爆裂玉米叶片叶绿素含量的混合遗传分析

应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型,以爆裂玉米杂交组合吉爆902(吉812×吉704)的P_1、F_1、P_2、B_(1:2)、B_(2:2)和F_(2:3)6个家系世代群体为材料,对爆裂玉米叶片叶绿素含量进行多世代联合分析。结果表明:叶绿素含量受1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制遗传。主基因加性效应为d=-0.0247,主基因显性效应值为h=0.0511。主基因存在显性效应,该组合的叶绿素含量存在杂种优势。B_(2:2)和F_(2:3)家系群体主基因遗传力分别为55.28%和42.12%,多基因遗传率分别为26.36%和34.11%。     

甜瓜果实糖含量的主基因+多基因遗传分析

以‘花皮菜瓜’(低糖越瓜自交系)和‘XLH’(高糖厚皮甜瓜自交系)为亲本构建P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、B_1、B_26个世代遗传群体,利用高效液相色谱法测定该6个世代遗传群体甜瓜果实糖含量,采用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对甜瓜果实葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖及总糖含量进行联合遗传分析。结果表明:甜瓜果实果糖含量受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因控制(E-0模型),葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制(E-1模型);果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量均为2对主基因+多基因遗传模型,主基因以负向增效为主,遗传主基因间普遍存在互作效应,控制果糖、葡萄糖和总糖含量的2对主基因间显性×显性互作效应最强,而控制蔗糖含量的主基因间显性×加性互作效应最强,控制蔗糖和总糖含量的多基因负向加性效应较明显;控制果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖含量的主基因在F2中的遗传率分别为85.7%、86.2%、92.7%和85.0%,且受环境影响较小。因此,在甜瓜育种过程中对糖组分含量性状的定向选择宜在早世代进行。     

芝麻开花时间的主基因+多基因遗传分析

为探索芝麻光周期敏感性的遗传规律,进而合理利用外来芝麻种质资源,以豫芝11号和M368为亲本构建了包括P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2和F_2的6个世代群体,通过主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对芝麻开花时间进行了遗传分析。结果表明,芝麻开花时间遗传符合2对主基因加性-显性-上位性模型,2对主基因的加性效应大小相似且方向一致,来自豫芝11号的等位基因有利于缩短开花时间。第1对主基因具有部分负向显性作用,第2对主基因具有正向超显性作用。2对主基因间互作效应对开花时间具有一定影响,且在第2对主基因处于杂合状态时对开花时间影响较大。在B_1、B_2、F_2世代,2对主基因的遗传率分别为69.39%、88.25%、73.26%。     

甜玉米保鲜性状的遗传模型研究（英文）

采用长保鲜期甜玉米自交系T_3和短保鲜期自交系T_(15)为亲本,配制T_3×T_(15)组合的6个世代(P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2和F_2),用"主基因+多基因混合遗传模型"结合六世代联合遗传分析的方法对甜玉米保鲜相关性状进行遗传分析,研究甜玉米保鲜相关指标的遗传规律及其分子基础。结果表明,甜玉米自交系T_3的采后含糖量下降速率受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;各分离世代以主基因遗传为主,回交世代B_1的主基因遗传率为74.63%,多基因遗传率为17.67%;B_2的主基因遗传率为91.98%,多基因遗传率为0%;F_2的主基因遗传率为82.67%,多基因遗传率为12.93%。     

甜玉米保鲜性状的遗传模型研究

采用长保鲜期甜玉米自交系T_3和短保鲜期自交系T_(15)为亲本,配制T3×T15组合的6个世代(P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2和F_2),用"主基因+多基因混合遗传模型"结合六世代联合遗传分析的方法对甜玉米保鲜相关性状进行遗传分析,研究甜玉米保鲜相关指标的遗传规律及其分子基础。结果表明,甜玉米自交系T3的采后含糖量下降速率受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制;各分离世代以主基因遗传为主,回交世代B_1的主基因遗传率为74.63%,多基因遗传率为17.67%;B_2的主基因遗传率为91.98%,多基因遗传率为0;F_2的主基因遗传率为82.67%,多基因遗传率为12.93%。     

