南方水稻黑条矮缩病对白背飞虱和褐飞虱体内3种水解酶活性的影响

为明确水稻感染病毒病后对白背飞虱和褐飞虱体内水解酶活性的影响,本文研究了水稻感染南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒(SRBSDV)对两种稻飞虱若虫及成虫体内3种水解酶活性的变化。结果表明:白背飞虱若虫和成虫取食带毒稻株后,羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性分别在5 d和24 h时显著低于对照组;而酸性磷酸酯酶(ACP)活性仅在成虫取食带毒稻株12 h时显著低于对照组;碱性磷酸酯酶(AKP)活性虽低于对照组,但差异均不显著。另外,褐飞虱若虫取食带毒稻株后,CarE活性在24 h和5 d时均显著低于对照组,但是ACP和AKP活性与对照相比均无显著差异。褐飞虱成虫取食带毒稻株后,CarE活性(12 h、24 h和5 d)和ACP活性(24 h)被显著抑制,但AKP活性与对照相比均无显著差异。白背飞虱和褐飞虱取食染病稻株后,其成虫及若虫体内CarE和ACP活性被显著抑制,但是AKP活性与对照相比虽有降低,但均无显著差异。     

黄绿绿僵菌侵染褐飞虱的电镜观察

利用扫描电镜与半薄切片结合的方式观察黄绿绿僵菌(Metarhizium flavoviride)对褐飞虱[Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)]虫体、卵块的侵染过程,并比较黄绿绿僵菌处理不同时长对褐飞虱卵块孵化率,及成虫、幼虫发育历期的影响。结果表明:黄绿绿僵菌在寄主褐飞虱体表不同结构区的入侵行为存在差异,易先从节间膜、体表的褶皱凹陷等部位产生附着胞,在体表长出菌丝和产孢,随后入侵寄主血腔,借助寄主的营养快速繁殖,导致菌体大量堆积在褐飞虱腹部引发其死亡。喷施于稻株表面的黄绿绿僵菌无法侵染产于稻株叶鞘组织内的褐飞虱卵块,但黄绿绿僵菌菌体可在离体褐飞虱卵块体表定殖并繁殖。黄绿绿僵菌处理褐飞虱种群的卵块孵化率集中在61.10%~72.67%,延长处理时间并未使寄主褐飞虱的卵块孵化率降低。不同处理时间的褐飞虱成虫、若虫历期与对照种群相比并无显著差异,说明黄绿绿僵菌处理并未对褐飞虱成虫、若虫发育历期造成影响。推测黄绿绿僵菌可侵染褐飞虱及其卵块,但所需时间较长,易受外界因子影响。因此,黄绿绿僵菌对褐飞虱的田间防控需结合外界影响因子制定合理的使用策略。     

褐飞虱虫源的致害特性研究

】对浙江、广西和云南的褐飞虱致害性研究结果表明,１９９７年浙江虫源对ＩＲ２６和Ｍｕｄｇｏ苗期致害为９级,若虫存活指数大于５０,表明仍以生物型Ⅱ为主。广西和云南虫源均能致害抗虫品种ＩＲ２６,Ｍｕｄｇｏ,ＡＳＤ７和ＲａｔｈｕＨｅｎａｔｉ,高龄若虫在ＲＨ品种上的成活指数分别为７０．９和６６．７,说明这两个虫源产生了与生物型Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅲ的致害性不同的新致害型。浙江虫源的若虫和成虫对不同抗虫品种的取食选择性有明显差异,成虫嗜食ＩＲ２６品种,而若虫对不同品种的选择性无显著差异。云南虫源若虫嗜食ＡＳＤ７,而成虫则嗜食ＴＮ１。浙江和广西褐飞虱将卵产在ＩＲ２６上,而云南虫源则产在ＴＮ１上。表明不同虫源褐飞虱对抗虫品种的取食和产卵选择性与其致害性不一致。     

