转Bt基因作物毒素蛋白降解特性研究进展

总结了Bt杀虫蛋白的特性、转Bt基因作物毒素蛋白在土壤中的残留和积累以及对土壤生态系统的影响,阐明了转Bt基因作物毒素蛋白在土壤中的降解与影响因素,并提出应积极开展转Bt基因作物秸秆的降解研究,在降解秸秆的同时降解其中的Bt毒素蛋白.     

转Bt基因作物对土壤酶活性和土壤肥力影响的研究进展

随着转Bt基因作物种植面积的逐年增加,人们对转基因作物释放后潜在的安全性也越来越关注。转Bt基因作物可以通过根系分泌或植株残体的形式将Bt蛋白释放到土壤中,残留的Bt蛋白在富集的过程中有可能对土壤生态环境中的土壤酶活性及土壤肥力等造成影响,但这些影响作用因不同的Bt作物和不同的土壤环境而不尽相同。商业化转Bt基因作物的大规模环境释放对土壤酶活性和土壤肥力的可能影响仍需要在不同生态区开展长期定位检测和评价。本文对转Bt基因作物的发展及其种植和秸秆降解过程中对土壤酶活性和土壤肥力影响的研究进展进行述评,为转Bt基因作物对土壤环境的生态风险评价提供参考。     

转Bt基因作物毒蛋白对根际土壤生态系统影响研究进展

随着商业化转Bt基因作物的大规模种植,研究Bt毒蛋白对土壤生态系统的可能影响,对评价转基因作物的生态风险具有重大意义。文章综述了转Bt基因作物对根际土壤生态系统影响的研究进展,包括毒蛋白在根际土壤中的存活特性,微生物利用与降解,以及毒蛋白对根际土壤微生物区系和酶活性的影响。并对以后的研究提出几点建议。     

转Bt基因作物及其安全性研究

随着转Bt基因作物的推广和应用,Bt作物的安全性问题也越来越受到重视。文章从Bt基因的分类、基因的克隆及应用,以及转Bt基因作物的生态安全性等方面进行了论述。Bt基因可以通过有性杂交,进入非转基因作物栽培种及野生近缘种中,造成基因污染,害虫在多代食用转Bt基因植物后可以产生抗性,而且转Bt基因作物对非靶标昆虫也有一定的影响,转Bt基因作物可以通过根系向土壤中释放Bt毒蛋白,对土壤生态系统产生影响。另外已经发现大豆(EPSPS)中的转基因有向人类肠道微生物转移的现象。本文综述了对Bt基因的利用进展及对环境及生物的影响,希望能为正确认识和研究利用转Bt基因作物提供一些思路。     

转基因——人类的“蜜糖”,害虫的“砒霜”

转基因作物的一大优势是可以有效减少农药使用. 目前世界上最普遍种植的转基因作物是转Bt抗虫基因作物.Bt基因来自一种土壤细菌苏云金芽胞杆菌,我们也可以把它称为Bt毒素,但Bt毒素本身没并有毒,它只有在昆虫的肠道里才能变成有毒的蛋白,而且这种毒蛋白要和昆虫肠道细胞上特定的受体结合,才能起到作用,而人的消化道细胞表面上没有这种受体,因此,对人是安全的.     

土壤对转基因作物释放毒素蛋白的吸附作用研究

转基因作物的广泛种植引起了世界范围内有关其可行性与危险性的分析。作为转基因作物中种植面积最广的转Bt基因作物,通过根系分泌、残茬分解或花粉等方式向土壤环境中释放Bt毒素蛋白．从而对环境生态形成潜在威胁。以四种土壤（红壤、砖红壤、黄棕壤、黄褐土）为材料,利用吸附法研究了不同温度条件下Bt毒素蛋白在土壤胶体表面的等温吸附以及吸附动力学曲线。研究结果表明,土壤颗粒能快速吸附Bt蛋白,1—2h基本达平衡。吸附动力学曲线符合抛物线扩散方程。土壤颗粒对蛋白质的吸附过程的速率、平衡吸附量取决于土壤颗粒的OM、CEC含量等,同时与温度正相关。此外,不同温度下,不同土壤颗粒对蛋白质的吸附呈现不同的趋势,这与其胶体颗粒性质密切相关。     