绿豆主要株型性状的遗传

为探索绿豆主要株型性状的遗传规律,进而为选育株型紧凑的直立型绿豆品种提供理论依据,以半蔓生型品种‘洮绿218’和直立型品种‘吉绿10号’为亲本配制杂交组合,采用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析方法对该组合6世代遗传群体(P_1、P_2、F_1、F_2、B_1和B_2)株高、分枝数、主茎节数和分枝夹角进行遗传分析。结果表明:株高、分枝数和分枝夹角均受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制(E-1模型),其中,控制株高的2对主基因加性效应值均为7.27,显性效应分别为0.03和-0.13,主基因遗传率在B_1、B_2和F_2中分别为59.35%、8.23%和41.45%,多基因遗传率分别为2.40%、0%和0%;控制分枝数的2对主基因加性效应值均为0.33,显性效应分别为-0.74和-1.55,主基因遗传率在B_1、B_2和F_2中分别为3.26%、7.69%和53.10%,多基因遗传率分别为51.39%、56.36%和0%;控制分枝夹角的2对主基因加性效应值均为2.10,显性效应分别为-0.94和-1.38,主基因遗传率在B_1、B_2和F_2中分别为48.11%、32.45%和64.54%,多基因遗传率均为0%。主茎节数的最适宜模型为D-0模型(1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因混合遗传模型),主基因加性效应值和显性效应值分别为0.10和-0.01,主基因遗传率在B_1、B_2和F_2中分别为1.39%、1.27%和0.63%,多基因遗传率分别为65.39%、10.81%和47.08%。综合表明,‘洮绿218’ב吉绿10号’组合的分枝数和分枝夹角的总遗传率较大,应在早世代进行选择;株高和分枝夹角主要受主基因控制,分枝数和主茎节数大部分世代主要受多基因控制;在绿豆株型育种中要综合考虑主基因、多基因和环境因素的影响。     

基因分散态组合的检测及遗传分析(英文)

在加性-显性模型的基础上提出了检测基因分散态组合的三种方法:(1)检验F_2表型方差与环境方差的同质性以及六个群体P_1,P_2,F_1,F_2,B_1(F_1×P_1)和B_2(F_1×P_2)间方差的同质性,(2)检验上述家系均值间的差异显著性,(3)比较从分离世代经分裂选择所获两类极端品系间组合与基因分散的原始亲本间组合在遗传参数估计值上的差异.通过加性-显性模型检验、有效因子数和基因联合-分散度的估计以及重组近交系分离极限的预测,这些方法所检测到的基因分散态组合可进一步用于揭示数量基因的遗传特性.讨论了这类信息在植物改良中的应用.     

水稻株高、穗长和每穗颖花数的遗传研究

以两系不育系9311S和恢复系WHR2杂交产生的P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2、F_2六个世代为研究材料,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析了株高、穗长和每穗颖花数三个性状的遗传效应。结果表明:穗长和每穗颖花数的遗传均符合1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型,株高表现为1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型或1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型,且均以加性效应为主。讨论了9311S的应用前景。     

水稻株高、穗长和每穗颖花数的遗传研究

以两系不育系9311S和恢复系WHR2杂交产生的P_1、P_2、F_1、B_1、B_2、F_2六个世代为研究材料,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型分析了株高、穗长和每穗颖花数三个性状的遗传效应。结果表明:穗长和每穗颖花数的遗传均符合1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型,株高表现为1对加性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型或1对加性-显性主基因+加性-显性多基因模型,且均以加性效应为主。讨论了9311S的应用前景。     

西瓜果实硬度性状主基因+多基因遗传分析

研究以硬果皮果肉野生西瓜"PI186490"为母本,以果皮果肉硬度适中栽培西瓜"LSW-177"为父本,构建六个世代群体。利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型多世代联合分析法,分析2014~2015两年获得的两套六个世代群体(P_1、P_2、F_1、BC_1P_1、BC_1P_2和F_2)各中心及边缘果肉硬度、果皮厚度和硬度遗传特点。结果表明,中心果肉硬度和果皮厚度遗传符合C-0模型,加性-显性-上位性多基因控制,多基因的加性和显性效应均为正向,多基因上位性效应累计为正向。边缘果肉硬度遗传符合D-4模型,由一对负向完全显性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制,主基因遗传率为19.97%,多基因遗传率为3.25%,主基因遗传起主导作用。     

Analysis of embryo, cytoplasm and maternal effects on fatty acid components in soybean (Glycine max Merill.)