水稻品种(组合)对褐飞虱的抗性鉴定及评价方法比较

[目的]通过水稻品种(组合)对褐飞虱的抗性鉴定,从中筛选出抗性品种,并对各抗性鉴定方法进行评价,为抗虫品种的推广应用提供科学依据.[方法]以海南大学热带农林学院和广西农业科学院作物遗传改良重点实验室提供的水稻品种(组合)及2017年广西区试水稻品种(组合)为试验材料,采用从田间直接采集、在室内用感虫品种TN1饲养的褐飞虱为虫源,通过苗期群体鉴定筛选、蜜露量测定、褐飞虱若虫存活率和取食选择性及发育历期测定、成虫产卵选择性鉴定及次生物质测定等综合鉴定不同水稻品种(组合)对褐飞虱的抗性.[结果]通过苗期群体鉴定筛选初步从供试水稻品种(组合)中筛选出表现为抗(R)的品种1份(R373),表现为中抗(MR)的品种2份(特优373和特优582).蜜露量测定、成虫产卵选择性和水稻次生物质含量测定结果与苗期群体鉴定结果一致,均表现为抗性材料的相关指标与感虫品种TN1差异显著(P<0.05),与抗虫品种RHT差异不显著(P>0.05).褐飞虱若虫的取食选择性、存活率及在不同品种上的发育历期测定结果与其抗虫表现存在差异,且结果之间无规律性.[结论]R373是性能稳定的抗性品种(组合),可作为培育抗褐飞虱水稻品种的基础材料使用.苗期群体鉴定筛选、蜜露量测定、成虫产卵选择性鉴定及次生物质测定可作为水稻苗期抗褐飞虱性评价的方法使用.     

连续取食抗吡虫啉褐飞虱对黑肩绿盲蝽生物学特性的影响

为了解连续取食抗吡虫啉褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens(Stl)对黑肩绿盲蝽Cyrtorhinus lividipennis(Reuter)生物学特性的影响,分别用对吡虫啉(Imidacloprid)敏感的褐飞虱种群(SN种群)和极高抗吡虫啉的褐飞虱种群(RN种群)连续饲养黑肩绿盲蝽15代,观察黑肩绿盲蝽SNCF15和RNCF15种群的生物学特性。结果表明:2种群的卵期、若虫期、成虫期以及整个世代的历期、各时段的羽化率差异均不显著,但SNCF15种群的产卵期比RNCF15种群长,产卵量比RNCF15种群大,且均差异显著;SNCF15种群的卵孵化率、若虫存活率也比RNCF15稍高,且卵历期稍短。     

转Bar基因水稻及草铵膦对褐飞虱取食和产卵行为的影响

【目的】研究抗除草剂转基因水稻及其相应的非选择性除草剂草铵膦对褐飞虱取食和产卵行为的影响,为转Bar基因水稻的生态安全性评价提供科学依据。【方法】以褐飞虱[Nilaparvata lugens （Stl）]为研究对象,以转Bar基因水稻Bar68-1、非转基因亲本对照水稻D68以及感虫对照水稻TN1为研究材料,并在转基因抗除草剂水稻上进行喷施0.5%草铵膦处理,对各处理褐飞虱的取食量、取食选择性和产卵选择性进行比较。【结果】褐飞虱在D68上的着虫率和取食量与TN1相比差异不显著,但产卵选择率显著低于TN1;褐飞虱在Bar68-1上的取食量、着虫率和产卵选择率与D68相比差异不显著;喷施0.5%草铵膦处理对褐飞虱取食量、取食选择性的影响与清水对照相比差异不显著,但对褐飞虱的产卵选择率、卵块数和卵粒总数有一定影响,均显著低于清水对照。【结论】抗除草剂转基因水稻Bar68-1对褐飞虱的取食和产卵行为没有影响。     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病对水稻营养物质和两种稻飞虱解毒酶活性的影响

