团豆杂交授粉技术初探

试验选用了3个地方团豆品种,采用了3种不同的杂交授粉方法,研究团豆的人工杂交授粉的结荚率和结荚指数,为团豆的杂交育种探索最佳的杂交授粉方法.结果表明,团豆不同的杂交授粉方法间结荚率和结籽指数有着明显差异,结籽指数与结荚率间呈成明显正相关.拨蕾不去雄授粉的结荚率和结荚指数最高.     

月季自然杂交初探

鉴于现代月季多数为不同类型及品种之间反复杂交育成,无论是同花还是异花授粉,通过基因重组,出现新类型的机率甚大,自然杂交早被人们用来作为培育月季新品种的一个重要手段。实践证明,通过自然杂交可望选育出高质量的优秀月季新品种。国内的“大绿洲”及我市“龙城秋色”、“新牡丹”等新种均通过自然杂交选育而成。笔者从多年自然杂交育种实践中,在花色、花型、花径、香味等方面初步     

花生人工杂交授粉技术要点

花生育种可分为引种、系统育种、杂交育种、诱变育种和生物技术育种。其中杂交育种是国内外应用最普遍、成效最突出的方法。通过人工杂交所获得的后代材料是花生新品种选育研究最直接、最基础的试材来源。人工杂交技术包括亲本的选配、杂交方式的选择、父母本的种植、杂交所用材料的准备、去雄、授粉、埋果针、收获等。掌握相应的人工杂交技术是搞好花生新品种选育的前提。     

杂交育种的两个山茶品种

从1987年开始进行山茶杂交育种以来,我们已育成了不少新品种。尤其是采用封闭式催芽法(见《中国花卉盆景》1989年第7期)培育后,使杂交山茶实生苗提前开花。其中‘骄阳’(拟名)从授粉到开花仅4周年,其年限之短,国内未见报道。现将杂交实生苗中,经初步观察观赏和应用价值较高的两个品种介绍如下:     

月季新品种培育的方法和途径

月季育种的方法和途径,主要有自交育种、杂交育种、芽变育种、辐射育种等。江苏省常州市花卉科技工作者和月季爱好者,应用以上方法已培育出一些适应我国气候条件的抗性强、观赏效果好、经济价值高的月季新品种。现介绍如下: 1.人工杂交选择亲本是杂交育种的关键。宜选性状良好、花型花色有特色、香味浓郁的品种为父母亲本,然后确定杂交组合,有计划、有目的地进行     

化学药剂诱导棉花孤雌生殖的研究初报

棉花异花授粉率高,遗传基础比较复杂,在杂交选育新品种的过程中,必须多次选择,致使选育的时间拖得很长。孤雌生殖与花药培养均属于单倍体育种的范畴,是快速育种的一个重要途径。目前国内外用花药培养出新品种的已有很多报道,但在棉花方面不容易成功。目前,不经授粉直接用化学药剂处理棉花的子房或胚珠获得孤雌生殖的研究在国内报道很少。为了加速育种进程,利用孤雌生殖的方法,以缩短选育年限,我们开展此项研究,以提高杂交育种的效果。1材料和方法1.1供试品种(系)。由石河子大学生物工程学院提供棉花F1代,分别为Z6(新B1号/SW1),Z10(Th2/系…     

月季杂交育种讲座(一)

月季杂交育种是培育月季新品种的主要方法,它是用人工杂交的方法有计划、有目的地把两个以上品种的优点结合起来,并通过观察选择,培育出新的月季品种。人工杂交育种是一种常规的育种方法,具有方法简单、不需要复杂的设备、育成品种的时间短、所     

蝴蝶兰新品‘莞蝶2号’

正蝴蝶兰是中国年宵花不可缺少的盆栽花卉,红色品种是蝴蝶兰年宵花组合盆景的当家品种,市场需求量较为稳定。杂交育种是蝴蝶兰新品种选育的主要手段。我国大陆地区蝴蝶兰育种起步较晚,至今育成的新品种数量有限。蝴蝶兰‘莞蝶2号’是以‘聚宝红玫瑰’母本,‘红龙’为父本杂交育成的新品种。2007年3月20日进行人工杂交授粉,8月份将成熟的果荚表面消毒后,将种子撒播在人工培养基上进行无菌播种,1年后获得的杂种后代植株移植在温室大棚中进行种植观察。2009年     

