重穗型水稻株型特性研究

 【目的】对重穗型杂交籼稻的一些主要的株型因子及其与产量和产量构成的关系进行研究。【方法】以15个不同穗重型籼稻品种为材料，随机区组设计。【结果】重穗型品种的LAI比中、轻穗型品种有适当降低，但齐穗后其LAI和高效叶面积的衰减较慢，高效叶面积率、比叶重、粒叶比有显著提高。重穗型品种上部3叶的长度、宽度、厚度和面积均显著大于中、轻穗型品种，且它们均与每穗粒数、实粒数、单穗重、籽粒产量呈显著正相关；重穗型品种剑叶叶角小而挺直，倒2、3叶叶角顺次适当增大；重穗型品种的株高有所增加，上部3叶叶位均有所提高，尤其是剑叶。【结论】这种较优的叶层结构利于形成较为理想的受光姿态，提高光能利用率，是重穗型品种的特性及其理想株型因子配置。     

Studies on the Morphological Characters of South China Double Cropping Super Rice at the Active Tillering Stage

The morphological characters of the newly released super hybrid rice in South China, Yueza122, Fengyou428, Peiza 67, and super conventional varieties, Guangchao3, Shengtail at the active tillering stage in both early and late crops were investigated. Using the analysis of variance and other statistic methods, the ideal morphological characteristics of South China double cropping super-rice at the active tillering stage were determined. They are 55-60 cm in the early crop and 60-76 cm in the late crop for the ideal plant height, about 15 tillers in the early crop and 14-19 tillers in the late crop for the ideal tiller number per plant, 40-44 cm in the early crop and 42-60 cm in the late crop for the ideal length of the first leaf under the top leaf, 1.2-1.4 cm in the early crop and 1.2-1.3cm in the late crop for the ideal width of the first leaf under the top leaf, 3944 cm in the early crop and 37-43cm in the late crop for the ideal length of the second leaf under the top leaf, 1.1-1.4cm in the early crop and about 1.1cm in the late crop for the ideal width of the second leaf under the top leaf, 22-58° in the early crop and 4 12° in the late crop for the ideal top leaf angle at the active tillering stage. Based on these results, a new concept of "dynamic plant type structure" for South China double cropping super rice breeding was suggested.     

Characteristics of Rice Plant with Heavy Panicle

Using 15 indica rice varieties with different panicle weight, some ideal plant type characteristics in heavy panicle type of hybrid rice （HPT） and their relation to yield and its components were studied. Results showed that the leaf area index （LAI） of the HPT varieties was lower than that of medium panicle type （MPT） and light panicle type （LPT） varieties, but its decreasing rate of LAI and efficient LAI after heading was slower and had much higher percentage of efficient LAI, specific leaf weight, and ratio of grain to leaf area （cm^2） in comparison with the MPT and the LPT varieties. The length, width, thickness, and area of top three leaves of the HPT varieties were significantly larger than those of the MPT and the LPT varieties, and these components of top three leaves were significantly and positively correlated with the number of spikelets and filled grains, grain weight per panicle, and grain yield. The flag leaf in HPT varieties was erect with sorrow leaf angle, and their leaf angle of 2nd and 3rd leaf from top increased in sequence. The plant height of the HPT varieties was higher than that of the MPT and the LPT varieties, and their leaf site of top three leaves also increased in sequence. Therefore, HPT varieties as an ideal plant type could increase the utilization efficiency of sunlight energy. The ideal plant type characteristics and their adjuncts for the HPT varieties are proposed in this article.     

华南双季超级稻分蘖盛期理想形态性状研究

 对华南稻区最新育成的超级杂交稻组合粤杂122、丰优428、泗优998、培杂67和超级常规稻品种广超3号、胜泰1号分蘖盛期早、晚不同季节的形态性状进行了研究。利用方差、通径、判别函数分析等统计方法,确定了华南双季超级稻分蘖盛期的理想形态性状量化指标,即,植株高度:早季55～60cm、晚季60～76cm;每蔸茎蘖数:早季15条左右、晚季14～19条;顶下1叶长:早季40～44cm、晚季42～60cm;顶下1叶宽:早季1.2～1.4cm、晚季1.2～1.3cm;顶下2叶长:早季39～44cm、晚季37～43cm;     