在稻田生态系统中,白背飞虱和褐飞虱常常混合发生。为了探明南方水稻黑条矮缩病(SRBSDV)对水稻主要营养物质和两种稻飞虱体内解毒酶活性的影响,在室内测定了水稻感染SRBSDV后的主要营养物质可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的变化,以及褐飞虱和白背飞虱取食感病稻株后体内乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性的变化。结果表明:水稻在感染SRBSDV后,体内可溶性糖含量显著降低,游离氨基酸含量显著升高;在带毒水稻上取食24 h时,白背飞虱和褐飞虱的若虫、成虫体内AchE活性与对照相比显著降低;另外,取食12 h、24 h、5 d时,褐飞虱若虫、成虫体内GST活性显著高于对照,而取食12 h、24 h时的白背飞虱成虫、若虫体内GST活性相比对照稍有增强但差异不显著,但5 d时的酶活性显著高于对照。上述结果表明SRBSDV感染影响水稻体内游离氨基酸和可溶性糖的含量;另外,褐飞虱和白背飞虱取食感病植株后,可通过调节自身解毒酶活性的变化来适应逆境。     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病对非介体褐飞虱生长发育和繁殖的影响

由白背飞虱传播的南方水稻黑条矮缩病SRBSDV对水稻的生产造成了严重的威胁。在稻田生态系统中,褐飞虱发生于白背飞虱之后。为了探明SRBSDV对非介体稻褐飞虱的影响,我们在室内进行了感染南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒的水稻对非介体褐飞虱生长发育、成虫寿命及生殖力等影响的研究。结果表明:非介体褐飞虱在感染南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒的水稻上取食后,若虫发育历期、成虫前期存活率、成虫前期、成虫产卵前期、产卵期和卵孵化率无显著差异,但成虫寿命与产卵量显著减少,净生殖率和内禀增长率减小,说明感染南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒的水稻对褐飞虱生长发育和繁殖有一定的抑制作用。     

转cry1Ab抗虫水稻对褐飞虱取食及产卵选择行为的影响

通过室内试验研究了褐飞虱在转cry1Ab抗虫水稻(mf-MH3301-1)和非转基因水稻(MH3301)上的取食和产卵选择行为,并通过Y型嗅觉仪研究了褐飞虱对2种水稻的趋性反应.结果表明:转基因水稻mf-MH3301-1对褐飞虱成虫的取食选择行为有一定的影响,在接虫后2、4、8 h,雄成虫在Bt水稻上的着虫率显著低于对照MH3301,而雌成虫在接虫后4、8 h在Bt水稻上的着虫率显著低于对照MH3301.然而,Bt水稻对于褐飞虱的产卵选择性和趋性反应均无显著影响.     

抗虫转基因水稻对非靶标害虫褐飞虱取食与产卵行为影响的评价

 比较测定褐飞虱在转cry1Ab基因籼稻(B1、B6)和转SCK基因杂交稻恢复系(MSA)及各自亲本对照上的取食与产卵行为。在自由选择寄主植株条件下,褐飞虱于转cry1Ab基因籼稻和转SCK基因杂交稻恢复系上的着虫比率、产卵选择性和产卵量与各自对照嘉早935和明恢86相比均无显著差异,但取食总痕数除B1外则均显著高于对照。在非自由选择寄主植株条件下,褐飞虱不论于转cry1Ab基因籼稻上还是于转SCK基因杂交稻恢复系上,其取食总痕数均显著多于各自对照,而取食24 h后排泄的蜜露则恰反之。综合可见,3个供试抗虫转     

Impact Evaluation of Insect-Resistant Transgenic Rice on the Feeding and Oviposition Behavior of Its Non-Target Insect,the Brown Planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Homptera: Delphacidae)

The feeding and oviposition behavior of the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens on two transgenic indica rice homogenous genotypes (B1 and B6) with cry1Ab gene from Bacillus thuringiensis and transgenic restored line of hybrid rice (MSA) with SCK gene (a modified CpTI gene) were measured, compared with those on their corresponding non-transgenic parental cultivars Jiazao935 and Minghui86 performed by BPH. Under the selection condition of host plants by BPH, loading percentage, oviposition preference and laying egg number of BPH both on transgenic cry1Ab rice and transgenic SCK rice were not significantly different from those on their controls, while their total number of probing wound caused by PBH expect for feeding on B1 plants was markedly more than that on the control. In contrast, under the non-selection condition, total number of probing wound caused by BPH on either transgenic cry1Ab rice or transgenic SCK rice was pronouncedly more than those on their controls. Conversely, their honeydew amount excreted by BPH after feeding for 24 h was significantly less than those on the control. As a conclusion, three tested transgenic rice genotypes with insect resistance acted adverse effect on BHP feeding, and no marked effect on BPH oviposition.     

