醴陵市农村居民点的景观生态特征及其时空演变

随着人类活动加剧,探索农村居民点的景观生态特征及其演变的驱动因素对农村经济发展和农业现代化具有非常重要的意义。利用2005年土地利用变更数据库和2009年第2次土地利用调查数据库等资料,运用景观生态理论结合GIS方法制作相应的专题图,定量分析比较醴陵市2005—2009年期间农村居民点的空间分布特征及其差异。结果显示,2005—2009年期间,醴陵市农村居民点总面积规模增大;农村居民点形状变得更加复杂;醴陵市农村居民点受自然环境影响明显,距离城镇、河流、道路较近以及海拔越低与坡度越小区域的农村居民点面积增幅规模更大,形状复杂程度变化更明显。     

基于村域范围的农村居民点布局评价与空间格局优化——以重庆石柱县临溪镇前进村为例

农村居民点布局的调整和格局的优化是新一轮土地利用总体规划的重要内容,对统筹城乡发展、增强区域经济等具有重要的作用,应用ARCGIS空间分析和统计功能技术以及景观指数的定量分析方法,以重庆市石柱县临溪镇前进村为研究区域,分析研究了在村域范围内农村居民点分布特征、居民点分布现状与该村自然、社会、经济等要素间的相互关系,并运用GIS多因素叠加模型,建立农村居民点空间格局优化。结果表明,前进村农村居民点的区位受坡度、河流、道路和耕作环境的综合影响,尤其道路指向更为紧密。前进村就居民点空间格局优化可分为优先发展区、重点发展、保留发展、搬迁区4种类型,该研究为科学指导农村居民点整理提供依据,具有一定的借鉴和扩展意义。     

长株潭农村居民点时空格局的演变研究

为了把握长株潭农村居民点时空格局演变的特征,为其空间格局优化提供依据,使农村居民点的分布格局更加合理。利用1996-2007年长株潭土地利用变化数据并运用动态度和相对变化率分析长株潭农村居民点的时空演变过程、特点和规律。结果表明,长株潭农村居民点总体上呈现逐年减少态势,且区域差异明显,农村居民点发展存在一系列问题。提出长株潭农村居民点需要从政府加强引导、科学规划、加强管理力度等3个方面进行调整优化,使空间格局更加合理。     

山区农村居民点的空间格局差异研究──以陇南市文县为例

基于2015年文县土地利用变更数据和相关统计数据,根据农村居民点的现状分布规律,运用GIS空间分析和景观生态学理论,空间韵律测度、局聚类检验、平均最近邻指数、空间热点探测分析等方法,定量分析了文县农村居民点空间分布格局特征。结果表明:(1)文县农村居民点主要沿着交通道路和河流错落分布,形成以道路和河流网分布为主的枫叶状;(2)文县农村居民点用地规模普遍偏小,空间上呈现出低值集聚,高值离散的特征,在天池镇、城关镇等地区形成了小规模村庄集群分布的"冷点区",在范坝镇等地区形成了大规模的农村居聚落集中分布的"热点区";(3)受资源条件、自然区位及人类活动等因素影响,文县农村居民点在空间上以集群式和随机型分布为主;(4)文县农村居民的分布呈具有明显地域差异的集聚模式,整体形成了以范坝镇、碧口镇为中心的高密度区,并依次向北、向西、向南以阶梯形式逐渐稀疏的低密度区;(5)全县农村居民点聚落形态整体相对规则、整齐、破碎化程度较低,呈现较为平稳的演化形态,局部地区居民点分布形态复杂程度较高,东西走向规模分异明显,复杂程度由东向西逐渐减弱。     

GIS技术支持下的湖南省靖州县农村居民点空间格局研究

为了研究靖州县农村居民点的空间格局特征,并对其格局进行优化调整提供依据使其居民点的分布格局更加合理。从靖州县1990年和2005年土地利用现状数据中提取出农村居民点矢量数据,利用GIS的空间分析功能及查询统计功能,将靖州县居民点矢量数据进行剖析统计,对其公路、河流矢量数据叠加以及居民点空间分布特征进行定量定性分析。采用景观生态学的方法,选用景观指数来表征农村居民点的空间格局特点。研究结果表明,靖州县农村居民点规模正不断减小;靖州县农村居民点的分布格局受道路、河流的影响比较显著;靖州县农村居民点缺少整体的规划,一部分还分布在不太适宜人们居住的区域,农村居民点的分布建设急需规划和调整。说明靖州县农村居民点需要从统一规划、制定相关政策、逐步迁并等3个方面进行调整,从而使空间格局更加合理。     

吉尔吉斯斯坦土壤景观格局特征分析

为了描述吉尔吉斯斯坦土壤分布格局及其特点,通过采用GIS和景观生态学方法,选择多种景观指数对吉尔吉斯斯坦土壤进行景观格局特征分析。结果表明：吉尔吉斯斯坦土壤景观斑块数、面积和周长分布均极不均衡,景观趋于严重的破碎形势,各类型间的聚集度较高(AI=89.9),斑块间彼此邻接关系和镶嵌程度较高,景观间具有较高的连通程度,整个景观的分布格局是一个高聚集度、对比度明显、空间分布复杂、异质性较大的土壤景观格局。吉尔吉斯斯坦土壤类型演变主要驱动力为气候、自然环境,而人类活动的作用较小。     

