日本农民职业教育：现状、特点及启示

日本农民职业教育顺应现代化经济发展,立足于应用型、复合型人才的培养,坚持学历教育与开放式终身教育相结合的办学模式,理论与实践相统一的教学方法,适应社会经济发展需要的教学内容,形成了农业职业高中教育、农业继续教育、农业技术普及组织教育、国内外研修制度等多层次、立体化的农民职业化教育体系,成为世界上成功的职业教育模式之一,对我国加快农村现代化建设,建立适应新农村发展的新型农民职业教育体系具有重要的借鉴作用。     

Cultivating values: environmental values and sense of place as correlates of sustainable agricultural practices

To assess whether and how environmental values and sense of place relate to sustainable farming practices, we conducted a study in South Kona, Hawaii, addressing environmental values, sense of place, and farm sustainability in five categories: environmental health, community engagement and food security, culture and history, education and research, and economics. We found that the sense of place and environmental values indexes showed significant correlation to each category of sustainability in both independent linear regressions and multivariate regression. In total, sense of place explained a larger share of the overall farm performance. However, each indicator showed relative strengths; environmental values showed significantly higher correlation to environmental and educational practices. Furthermore the scales were complimentary, and the use of both scales greatly improved prediction of good farming practices from a multiple-impact perspective. With implications for community and environmental impacts, results suggest that a more comprehensive view of farmers’ environmental values and place connections may help illuminate individual farmers’ decisions and sustainability-related practices.     

Cultivating citizenship,equity, and social inclusion? Putting civic agriculture into practice through urban farming

Civic agriculture is an approach to agriculture and food production that—in contrast with the industrial food system—is embedded in local environmental, social, and economic contexts. Alongside proliferation of the alternative food projects that characterize civic agriculture, growing literature critiques how their implementation runs counter to the ideal of civic agriculture. This study assesses the relevance of three such critiques to urban farming, aiming to understand how different farming models balance civic and economic exchange, prioritize food justice, and create socially inclusive spaces. Using a case study approach that incorporated interviews, participant observation, and document review, I compare two urban farms in Baltimore, Maryland—a “community farm” that emphasizes community engagement, and a “commercial farm” that focuses on job creation. Findings reveal the community farm prioritizes civic participation and food access for low-income residents, and strives to create socially inclusive space. However, the farmers’ “outsider” status challenges community engagement efforts. The commercial farm focuses on financial sustainability rather than participatory processes or food equity, reflecting the use of food production as a means toward community development rather than propagation of a food citizenry. Both farms meet authentic needs that contribute to neighborhood improvement, though findings suggest a lack of interest by residents in obtaining urban farm food, raising concerns about its appeal and accessibility to diverse consumers. Though not equally participatory, equitable, or social inclusive, both farms exemplify projects physically and philosophically rooted in the local social context, necessary characteristics for promoting civic engagement with the food system.     

农民教育需求信息研究

改革开放以来,我国农业农村经济发生了翻天覆地的变化。农民作为我国人口数量最多的群体,其教育需求也日趋多样化,新时期的农民教育需求具有鲜明的特征。农民教育需求信息的采集、分析、反馈是一项重要的基础性工作,为农民教育工作的顺利开展、农民素质的提高奠定了良好的基础。     

基于农户调查的林权改革政策对生态环境影响的评价分析

林权改革是促进林业发展的根本措施,也是促进林业发展的基本政策,林权改革可能会对生态环境产生一定的影响。研究选择江西遂川,福建三明、永安,辽宁清原,北京怀柔等地进行实地调查,并对调查结果进行多维量表分析。结果表明:林权改革对森林生态环境有明显影响,尤其林权改革中农民(林农)对林业的投入对森林生物多样性保护、森林涵养水源和水土保持影响显著。同时,不同地区的林权改革对生态环境的影响也是不同的。研究发现,农民对林权改革的态度、家庭年收入水平、教育程度和性别等对环境影响的评价结果也有一定影响。本文认为,林权改革涉及面广,并涉及国家生态环境安全和农民的长远利益,因此,应该开展生态环境影响的评价和林权改革政策效应分析,以促进当地社会、经济和环境的协调、稳定、持续发展。      

Farmers＇ Character and Behavior of Fertilizer Application - Evidence from a Survey of Xinxiang County, Henan Province, China

Agricultural chemical use has caused a public concern over environmental issue while decisions about applying chemicals are made by individual farmers. The critical decision-making role of farmers relative to agricultural chemical use creates a need for accurate information on their perceptions of various chemical-related hazards and the factors that may influence such judgments. Based on data collected from 177 land operators at Xinxiang County in Henan Province of China, an empirical analysis is conducted to examine the relationship between farmers＇ character and the behavior of fertilizer application. Study findings reveal that： the characteristics of household head and household, and the nature of farming management positively affect the amount of fertilizers applied; information on fertilizers and the knowledge about environmental impact of fertilizer application have negative impacts by contrast. To formulate effective pollution control policies at the farm level, it is imperative for policy-makers to convey information to producers by demonstration projects, technical assistance, and education programs. Under a changed political environment, some combination of education and economic incentives could be lower cost and more effective tools for achieving desired environmental conservative goals.     