水稻品种南京14号对褐飞虱定位和繁殖的影响

应用稻苗生物测定法，比较了水稻抗虫品种南京１４号、ＩＲ２８，感虫品种南京１１号、ＴＮ１和汕优６３，非寄主植物稗草对褐飞虱定向和繁殖的影响。     

三唑磷对不同翅型稻褐飞虱繁殖力的影响

用稻茎浸渍法测定了三唑对褐飞虱的毒力的并用其亚致死剂量（约为ＬＣ１）处理褐飞虱三龄若虫,中养至羽化后按翅型分成单对继续饲养,观察并记录其繁殖力。结果表明：三唑磷处理三龄若虫对其存活的长翅型和短翅笄城虫的产卵均有明显的刺激作用。如施用三唑磷防治水稻螟虫会促使褐飞虱在本地和迁入地猖獗发生。为此,对如何科学合理地应用三唑磷防治水稻螟虫进行了讨论。     

Pancreatic triglyceride lipase is involved in the virulence of the brown planthopper to rice plants

The brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, an important rice insect pest, can enhance its virulence to BPH-resistant rice within as short a span as several generations. Here, we cloned a pancreatic triglyceride lipase (PTL) gene (NlPTL) in N. lugens, and found that its mRNA level was higher in the high virulence population (fed on variety Rathu Heenati, P-RH) than in the low virulence population (fed on variety Taichung Native 1, P-TN1). Knocking down NlPTL caused BPH individuals to spend more time in non-penetration and the pathway phases and less time feeding on the phloem of rice plants; these changes consequently decreased food intake, lipid content, survival rate, and fecundity in the insects. These findings reveal for the first time that PTL in BPH is involved in its virulence to rice plants.     

Functional and numerical responses of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis to eggs of Nilaparvata lugens are not affected by genetically modified herbicide-tolerant rice

To safely and sustainably utilize genetic breeding techniques for crop production, greater understanding of the potential effects of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops on the ecological functions of predators is required. In the laboratory, we examined the functional and numerical responses of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter to eggs of brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), which were reared on GMHT rice Bar68-1; the untransformed parental cultivar, D68; or a BPH-susceptive rice variety, Taichung Native 1. All stages of nymphs and female adult of C. lividipennis, either on GMHT rice or control plants, exhibited typical type II functional responses when fed on BPH eggs; the attacking rate and handling time of C. lividipennis on GMHT rice Bar68-1 was not significantly different from that on D68. The numerical responses of C. lividipennis on GMHT rice or controls fit Beddington’s model; there were no significant differences in the parameters of numerical responses between GMHT rice Bar68-1 and D68. The results indicated that the functional and numerical responses of C. lividipennis to BPH eggs are not affected by GMHT rice Bar68-1.     

水稻品种对褐飞虱代谢酶的影响

用水稻敏感品种TNl和具有不同抗性基因的品种Mudgo,ASD7和Rathu Heenati饲养稻褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens)，研究不同品种对褐飞虱体内酯酶、谷胱甘肽转移酶和多功能氧化酶氧—脱甲基活性的影响。结果表明，褐飞虱在3种抗性品种上饲养一代后，其酯酶活性与敏感品种上的试虫相比没有显差异。然而，取食Mudgo和ASD7的雌成虫之间酯酶活性达到显性差异；取食Mudgo和Ruthu Heenati的雄成虫酯酶的Km值分别为取食TNl的2．78和2．58倍。褐飞虱体内酯酶活性还因其生物型的不同而异。对褐飞虱生物型1和生物型2个酯酶活力分布的测定结果表明，生物型2的雌、雄成虫酯酶活性均显低于生物型1的。研究还表明，在ASD7与Rathu Heenati上饲养一代后，褐飞虱雌、雄成虫GST的活性显高于取食TNl和Mudgo的个体，但抗性品种对褐飞虱成虫的多功能氧化酶氧—脱甲基活性没有明显影响。因此，水稻品种对褐飞虱代谢酶的影响因品种的特性，代谢酶的类型，甚至褐飞虱的性别而异。中对其可能的机制进行了探讨。