害虫对转Bt基因作物的抗性及治理

转Bt基因作物可在植株体内表达来源于苏云金杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)的杀虫蛋白,在害虫控制中起着重要作用,但害虫也随之对Bt作物不可避免地产生抗性,逐渐威胁着Bt作物的可持续利用。了解Bt毒素的作用机理及害虫对Bt毒素的抗性机制将有助于制定行之有效的抗性治理策略,如高剂量/庇护区策略、多毒素策略、使用新的杀虫毒素和抗性监测等。这些策略或措施将有利于延缓害虫抗性,延长Bt作物的使用寿命,促进Bt作物的可持续利用。     

计算机模型在鳞翅目害虫对转Bt基因作物抗性治理中的应用

种植转 Bt基因作物对保护作物免受害虫危害十分有效,但在整个生长季节转 Bt基因作物持续表达Bt毒素,迫使害虫在高选择压下加速对转基因作物的抗性进化。计算机模型在靶标害虫抗性进化的预测与抗性治理策略的评估中起到了重要的作用。综述了计算机模型在鳞翅目害虫对转Bt基因作物抗性治理中的应用,并对今后抗性治理策略研究中计算机模型模拟的发展方向进行了展望。     

靶标昆虫对转Bt基因作物产生抗性的机理及研究进展

总结了靶标昆虫对Bt毒素的抗性机理,系统综述了国内外靶标昆虫对转Bt基因作物抗性的研究现状,包括室内条件和大田条件下靶标昆虫对Bt毒素和转Bt基因作物形成抗性的研究和监测结果。     

转Bt基因抗虫玉米根茬和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的田间降解动态

【目的】研究转cry1Ab杀虫蛋白基因玉米收获后玉米根茬及其根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解动态,比较两种Bt玉米根茬和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解速度。【方法】以两种表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt抗虫玉米MON810和Bt11为材料,采用ELISA方法测定玉米收获后根茬残体和根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的田间降解动态。【结果】转Bt基因玉米根茬残体和根际土壤中杀虫蛋白是逐渐降解的,Bt玉米MON810根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白含量较高,降解的速度也较慢,收获后8个月时还不能完全降解;Bt玉米Bt11根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白含量较低,降解速度比MON810根茬中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白降解速度快,到7个月时已检测不到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。Bt玉米MON810根际土壤中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解较Bt11的慢,MON810和Bt11根际土壤分别在8个月和7个月时检测不到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白。【结论】种植过Bt11和MON810抗虫玉米的田块,在第二年春播农作物已经出土时,其根茬和根际土壤中残留的Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白尚不能完全降解,还有少量残留。     

Effects of Bt transgenic crops on soil ecosystems: a review of a ten-year research in China

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic cotton is the unique Bt transgenic crop planted on a large scale in China, and its commercialized varieties and hectareage had increased rapidly in China during the past decade (1997–2006) with broad geographic distribution for the economic, environmental, and health benefits. In 2004, the planting area of Bt transgenic cotton in China ranked first worldwide with up to 370 × 10⁶ hm². In addition, Bt transgenic rice varieties in field tests have been close to approval for commercialization. However, ecological risks, a complex issue of Bt transgenic crops on soil ecosystem is urgently faced in China due to more than 60 varieties transferred single or bivalent Bt genes grown under diverse geographic regions. Two main pathways, biomass incorporation and root exudates, are involved in the effects of Bt transgenic crops on soil ecosystems. In this paper, the research results in recent years in China involved in the effects of Bt transgenic crops (Bt transgenic cottons and rice) on soil ecosystems were summarized with special attentions paid to the release and persistence of Bt toxins, and the toxicology to microorganisms, as well as the change of soil biochemical properties in soils where Bt transgenic crops were planted or incubated with their biomass. In addition, the complexity and current research defaults of ecological risk evaluation of Bt transgenic crops in China were highlighted.     

转Bt基因棉粉碎叶还土对土壤微生物活性的影响

为评价转Bt基因棉残体还田的生态效应,采用室内模拟试验方法,研究了转Bt基因棉粉碎叶还土后对土壤微生物活性的影响。结果表明,转Ht基因棉粉碎叶还土后在腐解中期可显著增加土壤细菌、真菌数量,对放线菌无明显影响。转Bt基因棉粉碎叶物质组成或Bt蛋白外的降解产物等方面的不同可能是对土壤微生物影响更为主要的原因。转Bt基因棉粉碎叶还土腐解中期显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳,但土壤基础呼吸和代谢商显著降低,表明转Bt基因棉粉碎叶还土土壤微生物对能源碳的利用效率提高了。     