中国农民科技文化素质与新型农民培育探析

农民科技文化素质是制约中国现代农业发展的瓶颈,具有整体水平偏低、区域差异性和教育非正规化的特点。笔者探讨了农民对培训需求的优先序选择和农民视角下培训中存在的主要问题,分析了新型农民培育遭遇的困境及其存在的深层根源。结果表明,农民培训面临着优质劳力大量外流、集中定期施教困难、培训经费投入不足和教育资源配置失衡等问题,而造成这一系列状况的深层根源主要是农民老龄化且收入低、多元投入体制未建立、法律和制度有待完善、教育培训机制尚不健全等。基于此,对新型农民培育目标的实现提出了相关建议。     

农村合作经济组织发展过程中的环境障碍分析

【目的】掌握了解农村合作经济组织发展过程中的主要环境障碍,为政府制定促进农业合作经济组织发展的外部环境政策提供依据。【方法】采用定性分析和文献分析相结合的方法对农村合作经济组织发展主要环境障碍进行分析。【结果】农村合作经济组织发展主要环境障碍包括：农民文化素质较低、积极性不高,政府在发展农村合作经济组织过程中队自身作用认识不足,对农村合作经济组织的理论研究较为薄弱,管理主体较多,相关的体制与法律缺位等。【建议】今后可从理』颐农村合作经济组织与政府的关系、加强理论研究与宣传培训工作、以优惠政策促发展等方面为农村合作经济组织的发展营造宽松外部环境。     

Environmental justice and care: critical emancipatory contributions to sustainability discourse

Sustainability has become a powerful discourse, guiding the efforts of various stakeholders to find strategies for dealing with current and future social-ecological crises. To overcome the latter, we argue that sustainability discourse needs to be based on a critical-emancipatory conceptualization. Therefore, we engage two such approaches—environmental justice approaches informed by a plural understanding of justice and feminist political economy ones focusing on care—and their analytical potential for productive critique of normative assumptions in the dominant sustainability discourse. Both of these approaches highlight aspects of sustainability that are particularly relevant today. First, although sustainable development was conceptualized from the outset based upon a twofold notion of justice (intra- and intergenerational), the integration of justice in the dominant sustainability discourse and praxis often manifests merely as a normative aspiration. Meanwhile, the environmental justice and care approaches offer conceptualizations of justice that can act as a powerful lever and as transformation-strategy. Second, the dominant sustainability discourse largely remains within a neoliberal economic framework that continues to promote economic growth as the means to reach prosperity while neglecting the bases of every economy: care work and nature. Its focus lies solely on paid work and the market economy. By integrating (a) social and ecological ‘reproductivity’ (unpaid care and subsistence work as well as nature) and (b) democratic processes for just distribution of environmental burdens and benefits, as well as participatory equity in relevant decision making, feminist political economy and environmental justice approaches offer substantial strategies towards building humane, just and caring societies.     

Participative site-specific agriculture analysis for smallholders

Site-specific agriculture has been adopted in a high-tech context using, for instance, in situ sensors, satellite images for remote sensing analysis, and some other technological devices. However, farmers and smallholders without the economic resources and required knowledge to use and to access the latest technology seem to find an impediment to precision agricultural practices. This article discusses the possibility of adopting precision agriculture (PA) principles for site-specific management but in a low technology context for such farmers. The proposed methodology to support PA combines low technology dependency and a participatory approach by involving smallholders, farmers and experts. The case studies demonstrate how the interplay of low technology and a participative approach may be suitable for smallholders for site-specific agriculture analysis.     

高等农业院校培育新型农民模式研究

通过对政府培育新型农民模式与高等农业院校培育新型农民模式比较,以及不同高等农业院校培育新型农民模式对比分析,指出构建高等农业院校培育新型农民创新模式应坚持适用性、有效性、可持续性和市场性原则,并提出搭建一个政府、学校和企业的合作平台,实施多方联动,促进产学研和培育新型农民的结合,发挥市场机制的激励作用的对策.     

