啤酒大麦精化力及其有关酿造品质性状的胚和胚乳遗传效应分析

以7个二棱大麦品种及其半双列杂交F_2种子的两年资料,采用包括基因型×环境互作的麦芽品质性状遗传模型,对糖化力(DP)、α-淀粉酶活力(αAA)、β-淀粉酶活力(βAA)和麦芽N含量的胚和胚乳直接遗传效应及其环境互作进行了遗传研究。结果表明,这4个麦芽品质性状既受基因型影响又受环境(年份)影响。DP和βAA的遗传主要受胚乳直接显性效应和胚显性×环境互作效应的控制,胚加性效应×环境互作以及胚乳加性效应×环境互作对其表现有一定的影响。αAA和麦芽N的遗传同时受胚和胚乳遗传效应的决定,但以胚直接显性效应和胚乳直接加性效应为主,并发现胚加性和显性与环境以及胚乳加性与环境均有显著的互作存在。DP与βAA有显著正相关(rc=0.5601)。麦芽N与DP的正相关主要在于二者都与βAA有密切关系。αAA和麦芽N含量的普通狭义遗传率分别为26.1％和27.8％。     

玉米穗高系数遗传主效应及与环境互作效应分析

采用朱军提出的包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性-显性-母体遗传模型(ADM模型)分析方法,研究玉米穗高系数性状遗传主效应及其与环境互作遗传效应.结果表明玉米穗高系数受加性效应、显性效应、母体效应遗传体系共同控制,同时还受显性×环境互作效应、母体×环境互作效应等不同遗传控制体系基因型×环境互作效应显著影响.对穗高系数性状的选择效果受环境影响较大,宜在较晚世代进行选择.育种中根据亲本穗高系数在不同环境中遗传效应预测值组配杂交组合,提高穗高系数育种效率.     

籼-粳杂种稻米几个品质性状的遗传表达

应用莫惠栋等新近提出的p+q十2pq交配设计及其分析方法,分析了籼-粳杂种5个品质性状的遗传表达。试材的p=4, q=5。结果表明:(1)粒长、粒宽的遗传受母株基因型控制,它们在F2米粒(着生在F1植株上)间没有发生遗传分离;糊化温度和直链淀粉含量则在F2米粒间有极显著的遗传分离,故主要受胚乳基因型控制。(2)各性状的遗传变异均以     

陆地棉F_2纤维品质性状杂种优势的遗传分析

本研究根据加性─显性与环境互作的遗传模型，分析了陆地棉１０个杂交亲本和２０个Ｆ１五个纤维品质性状的两年试验资料，估算各项遗传方差分量和成对性状间各项遗传效应的相关，预测了不同年份Ｆ２杂种优势的遗传表现。各纤维品质性状主要受加性效应的影响。其中纤维长度、纤维强度和麦克隆值３个性状还受到基因型×环境互作效应的影响。基因型×环境互作效应对纤维整齐度和纤维伸长率两个性状影响均不显著。遗传相关分析表明，杂交后代皮棉产量与纤维长度、纤维整齐度、纤维伸长率和纤维细度间可进行同步改良，皮棉产量与纤维强度同步改良较为困难。杂种早代皮棉产量高的组合其纤维强度也较好。Ｆ２纤维品质性状杂种优势的均值一般较小。此外还分析了组合纤维长度、纤维强度和麦克隆值杂种优势在不同环境中的表现。     

玉米果穗出籽率遗传效应分析

摘要:采用朱军包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性-显性-母体遗传模型（ADM模型）分析方法,研究玉米果穗出籽率性状遗传主效应及其与环境互作遗传效应。结果表明：玉米果穗出籽率主要显性效应遗传体系控制,其次受加性效应遗传效应控制,同时还受加性×环境互作效应、显性×环境互作效应、母体×环境互作效应等不同遗传控制体系基因型×环境互作效应显著影响。对果穗出籽率性状的选择效果受环境影响较大,宜在较晚世代进行选择。育种中根据亲本果穗出籽率在不同环境中遗传效应预测值组配杂交组合,育成适应不同地区或某一特定地区的新品种,提高育种效率。     

旱稻、稗草、高粱属间杂交F2糯质胚乳现象及分析

以旱稻非糯性基因型远FH 2-1(旱稻65×长芒稗)为母本,高粱非糯性基因型沈农133为父本进行属间杂交,F2分离出糯性胚乳新性状.据群体1712株调查,糯性植株为340株,非糯性植株为1 372株.X2分析结果,该性状受两对显性基因互作影响,符合133抑制作用分离比例,不同于前人水稻糯性胚乳受一对隐性基因控制的遗传规律.     