水稻灌浆中后期功能叶中叶绿素含量及其变化趋势与谷物产量关系研究

对5个抗早衰能力有明显差异的籼稻恢复系灌浆中后期上3片功能叶的相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)进行测定,分析了叶绿素含量及其变化趋势与谷物产量的关系.结果表明,水稻灌浆中后期各功能叶中叶绿素含量与单穗粒重关系最为紧密,但相关性未达显著水平;抽穗后15～20d之间,剑叶和倒二叶中叶绿素降解速率与单株粒重呈分别呈显著和极显著负相关,而倒三叶中叶绿素降解速率与单株粒重相关程度较低,育种上选择抽穗后15 ～20 d期间剑叶和倒二叶叶绿素降解速率较慢的恢复系作为父本将有利于提高杂交水稻的籽粒产量.     

烤烟种质资源与26个主栽品种农艺性状分析

[目的]为烤烟杂交育种亲本选配和理想的后代株型的选择提供科学依据。[方法]对506份烤烟种质资源和26个主栽烤烟品种的主要农艺性状进行比较分析。[结果]主栽品种各农艺性状指标差异较小,自然株高多为130～150 cm,打顶株高90～110 cm,有效叶片数18～22片,叶片长宽比1.8～2.5,节距4～5 cm,茎围9～11 cm,茎叶角度中等(45°～60°);而一般烤烟种质资源株高、叶数、叶长宽、茎叶角度以及株型等指标变幅较大,自然株高为97～326 cm,有效叶片数多的达30余片,少的不足12片,节距为2.6～10.5 cm,茎叶角度变化较大,从30°和90°均有分布。[结论]主栽品种之所以能有较高的产量和较好的品质,较强的抗病力,其植株各形态特征和各项指标的搭配比较合理,因此,在亲本和杂交后代选择中,要充分考虑适宜产量、优质、抗病的理想植株所必须的形态指标,以培育出产量较高,质量较好的烤烟品种。     

超级杂交稻高产理论与实践初论

在分析我国水稻产量提高和株型变迁时代特征的基础上,通过对众多水稻株型模式差异的比较,阐述了超级杂交稻“高冠层、矮穗层、中大穗”株型模式的特点。从理论上,初步分析了该模式“有效增源、扩建高库容、高源库水平的协调”、“矮穗层”的抗倒力学及生理学等方面的理论基础。同时,通过对超级稻超高产实例的分析,率先提出了超级稻实现超高产目标的部分生理指标,重点介绍了适于超级杂交稻超高产栽培的改良型强化栽培技术体系。     

Genetic Analysis on Plant Type of Northern Japonica Hybrid Rice

This study was designed to analyze the genetic relationship of the morphological traits of the northern japonica hybrid rice. The genetic relationship of the morphological traits of the 100 cultivars combined by the 10 sterile lines and the 10 restore lines was studied by using the principle component analysis and the SAS and QGA. The results showed that compared with the female parent, most of the morphological traits related closely to their father. The additive genetic effect and the dominant genetic effect appeared significantly, and the former was more significant than the latter. Genetic correlation analysis indicated that high plants or high plants with more leaves were in favor of improving the number and the weight of the spike and producing the hybrid vigor. The important factors influencing the plant type of the northern japonica hybrid rice were the plant height （PH）, the angle of the flag leaf （FLA）, flag leaf length （FLL）, and the weight of the shoots and leaves （SLW）, respectively. The morphological traits system of the northern japonica hybrid rice was very complex, and the restore line should be given more importance compared with the sterile line, and PH, FLA, FLL, and SLW should be considered first in the plant type breeding.     

双季超级早稻高产品种特征特性研究

以8个超级稻品种为材料,在大田条件下研究了不同产量水平的双季超级早稻品种的产量、产量构成及株型特征等。结果表明:超级早稻的产量主要受总颖花数和每穗粒数的影响,高产品种具有大穗优势。高产超级早稻品种生育后期叶面积指数高、衰减速度慢,倒1叶和倒3叶的叶基角略大于中、低产超级稻品种,使功能叶片姿态更加合理,且叶长及长宽比均优于中、低产品种,有利于在生育后期截获更多光能,从而获得高产。     

