晋西沿黄枣区新引入制干品种的试验研究

为改变晋西沿黄枣区制干枣品种单一、品质较差的状况,筛选出适宜该枣区栽培的优良制干枣品种,以引入到该枣区的12个制干枣品种为研究对象,对各品种的主要物候特性、树体生长结果表现、单株产量、抗裂性、抗缩果病性和果实品质进行了观测分析。结果表明,临黄1号、圆铃枣、相枣、赞皇大枣、陕北长枣、方木枣和木枣抗裂1号等7个品种能较好地适应该枣区的气候和土壤条件,丰产性较好,制干品质优良,并且具有较强的抗裂性和抗缩果病性,与该枣区主栽品种中阳木枣和保德油枣相比,具有明显的综合优势,可以作为替代品种进行栽培推广。     

甘蔗受黑穗病菌侵染后苯丙烷类代谢变化及与其抗性的关系

检测了不同抗病类型甘蔗品种受黑穗病菌（ＵｓｔｉｌａｇｏｓｃｉｔａｍｉｎｅａＳｙｄ．）侵染后苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）、酪氨酸解氨酶（ＴＡＬ）、４—香豆酸辅醇Ａ连接酶（ＣｏＡｌｉｇａｓｅ）活性以及绿原酸和黄酮类化合物含量的动态变化．结果表明：受病菌侵染后各品种的ＰＡＬ、ＴＡＬ、ＣｏＡｌｉｇａｓｅ比活性均有一个明显的消长过程，但高抗品种ＮＣｏ３７６、“ＲＯＣ”１０酶活性上升的幅度和持续时间显著大于高感品种Ｆ１３４、ＦＮ８３—０７０６；同时，与高感品种相比．高抗品种绿原酸与黄酮类化合物的累积时间早，累积量也明显增加．因此，我们认为甘蔗黑穗病菌诱导ＰＡＬ、ＴＡＬ、ＣｏＡｌｉｇａｓｅ活性提高，增强了合成绿原酸、黄酮类化合物等多种抗病次生物质的苯丙烷类代谢，这可能是甘蔗对黑穗病侵染后抗性（Ｐｏｓｔ－ｉｎｆｅｃｔｉｏｎａｌｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｃｅ）机制的一个重要方面．     

Disembedding grain: Golden Rice,the Green Revolution,and heirloom seeds in the Philippines

“Golden Rice” has played a key role in arguments over genetically modified (GM) crops for many years. It is routinely depicted as a generic GM vitamin tablet in a generic plant bound for the global South. But the release of Golden Rice is on the horizon only in the Philippines, a country with a storied history and complicated present, and contested future for rice production and consumption. The present paper corrects this blinkered view of Golden Rice through an analysis of three distinctive “rice worlds” of the Philippines: Green Revolution rice developed at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the 1960s, Golden Rice currently being bred at IRRI, and a scheme to promote and export traditional “heirloom” landrace rice. More than mere seed types, these rices are at the centers of separate “rice worlds” with distinctive concepts of what the crop should be and how it should be produced. In contrast to the common productivist framework for comparing types of rice, this paper compares the rice worlds on the basis of geographical embeddedness, or the extent to which local agroecological context is valorized or nullified in the crop’s construction. The Green Revolution spread generic, disembedded high-input seeds to replace locally adapted landraces as well as peasant attitudes and practices associated with them. The disembeddedness of Golden Rice that boosts its value as a public relations vehicle has also been the main impediment in it reaching farmers’ fields, as it has proved difficult to breed into varieties that grow well specifically in the Philippines. Finally, and somewhat ironically, IRRI has recently undertaken research and promotion of heirloom seeds in collaboration with the export scheme.     