控制稻谷碾磨品质的数量性状位点

因为碾磨品质与农户收益和市场价值直接相关，所以它是育种计划的一个重要性状。水稻碾磨品质由糙米率(BR)、精米率(MR)和一级米率(HR)共同决定。水稻碾磨品质是一个胚乳性状，它的遗传相当复杂。一般认为水稻碾磨品质属于数量性状，它即受基因型的影响，也受环境影响。本研究利用98个回交自交系构建的综合间距图谱分析了控制糙米率、精米率和一级米率的数量性状位点。     

烤烟几种主要化学成分的遗传分析

本文以14个烤烟品种(系)及其配制的41个杂交组合为材料,利用包括基因型与环境互作的加性-显性遗传模型进行烟叶化学成分的遗传和相关分析。结果表明,烟碱主要受加性主效应控制,总糖、还原糖、两糖差、总氮、蛋白质、氧化钾受显性×环境互作效应影响最大。没有一个参试亲本和杂交组合同时在两糖差、烟碱上表现负向效应,而在氧化钾上表现正向效应。性状相关分析表明,总氮、烟碱、蛋白质这类含氮化合物之间呈正向表现型相关、基因型相关和加性遗传相关,而与总糖、还原糖呈负向表现型相关、基因型相关和加性遗传相关。两糖差、烟碱、含钾量之间各相关系数较小或无显著相关,可以通过广泛配制组合或推广大后代群体同步减少两糖差,降低烟碱,提高含钾量。     

贵州山区粳稻基因型与环境效应分析及其在育种上的应用

应用AMMI模型对2002—2009年贵州省粳稻区域试验品种(组合)产量相关性状基因型与环境效应分析结果表明:基因型、环境、基因型与环境互作对考察的7个性状影响程度各不相同,生育期、有效穗主要受环境影响,株高主要以基因型效应和环境效应为主,穗粒数、结实率和千粒重同时受基因型、环境、基因型与环境互作影响,但环境效应相对较大,对产量影响的大小顺序为基因型与环境互作基因型环境。在贵州山区粳稻育种中,需针对基因型、环境、基因型与环境互作效应进行产量相关性状选择,以提高育种效率。     

陆地棉主要农艺与纤维品质性状的双列杂交分析

本文利用加性-显性与环境互作的遗传模型(ADE模型),分析8个陆地棉亲本及其F1在不同环境下的农艺和纤维品质性状,在估算遗传方差分量、遗传效应的基础上,分析各类性状间的遗传相关性,并预测F1和F2的杂种优势,为棉花杂种优势利用和新品种选育提供了较有价值的信息。研究表明,农艺与纤维品质性状的遗传主要受加性、显性和加性与环境互作效应控制。遗传相关分析表明,皮棉产量与纤维品质性状的显性相关系数值较大,利用杂种优势在早期世代可以得到协同改良,纤维品质性状间易实现协同改良。杂种优势分析表明,F1和F2的皮棉产量均具有显著的超亲优势,纤维品质性状的杂种优势不明显。     

香蕉采后果肉硬度与淀粉代谢变化

为了弄清楚香蕉采后果实硬度与淀粉代谢的变化规律及相关性,以‘巴西’蕉(Musa sp. ‘Brazil’)果肉为试材,对香蕉采后果实淀粉代谢与果肉硬度变化进行分析。结果表明,贮藏过程中,果肉硬度逐渐下降,总淀粉含量呈下降趋势,总淀粉酶活性呈上升趋势,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性呈先增后减的单峰型变化;相关性分析发现,香蕉采后果肉硬度下降与总淀粉含量变化呈极显著正相关,与总淀粉酶活性变化呈极显著负相关,与α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性变化相关性不显著。香蕉采后果肉硬度下降可能主要涉及到总淀粉含量的下降和总淀粉酶活性的上升。     

Genetic effects of embryo and endosperm for four malting quality traits of barley