农村居民点整理潜力与景观特征关系研究

为更好地研究农村居民点整理潜力与其景观特征之间的关系,以2012年临夏县土地利用数据为基础,测算南塬乡各行政村农村居民点整理的可实现潜力,并采用景观生态学方法分别计算各村居民点形状、规模和分布3个方向的景观指数,运用主成分分析各景观指数贡献率的基础上引入综合景观特征值,探讨了农村居民点类型尺度上农村居民点整理潜力与综合景观特征值之间的关系。研究表明：（1）农村居民点整理潜力受自然、社会、经济等因素影响,可实现潜力仅为理论潜力的一半;（2）受地形影响,南塬乡各村居民点斑块分布差异较大,综合景观特征值能够全面地反映出各景观指数对整体格局的影响;（3）综合景观特征值和可实现潜力有很强的相关性,综合景观特征值越高说明居民点斑块越规则,其整理潜力越小,例如江家寨村综合景观特征值最高为1.409,但其可实现潜力仅为2.23 hm²。     

半山丘陵区居民地空间分布的特征及其优化分析

为了掌握半山丘陵区居民地空间分布的变化特征,对居民地布局进行优化,为居民地规划和整理的实施提供重要依据。以地处长白山系半山丘陵区的海林市为研究区,结合TM、DEM影像等相关资料,分别从海拔、坡度、坡向、交通、水源五方面对居民地的空间特征进行了定量分析,采用特尔斐法对选取的指标赋予权重并逐一打分,并根据研究区人口、经济,人文等情况,将研究区的居民点划分为搬迁型、保留型及发展型,并进行优化。结果表明,随着海拔、坡度的增加,居民点数量、面积逐渐减少,在北方地区坡向为正北向的居民点面积最少。交通、水源与居民点的空间分布具有显著相关性。根据优化方案确定搬迁型居民点148个,保留型居民点1632个,发展型居民点40个。     

基于Voronoi图、GIS的三峡库区农村居民点空间机理研究

利用GIS分析技术、Voronoi图Cv值综合分析,探讨重庆市忠县农村居民点的空间机理,找出其分布的趋势性和规律性,为县、镇级土地规划和土地整治提供直观指导。根据聚落地理学的研究方法,建立Voronoi图、高程、坡度、坡向、道路、水系因子,通过空间分析法和定性定量分析法相结合的方法进行研究。结果表明忠县整体Cv值为85.52%,为集群分布,农村居民点在高程上主要分布在400~700 m;在7°—15°内分布最多,达到32.50%;在坡向影响下西北坡分布最多,达到14.95%;在道路因子下,农村居民点在50~100 m缓冲区内密度最高,达到64.38个/km2;农村居民点主要靠近在距离水源100~200 m。     

基于Voronoi图、GIS的三峡库区农村居民点空间机理研究——以重庆市忠县为例

利用GIS分析技术、Voronoi图Cv值综合分析,探讨重庆市忠县农村居民点的空间机理,找出其分布的趋势性和规律性,为县、镇级土地规划和土地整治提供直观指导。根据聚落地理学的研究方法,建立Voronoi图、高程、坡度、坡向、道路、水系因子,通过空间分析法和定性定量分析法相结合的方法进行研究。结果表明忠县整体Cv值为85.52%,为集群分布,农村居民点在高程上主要分布在400~700 m;在7°—15°内分布最多,达到32.50%;在坡向影响下西北坡分布最多,达到14.95%;在道路因子下,农村居民点在50~100 m缓冲区内密度最高,达到64.38个/km2;农村居民点主要靠近在距离水源100~200 m。     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.     

Disease resistance in protected crops and mushrooms

Summary Cultivars of tomatoes, cucumbers, lettuce and peppers have been bred for resistance to one or more pathogens. Some tomato and cucumber cultivars have resistance to a wide range of diseases. Resistance has been transient in many cases and a succession of cultivars with new genes or new combinations of resistance genes has been necessary to maintain control. There has been a number of notable exceptions and these have included durable resistance to such pathogens asFulvia fulva and tomato mosaic virus. With lettuce the resistance situation is complicated by the occurrence of fungicide resistant pathotypes. There are no strains ofAgaricus bisporus purposely bred for disease resistance.In protected flower crops only resistance to Fusarium wilt in carnations has been purposely bred but differences in disease resistance are apparent in cultivars of many ornamental crops. This is particularly so in chrysanthemums where there are cultivars with resistance to many of the major pathogens. Similar situations occur with other flower crops and pot plants. Cultivars of some species have not been systematically investigated for resistance.The need for genetic resistance will increase with the further reduction, in the limits on pesticide use and an increasing public awareness and importance of pesticide pollution.ADAS is an executive agency of the Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food and the Welsh Office.     