不同作物品种对根际青枯菌数量变化的影响

为给番茄栽培与轮作提供科学合理的依据,以不同番茄品种和蔬菜品种为材料,采用传统的平板培养法,研究不同番茄品种和几种蔬菜根际青枯菌菌落数。结果表明,19份番茄品种的青枯菌菌落数存在显著性差异,其中4份番茄品种的根际土壤中青枯菌的菌落数低于所有番茄品种的平均值,为低富集青枯病菌的番茄品种,分别是桂砧1号番茄、GBS无菌903番茄、金艳樱桃番茄以及黄箭樱桃番茄;23份不同蔬菜品种的青枯菌菌落数存在显著性差异,其中是5份蔬菜品种的青枯菌菌落数显著低于23份蔬菜品种的平均值,适宜与番茄进行轮作,分别是大叶茼蒿、八寸参、-葫芦瓜、桂蔬5号粉皮冬瓜及神奇花总原白丝瓜。     

大白菜耐热性的生理研究 Ⅲ.酶性和非酶性活性氧清除能力与耐热性

耐热性不同的２个大白菜品种经３８℃高温胁迫后Ｏ－２含量明显增加，但耐热的亚蔬１号增幅远小于不耐热的“１０６”品种．高温胁迫使亚蔬１号的超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ＡＳＰ）活性提高，“１０６”品种除ＣＡＴ活性稍有提高外，ＳＯＤ和ＡＳＰ活性均下降．２个品种还原型谷胱甘肽（ＧＳＨ）含量增加不明显，但亚蔬１号仍稍高于“１０６”品种；抗坏血酸（ＡｓＡ）含量均减少，亚蔬１号降幅小于“１０６”品种．结果显示，在高温胁迫下，亚蔬１号较“１０６”品种具有较高的酶性和非酶性活性氧清除能力     

Private standards, grower networks, and power in a food supply system

The role of private food standards in agriculture is increasingly raising questions of legitimacy, particularly in light of the impacts such standards may have on food producers. While much work has been carried out at a macro policy level for developing countries, there have been relatively few empirical case studies that focus on particular food supply chains, and even fewer studies still of the impact of private standards on developed countries such as Australia. This study seeks to address this imbalance, with a particular focus on examining the impact of private standards on an Australian vegetable supply food system in North Tasmania as well as tracing the impact of perceived and actual power relations among actors. Applying a governance framework and adopting a Foucauldian position we show that private standards are a “technology of power” that have risen out of a crisis discourse in the mid-1990s about on-farm food safety. Private standards have the effect of using knowledge from particular actors to establish truths about good agricultural practice (GAP), however we show that Tasmanian vegetable growers are not docile bodies and are employing alternative knowledge and technologies of power to challenge how GAP is implemented on-farm.     

菜用大豆品种花荚粒形成的初步研究

通过对24个菜用大豆品种花荚及籽粒形成的比较,认为不同熟期类型品种间发育规律存在差异。早熟品种较晚熟品种花、荚形成发育快,时间短,脱落也快。籽粒形成主要集中在三个时期:籽粒重在中后期,荚皮重在中前期,荚重在中期。中期的生殖生长是籽粒形成的基础,也是影响产量的关键。因此在江苏徐淮地区的生态条件下,鼓粒前的花荚期长短是选择菜用大豆品种生育指标的重要因素。菜用大豆鼓粒前的花荚期以20d左右为宜。     

杂交晚稻“协优赣26号”的选育与应用

以“协青早A”为母本 ,自育恢复系“C1 42 9”为父本进行配组 ,成功选育出杂交晚稻新组合“协优赣 2 6号”。 1 998、1 999年该组合参加南方稻区晚籼中迟熟组区试 ,平均产量分别为 6 .87t/hm2 和 6 .94t/hm2 。在推广和应用中 ,“协优赣 2 6号”表现高产、稳产、米质优、综合抗性强和制种产量高等特点 ,适合江西中南部地区作二晚种植。提出了“协优赣 2 6号”的栽培和制种技术     

“Eco-Huang”疏花剂对苹果的疏花效应

"Eco-Huang"是韩国研制的一种新型无公害化学疏花剂,可用于绿色苹果和有机苹果的生产。试验以新嘎拉、红富士、美国八号苹果为试材,研究了"Eco-Huang"的疏花效应。结果表明在新嘎拉、美国八号苹果盛花中期喷施一次150倍液,在红富士上喷施两次150倍液疏花效果显著。     