Seed of seven cultivars of two-rowed barley (Hordeum Vulgare L.) and F2 seed from a half-diallel set of crosses among the cultivars were malted in two years to obtain data on diastatic power (DP), alpha-amylase activity (αAA), beta- amylase activity (βAA) and malt nitrogen (N) content. Embryo and endosperm genetic effects on the traits were studied by using a genetic model including genotype × environment interaction for malting quality characters. Variation of the four malting quality traits was affected by gentic effects and environmental interaction. Performance of DP and βAA was mainly controlled not only by endosperm dominance effects but also by embryo genotype × environment interaction and endosperm dominance × environment interaction. Variation of αAA and malt N content was controlled by both embryo and endosperm genetic effects, but the embryo dominance and endosperm additive effects contributed a major part to the total genetic effects. Significant interaction variances (embryo additive × environment and dominance × environment and endosperm dominance × environment) were also observed for αAA and malt N content. Diastatic power was related positively to βAA. Malt N content was associated positively with DP, largely because of the relationship between malt N and βAA. No obvious phenotype association between DP and αAA was found. General narrow-sense heritabilities of αAA and malt N content were 26.1% and 27.8%, respectively. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同水稻品种种子萌发生理特性差异研究

为研究不同水稻品种的种子萌发生理特性,根据24个水稻品种的萌发情况,筛选萌发速度差异的水稻品种5个,分别代表萌发速度快、中、慢3种类型。种子萌发生理特性结果表明,萌发期内发芽速度存在差异的水稻品种,其淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖含量均存在差异。萌发速度快的水稻品种‘盐两优888’和‘盐恢888’,其α-淀粉酶活性、β-淀粉酶活性高,有助于种子内淀粉的分解,同时这2个品种在萌发过程中可溶性糖含量高,为种子萌发提供了能量和物质。反之,萌发速度慢的水稻品种,种子淀粉酶活性低、可溶性糖含量低。说明水稻种子中淀粉酶的活性、可溶性糖含量与种子萌发速度呈正相关。     

A simple and efficient cryopreservation of in vitro-grown shoot tips of `Troyer' citrange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck.] by encapsulation-vitrification

Wheat of two strong high-protein and two weak low-protein cultivars from New Zealand and Australia were milled to commercial specifications. All millstreams were tested for α-amylase, β-amylase, falling number, protein, starch, damaged starch, amylose, amylopectin, pentosan and ash. The distribution of β-amylase in millstream flours was more variable among cultivars than α-amylase. Generally, both enzymes had lowest activity in sizing and early reduction flours. α-Amylase was very high in the bran, pollard and germ fractions, in which ash content was very high, whereas β-amylase was low in these fractions. These observations, together with the moderate correlation of α-amylase and poor correlation of β-amylase to ash content, suggest that most α-amylasein flour derives from contamination with bran, pollard and germ, whereas most β-amylase derives from the endosperm. Falling numbers varied between the cultivars, but variation amongst millstreams for each cultivar was low, except for cv. Frame, which had particularly high falling number values (834 and 1197) in second and third break flours. These two flours had some of the highest α-amylase levels and lowest starch levels. However, they also had very high protein content (22 and 26%) and very low starch damage (3.2 and 4.5%), which may contribute to the high falling numbers. When endogenous α-amylase in the flour with the highest falling number was supplemented with high levels of barleyα-amylase, the flour withstood the detrimental effects of α-amylasein baking (sticky crumb, poor crumb texture and loaf volume) better than flours of lower falling number, but did not withstand the effects ofα-amylase on falling number. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Germplasm improvement for preharvest sprouting resistance in Chinese white-grained wheat: An overview of the current strategy

Most modern white-grained wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars in China lack sprouting resistance. Some white grain varieties showed lower preharvest sprouting percentage in different years. Tolerance to sprouting in most cultivars comes from the varieties, Wanxian White, Fulingxuxu White, Suiningtuotuo, and Yongchuan White. The α-amylase inhibitor gene under a wheat genetic background inhibited α-amylase activity and delayed sprouting. The falling number of six suspected sources, out of 835Chinese leading varieties since 1950', was independent of late maturityα-amylase. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The Effect of Cultivar and Environment on β-amylase Activity is Associated with the Change of Protein Content in Barley Grains