三倍体OT百合与二倍体东方百合组间杂交育种

本研究旨在探讨三倍体OT百合与二倍体东方百合系间杂交育种规律,培育系间杂种。采用常规压片法,分析母本染色体核型。采用切花柱及柱头直接授粉技术,进行OT×O系间杂交;在授粉后不同时间,采用胚珠直接接种法进行胚抢救。本研究中作母本的6个OT百合品种均为三倍体。柱头直接授粉技术明显优于切花柱授粉技术,前者的结果率及结籽率明显高于后者。24个OT(♀)×O(♂)杂交组合中,有16个组合能结果,占66.67%;能结果的杂交组合,大部分能收获饱满种子,结籽率在2.49%~16.78%之间。4个O(♀)×OT(♂)反交组合、6个OT(♀)×OT(♂)自交组合均未能结果。胚抢救60 d后,授粉60 d后进行胚抢救最有效,胚珠萌发最快,各组合出苗率在5.26%~18.56%之间。上述研究初步揭示了百合三倍体OT(♀)×二倍体O(♂)杂交育种规律,为创造非整体倍体变异、培育系间杂交新品种奠定了基础。     

枣树杂交育种研究进展

枣树是我国独有的乡土树种,现有枣树品种大多存在缺陷,生产上迫切需要通过杂交的手段将不同枣树品种的优良性状整合起来,培育综合性状优良的新品种。由于枣树花小,人工去雄易伤害花器官,花量大而坐果率低,存在胚败育现象等问题都制约着枣树杂交育种工作的发展。本文综述了枣树开花、花粉萌发、生殖等方面的生物学特性,从枣树杂交育种的必要性、杂交方法和亲本选择等方面对枣树杂交育种研究进行了探讨,并对通过局部隔离法获得的枣树实生后代的性状遗传规律进行了总结,同时根据目前枣树杂交育种的研究现状和科研环境,以及枣树转基因研究的不断深入,对枣树杂交育种发展的前景做了展望。     

3种鼠尾草属植物的核型分析

为了解新种质芡欧鼠尾草与鼠尾草属常见植物一串红、一串蓝之间的亲缘关系,并为其远缘杂交和遗传改良提供基础,本实验在细胞遗传学水平,对鼠尾草属芡欧鼠尾草、一串红、一串蓝3种植物染色体核型进行分析。结果显示芡欧鼠尾草二倍体体细胞染色体数目为12条,核型公式是2n=12=2m+2sm+8st,核型不对称系数(AS.K%)为74.9%,核型分类标准属于“3A”型;一串红二倍体体细胞染色体数目为44条,核型公式是2n=44=34m+2sm+8st,核型不对称系数(AS.K%)为62.4%,核型分类标准属于“2A”型;一串蓝二倍体体细胞染色体数目为18条,核型公式是2n=18=12m+6sm,核型不对称系数(AS.K%)为59.0%,属于“2A”型。通过核型分析,芡欧鼠尾草、一串红、一串蓝的染色体具有明显的差异性,所以认为这3种鼠尾草属植物的亲缘关系较远。     

5个一串红品种耐热性鉴定

一串红是夏季园林常见花卉,2008年北京奥运会召开期间正值北京地区夏季高温天气,为使一串红发挥出很好的景观效应,选用耐热性好的品种是关键措施之一。通过对自育的1120#、12#、73#品种和国外引进的展望、王后共5个一串红品种在热胁迫处理下叶绿素含量、电导率、MDA和脯胺酸含量测定,结果表明,随着热处理时间延长,展望和王后叶片叶绿素下降速度最大、细胞膜伤害率上升最快、MDA含量达最大、脯氨酸含量增幅较小,是最不耐热的2个品种,1120#、12#和73#品种耐热性较好。这种耐热性差异在北京地区夏季盆花生产中也得到证实。因此,在夏季高温季节种植一串红,建议选用耐热性较好的1120#、12#和73#品种。     