稻纵卷叶螟危害损失与防治指标研究

稻纵卷叶螟对水稻危害损失及防治指标的研究结果表明 ,水稻功能叶受害后 ,造成的产量损失 ,粳稻品种大于杂交籼稻 ;千粒重损失及空秕率和产量损失率呈显著正相关。不同叶位受害对经济产量的影响 ,总趋势是由上而下依次递减 ,水稻植株各器官存在着一定的经济补偿力。淮北稻区稻纵卷叶螟的防治指标 ,初步定为粳稻百丛 30～ 40头 ,杂交籼稻百丛 40～ 5 0头。经大面积示范、推广证实 ,这一防治指标能有效地控制稻纵卷叶螟的危害 ,农药费用可节省 30～ 75元 /hm2 ,挽回稻谷损失一成左右。药剂防治次数减少 2～ 3次 ,节省用工费 15～ 45元 /hm2 ,并降低了稻谷内的农药残留量 ,减少了环境污染 ,净化了农田生态系统 ,经济效益明显     

精确定量栽培对高海拔寒冷生态区水稻株型及产量的影响

 【目的】研究高寒水稻产量构成和株型特征的关系,明确精确定量栽培对高寒水稻增产的机理。【方法】以当地品种传统粳稻品种大白谷和新品种丽粳10号为试验材料,对抽穗期不同株型特征指标与产量及产量构成的相关分析,研究高海拔地区水稻生长发育特性及其生理生态特点,探讨高寒生态区水稻增产的主攻目标,以精确定量栽培和常规栽培相比较,分析精确定量栽培对高寒生态区水稻株型和产量的影响。【结果】不同产量群体之间株型方面以及有效穗、颖花量等产量构成因子方面都存在着差异,高产群体的显著特征是植株上部三叶叶长较长;上部三叶叶角较小;抽穗期叶片的比叶重大,且与叶片、茎秆及穗部性状关系密切;茎秆各节间配置合理,基部节间短,穗下节间较长;一次枝梗数、二次枝梗数和产量呈显著正相关。【结论】扩库(增加总颖花量)和强源(增加抽穗后LAI,提高比叶重)均可提高高寒生态区水稻产量,水稻精确定量栽培的氮肥运筹、水分管理方面与高产水稻器官建成同步,提高叶面积指数的同时,促进总颖花量的增长,可显著地提高该生态区水稻的产量。     

Preliminary Studies on Thickness of Nondestructive Rice （Oryza sativa L.） Leaf Blade

Two varieties, Yuexinzhan and Guangchao 3, were used to study leaf thickness in rice in this experiment. The thickness of the leaf blade was measured by the nondestructive leaf thickness instrument, which was modified from the thickness instrument for steel objects （John Bull, England）. The contacting area between the leaf and the probe of the instrument was 0.5 cm^2. There was no significant difference between the thickness of steel materials measured by the nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument and the micrometer. The correlation between the thickness of the rice leaf blade measured by the nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument and the specific leaf weight （SLW） was significant （P 〈 0.05 or P〈 0.01）. The results also showed that the rice leaf thickness was uneven and asymmetric. The thickness and SLW of flag leaf tended to increase from the base to the tip of the leaf blade. The middle part of the second and third top leaf was the thickest, but no significant difference in thickness between the basal part and the fore part was found. Drawing a line on the main vein in the top three leaves, the left part was thinner than the right part. The thickness of the lower leaves （6/0-9/0） on the main culm tended to increase with increasing positions of the leaves in the early and middle stages, but the tendency was not the same for the higher leaves （10/0 upwards）, although the higher leaves （10/0 upward） were thicker than the lower leaves （9/0 or downward）. Furthermore, different CO2 concentrations （550±30, 460 ± 30 μmol mol^-1） in the growth boxes had no effect on the thickness of rice leaf blades. It can be concluded that the measurement of rice leaf thickness using the nondestructive rice leaf thickness instrument is simple, precise, and nondestructive.     