Eight malt barley cultivars were grown in seven locations with wide ecological differences in China for two successive years to study the cultivar and environmental variation of β‐amylase activity and its association with the change of protein content in grains. The results showed that the variation in β‐amylase activity was mainly attributable to the environment (location and year), although the effect of cultivar was also highly significant. The response of β‐amylase activity to the environment differed markedly among cultivars, reflected by large difference in coefficients of variation for the cultivars grown across diverse locations. The effect of cultivar and environment on protein content showed a pattern similar to that on β‐amylase, but the variations caused by cultivar and, in particular, environment were relatively smaller for protein content than for enzymatic activity. Regression analysis showed that there was a highly significant correlation between protein content and β‐amylase activity for all cultivars but ZAU 3. However, an obvious difference existed in the constants and regressive coefficients of the equation among cultivars, suggesting genetic differences in the effect of the changed protein content on β‐amylase activity.     

不同环境及栽培条件下啤用大麦阿拉伯木聚糖含量的变化

阿拉伯木聚糖(AX)含量是影响啤用大麦品质的主要因素之一。利用3个二棱大麦品种,研究了籽粒灌浆期AX含量和内切木聚糖酶活性(EA)的变化动态,以及施氮量、施肥期、种植密度及种植地点对AX含量的影响。结果表明,其3个品种的AX含量和EA在灌浆期变化趋势基本相同,表现为阿拉伯木聚糖总含量(TAX)、非水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量(WUAX)和EA在整个灌浆期呈下降趋势,水溶性阿拉伯木聚糖含量(WEAX)比例较低,且呈先增后降的趋势。与其他两品种比较,浙大9号在籽粒灌浆期TAX含量始终较高、EA始终较低。浙大9号籽粒TAX含量在杭州点显著高于在桐乡点,而WEAX含量在桐乡点显著高于在杭州点。播种量、氮肥用量及运筹对桐乡点籽粒TAX和WEAX含量均无显著影响,但在杭州点这3种农艺因子均显著影响WEAX含量。     

CHE饲料发酵过程中淀粉酶活力的在线监测

淀粉酶（包括α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶）是饲料复合酶制剂中最主要的酶之一。本文对CHE饲料中的α-淀粉酶及淀粉酶全酶进行了提取并进行了活性测定。结果表明α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶的最适温度分别为52℃和45℃。α-淀粉酶酶活力最大为5.6352ug/min, β-淀粉酶酶活力最大为1.0931ug/min。     

Geographical variation of β-amylase thermostability among varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and β-amylase deficiency

Investigations onto the thermostability of β-amylase in 274 varieties of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) indicated that all varieties except one were distributed into three types of high (type A), intermediate (type B), and low (type C) thermostability, respectively. One variety (TB29) from China showed no β-amylase activity. Geographical variation was observed in the thermostability of β-amylase. Type C varieties were not observed in East Asia (Japan, the Korean Peninsula, China and Nepal), although 36 out of 37 varieties in Ethiopia were type C. Most of the varieties were Type A in Japan, the Korean Peninsula and China, whereas the frequency of type A and type B were nearly equal in Nepal. Varieties in the other five areas (North America, North Africa, Southwest Asia, Turkey and Europe) consisted of types A, B and C. These results support the fact that East Asian cultivars are genetically different from those of the western regions, as previously reported.     

赤霉素对离体条件下玉米籽粒发育的影响

为了探讨不同浓度的赤霉素GA对籽粒的生长发育的影响,此文以玉米杂交种‘农单5号’和‘农大108’为材料,采用玉米籽粒离体培养的方法,对籽粒的发芽率、败育率、α-淀粉酶活性、干重和鲜重几个方面进行研究,结果表明：GA在低浓度（0 mg/L~1 mg/L）时,籽粒的发芽率、α-淀粉酶活性和败育率随着GA浓度的提高呈上升趋势,干重和鲜重都呈下降趋势;在较高浓度（1 mg/L~20 mg/L）时与上述情况正呈相反态势。当GA浓度为1 mg/L时,籽粒的发芽率、α-淀粉酶活性和败育率分别达最大值;当GA浓度为20 mg/L时,籽粒的发芽率、α-淀粉酶活性和败育率分别达最小值,而籽粒的鲜重、干重分别达最大值,并高于对照组,因此授粉初期喷洒一定浓度（20 mg/L）的GA对玉米产量有一定促进作用。