我国蔬菜商业化育种现状与发展建议

种业是国家战略性、基础性的核心产业,是农业生产的根本。优良的蔬菜种子对提高蔬菜质量至关重要,因此育种是蔬菜种业产业链的核心与关键。近年来,随着我国蔬菜种业市场不断扩大、商业化育种体系不断完善,我国蔬菜种业呈现出新的发展机遇。依据相关数据资料系统分析了我国蔬菜商业化育种现状及存在的问题,并基于我国国情提出了发展蔬菜商业化育种的建议,以期推动蔬菜商业化育种进程,强化蔬菜种业科技创新,培育“育繁推一体化”蔬菜种子企业,驱动全国蔬菜产业生产方式转型升级,提升蔬菜种业竞争力。     

气候变化对蔬菜学科的影响

介绍了蔬菜科学技术的概念,阐述了全球气候变暖对蔬菜生产、蔬菜品种多样性的影响及应对气候变化蔬菜学科面临的问题。在此基础上,提出了蔬菜学科应对全球气候变暖的对策:加强蔬菜生产布局规划研究;培育抗逆性强的蔬菜新品种;发展蔬菜工程学理论和技术体系;发展蔬菜物流、加工和综合利用技术。     

我国北方地区花生品种的遗传多样性分析

利用SSR分子标记对我国北方地区育种品种以及区试品种共计68个栽培花生品种进行遗传多样性分析,结果表明,104对SSR引物中有15对在品种间存在多态,多态率为14.4%,平均每个标记产生3.8个位点。15对引物的多态信息量在0.397~0.667之间。山东地区花生品种的遗传多样性要高于我国北方其他地区供试品种。小粒组品种的遗传多样性要略高于大粒组品种。聚类分析表明我国北方68个育成和区试品种的遗传相似系数在0.64~0.91之间,分成两个大类,第一个大类可分成四小类,其中第三小类又可以分成六个亚类。这些结果表明我国北方地区现有育成和区试品种的遗传多样性较低,为拓宽花生育种的遗传基础,应从中发掘出有利用价值的品种。     

不同类型荷花杂交、开放授粉、自交结实性及出苗率研究

选用6个荷花品种进行完全双列杂交,并通过自花授粉和开放授粉,对其结实性进行了探讨。结果表明:不同品种间杂交结实率存在明显差异,各杂交组合的结实率为0%～39.83%;不同品种的自花授粉和天然授粉结实率存在明显差异,天然授粉结实率为1.69%～50.47%,自交结实率为0.84%～22.93%,其中重瓣性品种的自交及天然授粉结实率低;不同组合结实播种后的出苗率均较高。     

The history and survival of traditional heirloom vegetable varieties in the southern Appalachian Mountains of western North Carolina

Southern Appalachia is unique among agroecological regions of the American South because of the diverse environmental conditions caused by its mountain ecology, the geographic and commercial isolation of the region, and the relative cultural autonomy of the people that live there. Those three criteria, combined with a rich agricultural history and the continuance of the homegardening tradition, make southern Appalachia an area of relatively high crop biodiversity in America. This study investigated the history and survival of traditional heirloom vegetable crops in western North Carolina and documented 134 heirloom varieties that were still being grown. I conducted interviews with 26 individuals from 12 counties in western North Carolina. I used a snowball sampling method to identify individuals or communities that maintained heirloom vegetable varieties, and used the “memory banking” of farmers’ knowledge as a strategy to complement the gathering of seed specimens. Most of the varieties were grown and saved by homegardeners; beans were the most numerous. Results indicate that usually only one or two individuals in a community maintained significant numbers of heirloom varieties and that many communities have lost their heirloom vegetable heritage altogether. The decline of the farming population combined with a lack of cultural continuance in family seed-saving traditions threatens the ability of communities to maintain crop biodiversity. Some of the cultivars may represent the last (small) populations of endangered varieties.