超级杂交稻生育后期上部三片叶同化产物的转运分配

采用大田试验和同位素示踪技术,以杂交稻组合汕优46为对照,对超级杂交稻组合两优293、准两优527生育后期上部三片叶同化产物转运分配特性进行了初步研究.结果表明,在生育后期不同阶段进行14C标记的两优293和准两优527剑叶、倒2叶、倒3叶的14C-同化物最终分配到穗中的比例(47.28%～95.43%)均显著高于对照(38.61%～82.19%),而滞留在茎叶中14C-同化物的含量显著低于对照,剑叶14C-同化物最终分配到穗中的比例最高(87.64%～95.43%),其次为倒2叶(67.64%～85.70%),倒3叶最低(47.29%～69.01%),说明超级杂交稻生育后期各功能叶(特别是剑叶)具有较强的同化产物输出能力.     

超级稻Ⅱ优602密度与穗肥运筹对产量和功能叶N素的影响

试验以超级稻II优602为材料,研究了密度与穗肥运筹对水稻产量和功能叶N素含量的影响.结果表明:不同时期施用穗肥,对功能叶叶片、叶鞘、茎秆的全N含量有明显的影响;对功能叶叶长和倒3节节间长也有明显影响;在移栽密度为15穴/m~2时,穗肥的最佳施用时期为倒3叶期;当移栽密度为20穴/m~2时,穗肥的最佳施用时期为倒2叶期.     

重穗型籼粳杂交稻甬优6号超高产生理特性

【目的】探明籼粳杂交稻甬优6号的重穗、超高产与生理特性的关系。【方法】以重穗型籼粳杂交稻甬优6号、轻穗型常规晚粳稻秀水63和中穗型籼型杂交晚稻汕优63为试验材料,进行组合(品种)间物质生产过程中的"源、流、库"等生理特性的对比考查与测定,研究和探讨甬优6号超高产的生理特性。【结果】重穗型籼粳杂交稻甬优6号突出的生理特性是:①"源足",表现为叶面积指数大、叶片功能期较长、叶绿素含量多、叶片光合速率高、比叶重和粒叶比较大;②"流畅",为齐穗期单株茎鞘物质向成熟期的穗部输出量大、输出率和转换率高;③"库大",为单位面积总颖花量和有效颖花量多、库容量大、穗重5g以上;④"根强",为次生根发达、根量大、根活力强、根冠比值高,为地上部生长健壮抗倒、活熟到老并实现超高产提供根本保障。【结论】从重穗型的甬优6号优良生理特性得到启示:为实现籼粳杂交稻的超高产目标,育种者在选择亲本,尤其是筛选F1代时,应着重鉴别亲本、新组合物质生产过程中"源、流、库"的协调性,以及根冠比值的适宜大小。     

Varietal difference in the correlation between leaf nitrogen content and photosynthesis in rice(Oryza sativa L.) plants is related to specific leaf weight

Increasing leaf photosynthesis per area(A) is of great importance to achieve yield further improvement. The aim of this study was to exploit varietal difference in A and its correlation with specific leaf weight(SLW). Twelve rice cultivars, including 6 indica and 6 japonica varieties, were pot-grown under two N treatments, low N(LN) and sufficient N(SN). Leaf photosynthesis and related parameters were measured at tillering stage. Compared with LN treatment, A, stomatal conductance(g_s), mesophyll conductance(g_m), leaf N content(N_(area)), and chlorophyll content were significantly improved under SN treatment, while SLW and photosynthetic N use efficiency(PNUE) were generally decreased. Varietal difference in A was positively related to both g_s and g_m, but not related to N_(area). This resulted in a low PNUE in high N_(area) leaves. Varietal difference in PNUE was generally negatively related to SLW. Response of PNUE to N supply varied among different rice cultivars, and interestingly, the decrease in PNUE under SN was negatively related to the decrease in SLW. With a higher N_(area), japonica rice cultivars did not show a higher A than indica rice cultivars because of possession of high-SLW leaves. Therefore, varietal difference in A was not related to N_(area), and SLW can substantially interfere with the correlation between A and N_(area). These findings may provide useful information for rice breeders to maximize A and PNUE, rather than over reliance on N_(area) as an indicator of photosynthetic performance.     