Genetic constitution and diversity in four narrow endemic redwoods from the family Cupressaceae

The genetic constitution and diversity of four relictual redwoods are discussed in this review. These include monotypic genera of the family Cupressaceae: coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens), giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum), dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides), and alerce (Fitzroya cupressoides). All four species are narrow endemics, share a number of common phenotypic traits, including red wood, and are threatened species. Fossil history suggests that the ancestors of redwoods probably originated during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods and flourished thereafter for millions of years. Towards the end of the Tertiary period began their decline and struggle for existence that continued during the subsequent geologic upheavals and climate changes, until the survival of the present-day redwoods in the current restricted locations in the world (USA, China, and South America). Although two species, Sequoiadendron and Metasequoia, are diploids (2n = 22), and the other two are polyploids: Fitzroya a tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44), and Sequoia a hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66); they all share the same basic chromosome number x = 11. The genome size in the hexaploid Sequoia is one of the largest (31,500 MB) in the conifers, while the genome sizes of diploid Metasequoia and Sequoiadendron are about one-third (~10,000 MB) of Sequoia. Genetic diversity in the redwoods is lower than most other gymnosperms, except in Sequoia, which seems to rank near the upper quarter of the coniferous forest trees. Genomic research is sparse in the redwoods, and should be pursued for a better understanding of their genome structure, function, and adaptive genetic diversity.     

The induction in vitro of adventitious shoots in Rosa

Summary Adventitious shoots were formed on excised leaves, roots and callus of Rosa persica x xanthina and on excised leaves of R. laevigata and R. wichuraiana on culture media that included BAP and NAA as growth regulators. Shoots formed freely on freshly cultured callus of R. persica x xanthina but their production declined in successive cultures and ceased after twelve weeks. Transplantation to soil was improved by rooting plantlets in cellulose plugs in vitro and transferring plantlets to soil while still in the plugs.     

Distribution,ecology and reproductive biology of wild tomatoes and related nightshades from the Atacama Desert region of northern Chile

Over the past 20 years, several expeditions were made to northern Chile to collect populations of wild tomatoes (Solanum chilense, S. peruvianum) and allied nightshades (S. lycopersicoides, S. sitiens), and obtain information about their geographic distribution, ecology and reproductive biology. Restricted mainly to drainages of the Andean and the coastal cordillera, populations are geographically fragmented. The two nightshade species are rare and threatened by human activities. Adaptation to extreme aridity and soil salinity are evident in S. chilense and S. sitiens (the latter exhibits several xerophytic traits not seen in the tomatoes) and to low temperatures in S. lycopersicoides and S. chilense. All tested accessions are self-incompatible, with the exception of one S. peruvianum population collected at the southern limit of its distribution. Several distinguishing reproductive traits—anther color, attachment, and dehiscence, pollen size, and flower scent—suggest S. sitiens and S. lycopersicoides attract different pollinators than S. chilense and S. peruvianum. The four Solanum spp. native or endemic to Chile provide a variety of novel traits which, through hybridization and introgression with cultivated tomato, could facilitate development of improved varieties, as well as research on a variety of basic topics, including plant-pollinator interactions, abiotic stress responses, and evolution of reproductive barriers.     

The exploration of genetic resources of Portuguese cabbage and kale for resistance to several Brassica diseases

Summary Twenty three accessions of nine Portuguese cabbage and kale land races from different geographic origins were tested at the seedling stage for resistance to several important brassica diseases. Resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica), expressed as necrosis of the cotyledon mesophyll, was found in all the accessions. Type A resistance to cabbage yellows (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans race 1) was present in most of the landraces. Resistance to clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae race 6) was found in one accession of the Portuguese tree kale. High resistance to blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) and white rust (Albuco candida) was not detected, although several accessions showed 20 to 30% of plants with intermediate expression of resistance. All Portuguese cole accessions were susceptible to blackrot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris).     

Production and characterization of intergeneric diploid cybrids derived from symmetric fusion between Microcitrus papuana Swingle and sour orange (Citrus aurantium)

Plants were regenerated from intergeneric somatic hybridization between embryogenic protoplasts of Microcitrus papuana Swingle and leaf-derived protoplasts of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) via electrofusion. The regenerated plants were morphologically similar to the leaf parent in growth vigor, leaf and branch structure. FCM analysis showed that they were diploids. Simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) and cleaved-amplified-polymorphic-sequence(CAPS) were employed for hybridity characterization. SSR banding patterns of the regenerated plants were identical to the leaf parent, sour orange, indicating that they possessed nuclear component derived from sour orange. DNA amplification with chloroplast and mitochondrial universal primers, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion, revealed polymorphism between the fusion parents. Therefore, this method was used to determine the cytoplasmic compositions of the regenerated plants. Banding patterns for all the polymorphic primer/enzyme combinations of the regenerated plants were similar to those of the embryogenic parent, M. papuana, suggesting that only the cytoplasmic components derived from the embryogenic parent were present in the regenerated plants. FCM, SSR and CAPS demonstrated that intergeneric diploid cybrids have been successfully obtained by symmetric fusion. Related results concerning nuclear and cytoplasmic composition of previous diploid somatic hybrids and potential mechanism for regeneration of such kind of plants are discussed herein. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.