Farmer-Community Connections and the Future of Ecological Agriculture in California

While questions about the environmental sustainability of contemporary farming practices and the socioeconomic viability of rural communities are attracting increasing attention throughout the US, these two issues are rarely considered together. This paper explores the current and potential connections between these two aspects of sustainability, using data on community members’ and farmers’ views of agricultural issues in California’s Central Valley. These views were collected from a series of individual and group interviews with biologically oriented and conventional farmers as well as community stakeholders. Local marketing, farmland preservation, and perceptions of sustainable agriculture comprised the primary topics of discussion. The mixed results indicate that, while many farmers and community members have a strong interest in these topics, sustainable community development and the use of sustainable farming practices are seldom explicitly linked. On the other hand, many separate efforts around the Valley to increase local marketing and agritourism, improve public education about agriculture, and organize grassroots farmland preservation initiatives were documented. We conclude that linking these efforts more explicitly to sustainable agriculture and promoting more engagement between ecologically oriented farmers and their communities could engender more economic and political support for these farmers, helping them and their communities to achieve greater sustainability in the long run. Sonja Brodt is a former program evaluation specialist with the University of California Integrated Pest Management Program. Her current research focuses on extension and adoption of integrated pest management strategies by California growers and the impacts of pesticide safety training programs on farmworkers. Gail Feenstra is a food systems analyst at the University of California Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education Program (SAREP). She coordinates SAREP’s Community Development and Public Policy grants program and conducts outreach and education to academic and community-based groups to build their capacity and leadership skills for developing sustainable community food systems. Robin Kozloff is a social science researcher and consultant in agricultural and land use policy. Karen Klonsky is an extension specialist at the University of California at Davis in the Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Her research focuses on the economic viability of organic and sustainable farming systems as well as the evolution of the organic market. Laura Tourte is county director and farm advisor at the University of California Cooperative Extension in Santa Cruz County. Her research and extension activities currently focus on farm management and marketing for small-scale growers.     

Sustainable agriculture and free market economics: Finding common ground in Adam Smith

There are two competing approaches to sustainability in agriculture. One stresses a strict economic approach in which market forces should guide the activities of agricultural producers. The other advocates the need to balance economic with environmental and social objectives, even to the point of reducing profitability. The writings of the eighteenth century moral philosopher Adam Smith could bridge the debate. Smith certainly promoted profit-seeking, private property, and free market exchange consistent with the strict economic perspective. However, his writings are also consistent with many aspects of sustainable agriculture. For example, Smith argued that people ought to exercise restraint in their pursuit of self-interest, and he believed in balancing economic with environmental and social considerations. If both sides of the debate more fully regard the work of Adam Smith, then proponents of the strict economic perspective might be more appreciative of the concerns raised within the sustainable agriculture community, while advocates of sustainability might be more effective in achieving the objective of a sustainable agriculture. Harvey S. James Jr., PhD is an Associate Professor in the Division of Applied Social Sciences at the University of Missouri-Columbia. His research interests are in the economic determinants of trust and ethical behavior. He recently completed studies on trust in biotechnology institutions and the ethical attitudes of farmers.     

新农村建设中农民思想政治教育面临的困局与对策

加强农民思想政治教育,提高农民整体素质是社会主义新农村建设的重要途径和迫切要求。由于受多种因素的制约,当前农民思想政治教育面临着"复杂化"、"边缘化"、"形式化"、"空心化"的"四化"困局。把思想政治教育与农村基层党组织建设、与农民实际需要、与农民的精神文化需求、与农民的教育培训工作等四方面相结合,不断拓展农民思想政治教育的空间,是破解困局的有效途径。     

农户绿色防控技术采纳意愿及其影响因素研究——基于湖南省长沙市348个农户的调查数据

为制定适合农户需求的绿色防控技术推广政策,利用微观调查数据,运用Binary Logistic模型,分析影响农户绿色防控技术采纳意愿的关键因素。结果表明:1)76.15%农户对绿色防控技术具有采纳意愿;2)性别、受教育程度、绿色防控技术感知易用性、绿色防控技术感知有用性、邻居的影响、生态环境关注程度是影响农户绿色防控技术采纳意愿的关键因素。据此提出顺利推广绿色防控技术的对策建议:加强适用性较强的绿色防控技术和产品的研发工作,加大对农村带头人的培训,发挥新技术采用示范户的辐射带动作用。     

Engaging farmers in environmental management through a better understanding of behaviour