The quality of oil determined by the constituents and proportion of fatty acid components, and the understanding of heredity of fatty acid components are of importance to breeding good quality soybean varieties. Embryo, cytoplasmic and maternal effects and genotype × environment interaction effects for quality traits of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill.] seeds were analyzed using a general genetic model for quantitative traits of seeds with parents, F₁ and F₂, of 20 crosses from a diallel mating design of five parents planted in the field in 2003 and 2004 in Harbin, China. The interaction effects of palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acid contents were larger than the genetic main effects, while the genetic main effects were equal to interaction effects for linolenic and oleic acid content. Among all kinds of genetic main effects, the embryo effects were the largest for palmitic, stearic, and linoleic acids, while the cytoplasm effects were the largest for oleic and linolenic acids. Among all kinds of interaction effects, the embryo interaction effects were the largest for fatty acids. The sum of additive and additive × environment effects were larger than that of dominance and dominance × environment effects for the linolenic acid content, but not for other quality traits. The general heritabilities were the main parts of heritabilities for palmitic and oleic acid contents, but the interaction was more important for stearic, linoleic, and linolenic acid contents. For the general heritability, maternal and cytoplasm heritabilities were the main components for palmitic, oleic, and linolenic acid contents. It was shown for the interaction heritabilities that the embryo interaction heritabilities were more important for oleic and linolenic acid contents, while the maternal interaction heritabilities were more important for linoleic acid content. Among selection response components, the maternal and cytoplasm general responses and/or interaction responses were more important for palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid contents. The main selection response components were from the embryo general response and/or interaction response for linolenic acid content. It suggested that the selection of palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid contents in offspring should be in maternal plants, while linolenic acid content should be improved by screening or selecting the single seed in higher generations. Translated from Acta Agronomica Sinica, 2006, 32(12): 1873–1877 [译自: 作物学报]     

甜高粱茎秆含糖量相关性状的遗传分析

为探讨甜高粱茎秆含糖量相关数量性状的遗传基础,以粒用高粱品系LR625（P1）和甜高粱品系Rio（P2）为亲本杂交构建的一组包含4个世代的遗传群体（P1、P2、F1、F2：3）,采用数量性状主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型,对茎秆含糖量（混合锤度）、出汁率和茎秆鲜重性状进行了遗传分析。结果表明：茎秆含糖量符合E-1模型,性状是由两对主基因＋多基因遗传模型控制的,主基因作用方式包括加性、显性和上位性3种效应。其中多基因效应高于主基因效应,遗传率分别为48.89%和39.52%。环境效应较小,占总表型方差的11.59%;出汁率性状符合B-5模型,即性状表现受2对主基因遗传控制,基因作用方式为完全显性作用。遗传力决定了出汁率表型变异的75.3%,环境因素影响24.7%,该性状的表现受遗传因素和环境因素共同影响;茎秆鲜重符合E-2模型即两对加性-显性主基因＋加性-显性多基因遗传模型,无上位性效应,性状的主基因效应大于多基因效应,主基因遗传率为58.85%,多基因遗传率为17.63%,环境因素影响占23.52%。     

Genetic Analysis of Panicle Related Traits in Wheat with Major Gene Plus Polygenes Mixed Model

