氮肥累积利用率和瞬时利用率；水分和氮素供应虽然增加了养分吸收速率和干物质累积速率，但未改变其变化趋势。     

Nutrient deficiency limits population development,yield formation,and nutrient uptake of direct sown winter oilseed rape

Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape (DOR) performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River (RYR) to determine the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment (NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1) and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N>–P>–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.     

彩色棉干物质积累和养分吸收的模拟分析

彩色棉干物质积累和养分吸收均按logistic曲线变化,在快增期较短的时间内积累和吸收了约60%的干物质和养分,是彩色棉产量和品质形成的重要时期。彩色棉的干物质积累和养分吸收量在各时期低于对照白棉,且干物质最大积累强度出现的时间以及干物质积累进入快增期出现的时间上比对照均有所后延。彩色棉比对照有较弱的氮素吸收能力,棕色棉对钾素和磷素有较强的吸收能力,绿色棉的吸收能力相对较弱。最大养分吸收强度各品种均是钾最大,其次是氮,磷的吸收最少。彩色棉对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收量与干物质积累量和光合器官高度正相关。采取相应的栽培措施提高彩色棉养分和干物质在各生育时期的吸收、积累,并及时地向生殖器官较多的转移是其获得高产的物质基础。     

Dynamics of Nutrient Accumulation in Maize Plants Under Different Water and N Supply Conditions

The dynamics of accumulations of plant dry matter, nutrient uptake and N fertilizer recoverywere studied with different water and N supply, using summer maize (Zea mays L. var. Shandang) as an indi-cator crop. The total dry matter (including roots) and N, P, K uptake amounts were continuously increasedwith plant growth, and their accumulations with time during plant-growing period were shaped in S curves thatcould be described by exponential regression equations. Differentiating the regression equations fitting thecurves over time for first derivatives, the momentary rate was obtained of the dry matter and nutrient uptake.Results show that the dry matter and the nutrient uptake were not in the same rate at all time, but changedfrom one time to another. Usually, the rate increased rapidly at early stages, and gradually decreased afterreaching their peak. Of N, P and K, the uptake rate of N and K was higher, and their increase and decreasewere both fast while P was reversed. The time of the maximum absorptive rate appeared earlier for K, fol-lowed by N, and then by P. In any case, the maximum nutrient uptake rate appeared earlier than did the drymatter. The momentary N recovery rate was similar in trend to those of dry matter and N uptake, and its max-imum recovery rate occurred almost at the same time as its maximum uptake rate. Supplemental irrigationraised the cumulative and momentary rates of N. Although water and N supplies increased dry matter and nu-trient uptake rates, they did not alter their changing trends during the plant-growing period.