辣椒品种对盐胁迫的响应

在土培条件下采用模拟盐胁迫的方法,对16个辣椒(Capsicum annum L.)品种在盐胁迫下萌芽期和幼苗期的生长和生理特性进行研究。结果表明,在盐胁迫下所有供试辣椒品种在萌芽期的发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、苗长、胚根长、苗重和胚根重均有不同程度的降低;幼苗期的过氧化物酶(POD) 、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性总体表现为增加,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量则总体呈现下降趋势,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)不同品种表现不同。多元方差分析表明,相对发芽率、相对发芽指数等14个性状指标表现出显著差异性,以隶属函数值为依据的系统聚类分析将供试的辣椒品种分为3类,其中红艳、剑圣1、万家灯火、长虹361、红秀和北研尖椒3号为耐盐性较强的品种,剑圣2、博辣五号、红圣008、剑圣3和苏椒12号为耐盐性中等品种,利剑1、干鲜三号、长虹366、艳红1和艳红2为耐盐性较弱品种。     

水稻品种RGA分析与抗瘟性鉴定

根据抗病基因在保守区域序列同源的原理,利用RGA方法对云南省主要栽培品种和地方资源品种的遗传多样性进行了分析。从22个水稻品种的抗病基因同源序列中,共扩增出155条谱带,各品种之间谱带较清晰呈现明显的多态性,聚类分析结果可以明显将品种的抗感水平分开,也与温室人工接种试验结果相似。因此,利用RGA分析可以为水稻品种抗瘟性鉴定提供一定的理论依据。     

江西大豆锈病发生及防治的研究

研究结果表明 ,大豆锈病在江西主要分布于浙赣铁路线以南 ,特别是以赣南山区、吉泰盆地发生最为严重 ,以为害 (夏 )秋播大豆为主 ,年发病面积 4万hm2 左右 ;一般年份大豆锈病为害造成的产量损失率达 1 0 %～ 40 % ,与施药保护区相比 ,品种“八月黄”的产量损失率达 1 6 .8% ;推广种植抗病品种是防治大豆锈病最经济有效的方法 ,“玉山青皮豆”、“日向”、“中油 84-87”、“中油R -34”、“九月黄”、“SK1”等品种的表现较好 ,抗性较强 ,可在江西推广利用     

三种蔬菜作物高温下蒸腾、种子活力和ATP的变化及其与抗热性的关系

芹菜、菜豆和辣椒3种蔬菜作物。取其抗热性有明显差异的品种各1或2对为材料,研究高温对蒸腾、种子活力及前动种子ATP水平的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫下3种蔬菜的蒸腾强度升高,1天中变化加剧,且抗热品种更为明显;种子活力和ATP水平受热胁迫而下降,其下降率抗热品种均低于相应的热敏型品种。初步认为,高温下上述3项指标的变化幅度可望作为作物抗热性的鉴定指标。     

青州蜜桃、冬桃成熟胚子叶再生不定植株的研究

以青州蜜桃、冬桃成熟胚子叶为外植体 ,研究了利用子叶再生不定梢的适宜培养基。两个品种的子叶在 1 / 2MS附加BA 1 0mg/L和NAA 0 .2mg/L的培养基上获得了最高不定梢再生率。青州蜜桃和冬桃子叶的不定梢最高再生率分别是 6 6 .7%和 5 6 .2 %。不定梢在WPM +BA 2mg/L +IBA 0 .0 1mg/L +GA 0 .5mg/L培养基上增殖培养后 ,转移到 1 / 2MS +IBA 0 .5mg/L +蔗糖 2 0g/L诱导生根 ,两个品种的生根率都在 90 %以上     

北京地区夏播大豆干物质积累动态规律分析

以3个菜用大豆和3个普通大豆品种为试验材料,研究北京地区夏播大豆干物质积累规律。结果表明,大豆花后20d籽粒鲜重增加迅速,至花后55d达到最大值;籽粒干重从花后27d上升迅速,55d之后增加趋于缓慢,干物质积累符合"慢—快—慢"的S曲线;花后34d内以豆荚干物质积累为主,花后34d至成熟是籽粒干物质积累的时期;菜用大豆鲜荚采摘的最佳时期是花后55d左右;菜用大豆的豆荚和籽粒相比普通大豆后期脱水较慢,有利于延长采摘期。