水稻矮化剑叶卷曲突变体dcfl1的鉴定与基因精细定位

【目的】对一个水稻矮化剑叶卷曲突变体进行鉴定与基因定位,为水稻等禾谷类作物剑叶形态发育及分子改良奠定基础。【方法】在籼型水稻恢复系缙恢10号的甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)突变库中筛选到一个隐性矮化剑叶卷曲突变体,命名为dcfl1(dwarf and curled flag leaf 1)。田间小区种植,全生育期内观察dcfl1和野生型的株型变化。苗期利用扫描电镜观察叶鞘内表皮细胞大小;孕穗期和抽穗期利用石蜡切片观察剑叶基部形态;开花期测定剑叶、倒2叶和倒3叶的叶绿素含量;成熟期考查株高、有效穗数、穗实粒数、结实率和千粒重等主要农艺性状。配制西农1A/dcfl1杂交组合,利用F1和F2群体进行遗传分析,并利用F2隐性群体进行基因定位。【结果】生育期内,突变体dcfl1都表现出矮化性状。dcfl1叶鞘内表皮细胞长度明显比野生型要短,达到了极显著水平。与野生型相比,穗长、倒1节间和倒2节间均显著变短,倒3节间和倒4节间无显著变化。抽穗期dcfl1剑叶的叶片和叶鞘连接处硬化,剑叶基部展开受阻,半边叶片向内卷曲,剑叶上部和中部正常,其他叶片也正常。农艺性状调查发现,dcfl1的有效穗数为14.24,极显著高于野生型的11.62,穗粒数、实粒数、结实率和千粒重等则无显著变化。此外,dcfl1的叶色略深,剑叶、倒2叶和倒3叶的叶绿素a含量均极显著高于野生型,类胡萝卜素含量也略有升高,但仅剑叶达到极显著差异水平,叶绿素b的含量则无显著变化。西农1A/dcfl1的F1群体中,株高和剑叶表型与野生型一致。F2群体中分离出正常和突变两种表型,突变表型与dcfl1类似,植株株高变矮,剑叶基部特异卷曲,说明矮化和剑叶基部特异卷曲是一对共分离性状。且两种表型分离比符合3﹕1,表明dcfl1突变型受1对隐性核基因控制。利用620株F2隐性单株,最终将DCFL1精细定位在第3染色体短臂In Del标记Ind03-11和Ind03-6之间78 kb的物理范围内,包含15个注释基因,为DCFL1的克隆和水稻剑叶形态发育机理研究奠定了基础。【结论】dcfl1是一个水稻矮化剑叶基部特异卷曲突变体,基因精细定位在第3染色体78 kb的物理范围内。     

水稻冠层叶面积和比叶重的基因型×环境互作效应分析

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性—显性—加性×加性上位性遗传模型,分析了水稻剑叶面积（ＦＬＡ）、倒二叶面积（２ＬＡ）、倒三叶面积（３ＬＡ）和比叶重（ＳＬＷ）的２ ａ 资料．结果表明,这４个性状的遗传主要受显性效应及其与环境互作效应的控制,加性×加性上位性效应对其表现有一定影响．加性效应对ＳＬＷ 也有重要作用．加性与环境互作效应对２ＬＡ 和３ＬＡ 以及加性×加性上位性与环境互作效应对ＦＬＡ 和ＳＬＷ 的影响较小．遗传率分析表明各性状的普通狭义遗传率依次为ＳＬＷ＞ ＦＬＡ＞ ３ＬＡ＞ ２ＬＡ．遗传效应预测值结果表明,ＩＲ６６１５８－３７和ＩＲ６５６００－８５具有使杂交后代增加ＳＬＷ 的遗传效应,明恢６３在改良冠层叶面积中受环境的影响程度较小,认为这３个品种是超高产新株型育种的优良亲本材料．     

不同群体水稻抽穗期主要株型指标的研究

以汕优63和武运粳8号为材料,测定了抽穗期的若干株型因子,并对不同群体的株型因子进行了比较。结果表明,高产群体的茎蘖发展合理,成穗率高,株高较矮,上部叶片的叶角小,叶片趋向挺直,叶片的相对高度较高,叶面积适中,叶片的叶绿素含量高。     

我国超级杂交稻育种研究进展及展望

回顾了国内外超级稻育种历史,介绍了我国超级稻育种研究进展,指出我国超级稻育种在籼粳亚种优势利用及株型育种中取得了重大突破,超级稻在我国已处于大面积推广阶段。针对我国超级稻品种（组合）普遍存在适应性不广、结实率偏低、抗性及米质较差、双季超级稻品种（组合）较少及育种理论和技术还有待完善等问题,提出未来超级稻育种的策略。