【Objective】 Panicle traits are important yield traits of wheat, occupying an important position and role in wheat yield composition. Carrying out genetic research on wheat panicle traits and analyzing its genetic mechanism provide theoretical and practical guidance for formulating high-yield breeding strategies and improving breeding efficiency. 【Method】 Based on the length of the main stem, the number of spikelets, the number of grains per spike, and the number of spikelets, the main gene + polygene mixed genetic model of quantitative traits was used to obtain the parental product 34 and the male parent under different ecological conditions. BARRAN and its derived F_7:8, F_8:9 generation recombinant inbred line population (RIL) were used for genetic model analysis and genetic parameter estimation of panicle traits to determine the number of genes controlling various traits, and to estimate genetic effect values and heritability. 【Result】The best genetic model for panicle length and spikelet number were B-2-1 (PG-AI), which was consistent with two pairs of linked major genes + additive-epistasis polygene genetic model. The polygenic heritability of spike length was 90.64%, the polygenic heritability of spikelet number was 89.52%, the average of environmental variation of spike length accounted for 9.39% in phenotypic variation, and the average of environmental variation of spikelet number accounted for 10.50% in phenotypic variation; Major gene heritability was 69.39%, Polygenes heritability rate was 29.94%, and the average environmental variation accounted for 2.18% in phenotypic variation. Additive effect value of the first pair of main genes controlling the number of spikes and the additive effect value of the third pair of major genes are equal, and the same was 4.56, which has a positive effect. The additive effect value of the second pair of major genes was the same as the additive effect of the first pair of major genes × the second pair of major genes × the third pair of major genes, both of which were -1.44, and are negative effects. The additive and additive × additive epistasis interaction values were equal to the additive and the second pair of major gene additions × the third pair of major gene additive epistatic interactions, both of which were -6.02. Additive and the first pair of major gene additive × the third pair of main gene additive epistatic interaction effect value is 0.18, the multi-gene additive effect value is 0.15, showing a lower positive genetic effect; H-1(4MG-AI) was best-fitting genetic model for the spikelet number traits, which showed that their inheritance was controlled by incorporating four major genes additive-epistasis genetic model. The heritability of the main gene was 81.50%. The additive effect values of the main genes in the first to fourth pairs were 0.22, 0.18, -0.20, and 0.24, respectively, the additive and epistatic interactions of the first pair of major genes × the first pair of major genes were -0.170, the additive effect value of the additive and the first pair of major genes × the third pair of major genes was 0.240. the additive effect value of the additive and the first pair of major genes × the fourth pair of major genes was -0.200, additive and the second pair of major genes × the third pair of major genes × additive effect value and additive and the second pair of major gene additive × fourth pair of major gene additive epistatic interaction value absolute value, the effect in contrast, the former value was 0.030, and the latter value was -0.030. The additive effect value of the additive and the third pair of major genes × the fourth pair of major genes was 0.060. 【Conclusion】The panicle traits of wheat are mainly polygenic genetic effects, which are in line with quantitative genetic characteristics and are susceptible to environmental influences. The number of spikelet grains has the genetic characteristics of the main gene. The main gene has high heritability and is affected by the environment. The number of spikelets can be used as a direct indicator to effectively improve the early selection of panicle traits, achieving single plant directional selection and improving breeding efficiency.     

辣椒单株结果数性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

为探究辣椒单株结果数的遗传机制,以单株结果数差异较大的辣椒材料XHB(P₁)和B14-01(P₂)为亲本,构建四世代遗传家系即P₁、P₂、F₁、F₂。运用主基因+多基因多世代联合分析法,研究辣椒单株结果数的遗传规律。结果表明：辣椒单株结果数符合2对加性-显性-上位性主基因模型(2MG-ADI)。2对主基因的加性效应值d_a、d_b分别为-16.33、-13.05,2对主基因的显性效应值h_a、h_b分别为-10.02、-2.51。 2对主基因间的加性×显性（j_ab)互作效应和显性×加性(j_ba)互作效应的效应值分别为8.69和12.93,加 性×加性上位性(i)互作效应值为6.86,显性×显性(l)的互作效应值为7.23,主基因间的效应以加性效应为主,其次是加性×显性上位性互作效应。主基因遗传率为68.10%,环境引起的变异占比31.9%,表明环境对辣椒结果数的影响相对较小。相关研究结果为不同单株结果数辣椒新品种的选育及相关基因的定位等研究奠定了基础。     

小麦籽粒多酚氧化酶活性的遗传分析

为了揭示小麦籽粒多酚氧化酶活性的遗传特点,应用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对杂交组合IDO580×宁麦13号、鄂恩1号×IDO580的两套P1、F1、P2、B1、B2和F2的6个世代群体的籽粒多酚氧化酶活性进行了多世代联合分析。结果表明:两组合籽粒多酚氧化酶活性均受2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因(E-0)混合遗传的控制;在两对主基因的一阶遗传参数中,加性效应大于显性效应,但以上位性效应所占比例为最大;在二阶遗传参数中,主基因遗传率远大于多基因遗传率,以主基因遗传为主。在B1、B2和F2的3个分离世代中,以F2世代的主基因遗传率为最高,其在这两个组合中的主基因遗传率分别为80.49%和82.24%。     