扬稻系列品种（组合）特性、系谱、育种方法和推广应用分析

通过对31个扬稻系列品种（组合）特性、系谱组成、育种方法和推广应用的综合分析,阐明了扬稻系列品种(组合)选育的基本经验： 根据生产需求和发展形势,分析主客观条件,抓住主要矛盾,寻求切入点,确定“四稻并举、总体提高、重点突破”的育种策略,运用综合育种方法,不断推出适用品种。分析扬稻系列品种(组合)系谱,骨干亲本集中。如常规籼稻基础亲本为BG90-2;杂交籼稻注重籼粳亚种优势利用,育成的恢复系中百分之八十融入广亲和材料02428的血缘。常规籼稻选育采用“搭梯上楼”的育种方法,以基础亲本为主干,融合优良性状,提高综合性能;籼型恢复系选育则采用优势叠加的方法,实行优势互补,完善品种性能。根据“个体看匀称、群体看协调、机能看熟相”的多年育种经验,在不同世代对茎系、叶系、穗系进行各有侧重的选择。建立定型品系的小群体(10m2)鉴定圃,构建选择群体,进行综合性状的评估鉴定,提高选择的准确性。对杂交籼稻组合的选育,建立两个程序：对恢复系进行严格鉴定筛选,主要性状超过主栽杂交组合;对杂交组合进行大量测配鉴定,综合比较优势。对育成品种进行后续加工,利用剩余变异,改造种性缺陷。利用扬州与海南两个大跨度的生态区进行多世代适应性选择。 在品种推广应用中,组织多学科、多区域、多层次、多领域协作,总体规划,分步实施,育、繁、推一体化,试验、示范、推广相结合,以点带面,逐步推开,实行跟踪服务,并注重信息反馈,着重抓了6方面工作：①多点示范,扩大应用范围。②配套技术同步进行,提高增产效益。③加强科普,提高技术普及率。④加强提纯复壮,提供优良种源。⑤建立产业链式开发技术体系。⑥强化知识产权保护,规范种子市场秩序。     

一串红品种（系）遗传多样性RADP分析

(农业应用新技术北京市重点实验室/北京农学院园林系,北京102206)     

Impact of improved vegetable cultivars in overcoming food insecurity

Breeding is probably as old as agriculture itself. Early vegetable breeders developed landrace cultivars by selection of favorable variations in horticultural traits, yield and resistance to diseases and other problems. Later new breeding methods were developed, including hybridization techniques, culminating with the use of recently developed molecular tools, all leading to our modern improved vegetable cultivars. Great emphasis on protection of cultivars by seed companies, including development of F₁ hybrids, plant cultivar protection and patenting have been done. There were 392 vegetable crops cultivated worldwide but only slightly over one half of the total number of them have attracted commercial breeding attention. In recent times, there have been challenges and new trends in the breeding domain. These include an unrelenting movement away from well supported public breeding institutions to a breeding world dominated by private entities, and an increase in size of the companies in the private sector, with emphasis on the major vegetable crops. Almost half of the world vegetable farmers are poor and cannot afford to buy hybrid seed every growing season. Their economics and logistics make them difficult to buy expensive improved or hybrid cultivars since the lack of capital by subsistence farmers denies them the opportunity to invest in vegetable production inputs. If credit facilities and other input facilities are offered, improved or hybrid cultivars can have also a great impact on subsistence vegetable farmers overcoming their poverty and food insecurity. In last 50 years vegetable genetic resources are being lost, on a global scale at the rate of 1–2% per year. The multinational seed companies concentration in huge corporations have merged or canceled some vegetable breeding programs to reduce costs. Then there will be fewer vegetable breeders in the future and the growers will be dependent on a narrower genetic background, that could contribute in a near future, for food insecurity. Smaller seed companies, which are usually specialize in few vegetable crops, must be supported, possibly through autonomous affiliation with the larger companies. There is a need of investment in research breeding and cultivar development in traditionally open-pollinated cultivars and in the minor and so-called “forgotten” vegetables. More investments in this area will mean cheaper cultivars for growers to choose from and more preservation of vegetable biodiversity. In recent years, private plant breeding programs have increased in size and number. Financial investment also increased, as well as interest in intellectual property protection. Protective measures, especially patenting, must be moderated to eliminate coverage so broad that it stifles innovation. The intellectual property protection laws for plants must be made less restrictive to encourage research and free flow of materials and information. Public sector breeding must remains vigorous, especially in areas where the private sector does not function. This will often require benevolent public/private partnerships as well as government support. Intellectual property rights laws for plants must be made less restrictive to encourage freer flow of materials. Active and positive connections between the private and public breeding sectors and large-scale gene banks are required to avoid a possible conflict involving breeders’ rights, gene preservation and erosion. Improved and hybrid vegetable cultivars are, and will continue to be, the most effective, environmentally safe, and sustainable way to ensure global food security in the future.     