The United Kingdom’s approach to encouraging environmentally positive behaviour has been three-pronged, through voluntarism, incentives and regulation, and the balance between the approaches has fluctuated over time. Whilst financial incentives and regulatory approaches have been effective in achieving some environmental management behavioural change amongst farmers, ultimately these can be viewed as transient drivers without long-term sustainability. Increasingly, there is interest in ‘nudging’ managers towards voluntary environmentally friendly actions. This approach requires a good understanding of farmers’ willingness and ability to take up environmental activities and the influences on farmer behavioural change. The paper aims to provide insights from 60 qualitative farmer interviews undertaken for a research project into farmers’ willingness and ability to undertake environmental management, particularly focusing on social psychological insights. Furthermore, it explores farmers’ level of engagement with advice and support networks that foster a genuine interest, responsibility and a sense of personal and social norm to sustain high quality environmental outcomes. Two conceptual frameworks are presented for usefully exploring the complex set of inter-relationships that can influence farmers’ willingness to undertake environmental management practices. The research findings show how an in-depth understanding of farmer’s willingness and ability to adopt environmental management practices and their existing level of engagement with advice and support are necessary to develop appropriate engagement approaches to achieve sustained and durable environmental management.     

健康意识对规模养殖户亲环境行为的影响——基于生猪环保饲料支付意愿的视角

为探究健康意识对规模养殖户以使用环保饲料为代表的亲环境行为的作用,以湖北省402个生猪规模养殖户为研究对象,应用Heckman两阶段模型,探讨健康意识对不同群体规模养殖户的影响差异。研究结果表明,大多数规模养殖户(78.97%)愿意为环保饲料付费,且平均意愿支付水平为每头生猪饲料成本的6.69%(46.80元·头^-1)。健康意识中的健康关注程度对生猪规模养殖户环保饲料支付意愿具有正向促进作用,健康变化感知对其意愿支付水平的影响正向显著。通过主成分分析,健康意识整体上直接对规模养殖户环保饲料的支付意愿与意愿支付水平产生正向影响。而差异性分析也表明,在环保饲料支付意愿决策上,健康意识不同的规模养殖户群体间有明显差异。     

影响农户减施化肥行为因素实证研究——以云南省洱源县为例

以洱源县6个乡镇农户问卷调查数据为基础,运用因子分析与回归分析方法,对6个乡镇农户参与减施化肥的影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,政府补贴与政府组织教育培训是农户决定是否参与减施化肥的关键因素;农户对化肥利用率与品牌的认知对农户是否参与减施化肥产生较大影响;具有风险偏好、性别为男性、文化程度较高、有特殊经历的农户,农作物种植面积较大、产生的废弃物较多、农业收入较高、属于科技创新示范户的家庭更倾向于在农业生产中减施化肥;农户的环境污染与绿色产品的认知水平对农户是否参与减施化肥基本不产生影响。     

Foundations of production and consumption of organic food in Norway: Common attitudes among farmers and consumers?

In Norway, the production andconsumption of organic food is still small-scale. Research on attitudes towards organic farming in Norway has shown that most consumers find conventionally produced food to be good enough. The level of industrialization of agriculture and the existence of food scandals in a country will affect consumer demand for organically produced foods. Norway is an interesting case because of its small-scale agriculture, few problems with food-borne diseases, and low market share for organic food. Similarities between groups of consumers and producers of food, organic and conventional, when it comes to attitudes concerning environment, use of gene technology, and animal welfare have implications for understanding market conditions for organically produced food. The results of our study indicate that organic farmers and organic consumers in Norway have common attitudes towards environmental questions and animal welfare in Norwegian agriculture. Conventional farmers have a higher degree of agreement with the way agriculture is carried out today. Unlike organic farmers and consumers, conventional farmers do not see major environmental problems and problems with animal welfare in today's farming system. But like the organic farmers and consumers, and to a stronger degree than conventional consumers, conventional farmers renounce gene technology as a solution to environmental problems in agriculture. These results are discussed in relation to their importance for the market situation for organically produced foods.     

基于能值理论的集贤县农业生态系统可持续性评价

从能量流动着手,利用能值分析理论和方法对集贤县2008 ～ 2012年农业生态系统的能值投入产出情况、生态系统运行情况、环境承载情况做了定量分析.分析发现,集贤县高科技物资投入量比较少,经济发展对环境资源的依赖程度较高,但对环境造成的承栽压力较小,环境资源未得到最有效的利用.农业发展水平不高,农业生态系统的发展水平还未达到高效利用,农业发展仍有很大的发展潜力.但因不可更新环境资源能值利用率较高,系统的可持续发展能力较低,需提高农牧民的文化素质,引进高科技生产技术,增加农业生产的技术含量,有效利用集贤县农业生态系统中丰富的物质能源,提高农业生产效率,加速农业生态发展.