水稻单穗质量和千粒质量的遗传分析

选择单穗质量和千粒质量较小的亲本CB1和CB7与较大的亲本CB4配制CB1×CB4和CB7×CB4组合,建立了相应的P1、F1、P2、B1、B2、F2群体,将其分为中、晚2个生产季节种植,考察了穗质量与粒质量性状.利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型理论的Akaike信息准则(AIC)在B1、B2、F2代中鉴定影响数量性状的主基因存在与否,主基因存在时通过分离分析估计主基因和微效基因的遗传效应及所占总变异的分量.结果表明:单穗质量在所有B1、B2、F2中均符合1对主基因+多基因模型模式;主基因遗传率为58.06%～75.60%,多基因遗传率为5.03%～25.46%,总基因型遗传率为68.07%～96.68%;同一遗传群体不同种植季节下主基因遗传率无明显差异,但同一季节下CB7/CB4组合群体主基因遗传率均比CB1/CB4组合群体大,表明单穗质量遗传分析时应考虑到构建遗传群体的亲本选择问题;千粒质量在所有B1、B2、F2中均符合1对加性主基因+加-显性多基因模型模式,其中CB1/CB4组合群体中季主基因遗传率最高,为60.06%～69.38%;CB1/CB4组合群体中季多基因遗传率最小,为10.73%～23.21%;CB1/CB4组合群体中季总基因遗传率为71.48%～83.55%;CB1/CB4组合群体中季一阶参数d值最小,说明粒质量遗传研究时需要考虑构建遗传群体的亲本及种植季节的选择问题.     

小麦赤霉病抗源N553的主基因＋多基因遗传分析

运用主基因 多基因模型对N553的6家系抗赤霉病性遗传进行了分析,结果表明N553符合E-1-0(两对主基因 多基因的加性-显性-上位性)模型,其中第1对主基因的加性效应占明显优势,是第2对主基因加性效应的2倍,两对主基因具负向显性效应,上位性效应显著,多基因的互作效应明显;主基因的遗传率为25.71%￣91.61%,多基因遗传率为3.15%￣64.00%,环境对抗性的影响较小。     

Major Gene Identification and Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping for Yield- Related Traits in Upland Cotton （Gossypium hirsutum L.）

Segregation analysis of the mixed genetic model of major gene plus polygene was used to identify the major genes for cotton yield-related traits using six generations P1, P2, F1, B1, B2, and F2 generated from the cross of Baimian 1 x TM-1. In addition to boll size and seed index, the major genes for the other five traits were detected： one each for seed yield, lint percentage, boll number, lint index; and two for lint yield. Quantitative trait locus/loci （QTL） mapping was performed in the F2 and F2：3 populations of above cross through molecular marker technology, and a total of 50 QTL （26 suggestive and 24 significant） for yield-related traits were detected. Four common QTL were discovered： qLP-3b（F2）/qLP-3（F2：3） and qLP-19b （F2）/qLP-19（F2：3） for lint percentage, qBN-17（F2）/qBN-17（F2：3） for boll number, and qBS-26b（F2）/qBS-26（F2：3） for boll size. Especially, qLP- 3b（Fz）/qLP-3（F2：3）, not only had LOD scores 〉3 but also exceeded the permutation threshold （5.13 and 5.29, respectively）, correspondingly explaining 23.47 and 29.55% of phenotypic variation. This QTL should be considered preferentially in marker assisted selection （MAS）. Segregation analysis and QTL mapping could mutually complement and verify, which provides a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of cotton yield-related traits by using major genes （QTL）.     

基于主基因+多基因混合模型的水稻半矮秆基因的遗传分析

利用半矮生水稻品种沈稻4号(P_1)和中高秆晶系沈农637(P_2)及其杂交后代F_1、F_2群体,运用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对株高的遗传进行了联合分离分析.结果表明:株高性状受两对加性-显性-上位性主基因和加性-显性-上位性多基因共同控制.两对主基因的加性效应近似相等,分别为-4.742和-4.741,主基因遗传力为47.13%,多基因遗传力为41.33%.     

不同樱桃番茄果实营养特性比较及遗传倾向研究

以不同亲本和F_1代樱桃番茄果实为材料,分别对感官品质、营养品质以及次生代谢物质总酚和类黄酮等指标进行综合分析,并对其主效成分进行遗传倾向的研究,探讨番茄果实营养特性及对杂种后代的遗传特性。结果表明,(1)F_1代樱桃番茄中7261和7264的品质较优,其营养品质以及次级代谢物总酚和类黄酮的质量分数显著较高,且产量均在6 kg/m~2左右;(2)在杂交育种过程中可溶性蛋白、维生素C质量分数、总酚以及类黄酮均具有超高的遗传力,均达到100%以上,对后代的遗传效果明显,而单果质量、番茄红素、可溶性糖以及可滴定酸的质量分数的遗传效果较不明显;(3)后代材料7261各指标的遗传力均显著较高,且可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C以及总酚分别出现超高亲植株,但是在后续的研究选育中仍需进一步探索其营养价值及遗传效果。