Bt基因和Bt蛋白检测技术研究进展

通过转基因技术将可表达杀虫特性蛋白的Bt基因转入大豆、水稻等农作物中,培育出优良的抗虫品种,从而在不使用农药等有害物质的前提下,对病虫害起到高效防治作用。然而动物试验及临床研究发现,Bt蛋白可能导致哺乳动物的免疫器官和免疫细胞损伤,也可能影响基因库的遗传结构及群体遗传多样性,对土壤特异生物类群功能、土壤生物多样性以及土壤酶活性等也有不同程度的影响,且Bt蛋白有可能沿着食物链在人体内富集,对人体形成潜在的危害。因此,开展对Bt基因和Bt蛋白的监控研究是必要的,该文对Bt的相关研究现状作一简要综述。     

Effects of soil salinity on rhizosphere soil microbes in transgenic Bt cotton fields

With increased cultivation of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) cotton in the saline alkaline soil of China, assessments of transgenic crop biosafety have focused on the effects of soil salinity on rhizosphere microbes and Bt protein residues. In 2013 and 2014, investigations were conducted on the rhizosphere microbial biomass, soil enzyme activities and Bt protein contents of the soil under transgenic Bt cotton(variety GK19) and its parental non-transgenic cotton(Simian 3) cultivated at various salinity levels(1.15, 6.00 and 11.46 dS m~(-1)). Under soil salinity stress, trace amounts of Bt proteins were observed in the Bt cotton GK19 rhizosphere soil, although the protein content increased with cotton growth and increased soil salinity levels. The populations of slight halophilic bacteria, phosphate solubilizing bacteria, ammonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria decreased with increased soil salinity in the Bt and non-Bt cotton rhizosphere soil, and the microbial biomass carbon, microbial respiration and soil catalase, urease and alkaline phosphatase activity also decreased. Correlation analyses showed that the increased Bt protein content in the Bt cotton rhizosphere soil may have been caused by the slower decomposition of soil microorganisms, which suggests that salinity was the main factor influencing the relevant activities of the soil microorganisms and indicates that Bt proteins had no clear adverse effects on the soil microorganisms. The results of this study may provide a theoretical basis for risk assessments of genetically modified cotton in saline alkaline soil.     

Impacts of Environmental Factors on Degradation of Cry1Ab Insecticidal Protein in Leaf-Blade Powders of Transgenic Bt Rice

The determination of the environmental fate of Bt insecticidal protein released by Bt rice plants in paddy soils is a key issue in its ecological risk assessment. In this study, the impacts of soil water content, pH, and temperature on the degradation of Cry1Ab protein expressed in the leaves of Bt rice KMD2 were studied in the laboratory. Three types of paddy soils were used, i.e., blue clayey paddy soil, pale paddy soil on quaternary red soil, and marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil. Ground powders of KMD2 leaf blades were mixed with each type of soil, and degradation dynamics of Cry1Ab were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The degradation rate of Cry1Ab was high at the early experimental stage, but slowed down steadily at middle and later stages, which could be described by exponential equations, with the half-life period of degradation determined as 1.8-4.0 d. The soil water content, pH, and temperature could affect the degradation of Cry1Ab, but the effects of soil pH and temperature were relatively greater. In general,Cry 1 Ab degradations were slower under lower soil pH and temperature conditions, especially for marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil.     

Impacts of Environmental Factors on Degradation of CrylAb Insecticidal Protein in Leaf-Blade Powders of Transgenic Bt Rice

The determination of the environmental fate of Bt insecticidal protein released by Bt rice plants in paddy soils is a key issue in its ecological risk assessment. In this study, the impacts of soil water content, pH, and temperature on the degradation of CrylAb protein expressed in the leaves of Bt rice KMD2 were studied in the laboratory. Three types of paddy soils were used, i.e., blue clayey paddy soil, pale paddy soil on quaternary red soil, and marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil. Ground powders of KMD2 leaf blades were mixed with each type of soil, and degradation dynamics of Cry lAb were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The degradation rate of CrylAb was high at the early experimental stage, but slowed down steadily at middle and later stages, which could be described by exponential equations, with the half-life period of degradation determined as 1.8-4.0 d. The soil water content, pH, and temperature could affect the degradation of CrylAb, but the effects of soil pH and temperature were relatively greater. In general, CrylAb degradations were slower under lower soil pH and temperature conditions, especially for marine-fluvigenic yellow loamy paddy soil.