小麦骨干亲本豫麦2号的育种价值分析

河南审定的183个小麦品种中有75个小麦品种含有豫麦2号的血缘,豫麦2号成为河南小麦育种利用率最高的骨干亲本。利用系谱资料对豫麦2号种质与其75个衍生品种的共祖先度进行了分析。结果表明：75个小麦品种与豫麦2号的共祖先度范围为0.0500～0.6250,累积的共祖先度为20.9041,占75个小麦品种的27.87%,占河南183个小麦品种的11.42%,豫麦2号具有极高的利用价值,豫麦2号及其衍生品种的利用还在继续。研究豫麦2号的育种价值,对于有效利用小麦种质资源,保持小麦品系的遗传多样性,恰当地选用杂交亲本,成功地创造出优良新基因型具有重要意义。     

Plant breeding: past,present and future

Plant breeders can help farmers increase food production by breeding new cultivars better adapted to their chosen farming systems, but these must be capable of providing the necessary plant inputs for the required levels of crop production in 2050. Until 200 years ago the farmers themselves were the plant selectors. Plant domestications, extensive crop dispersions and farmers’ selections produced thousands of locally adapted landraces of cultivated plants. During the twentieth century these were largely replaced by relatively few high yielding cultivars and the natural habitats of many of their wild relatives became endangered. Hence in situ and ex situ conservation, and evaluation and use of plant genetic resources is vital for future plant breeding. The development of scientific breeding from the beginning of the twentieth century was based on understanding the mechanism of inheritance and the mating systems of crop plants. The types of genetically uniform, high yielding cultivars that have been bred from genetically heterogeneous landraces were determined by the mode of reproduction and mating system of the cultivated plant species: inbred line (wheat) and hybrid (rice) cultivars for inbreeding species, hybrid (maize) cultivars for outbreeding species, and clonal (potato) cultivars for vegetatively propagated species. When genetically heterogeneous crops are desired, mixtures of cultivars and synthetic cultivars can be produced. Future progress in crop improvement will come from three complementary approaches: use of hybridization and selection in further conventional breeding, base broadening and introgression; mutation breeding, cisgenesis and gene editing; and genetically modified crops.     

四川高粱良种繁育存在的问题与对策探讨

本文对四川高粱产业发展与品种利用现状做了评述。通过对四川高粱品种繁育中存在的常规高粱品种选育滞后于杂交高粱品种选育、高粱良种繁育体系建设滞后、高粱良种繁育基地建设滞后,不适应新形势发展的分析,提出了四川发展高粱产业的当务之急是及时完善高粱良种繁育基地建设规划、加大对高粱良种繁育基地建设的投入,加大对高粱新品种选育、推广的投入等建议。     

基于SNP分子标记的泰山/泰科麦系列小麦遗传解析

对不同年份育成的21个小麦品种（系）进行全基因组扫描,通过分析遗传距离和染色体区段/位点,明确其亲缘关系远近和遗传差异。分析可知,获得的2029个SNP基因位点在B基因组拥有较高的遗传多样性,其次是A和D基因组;在7个同源群中,第3和第6同源群呈现出较高的遗传多样性,而第1和第4同源群的遗传多样性较低;21条染色体中,3A、1B、6B染色体的遗传多样性较高,而1A、6A的遗传多样性偏低。对21份供试材料依据审定（育成）年份分析其群体的平均遗传距离,不同年份品种间的平均遗传距离先增大后减小,遗传多样性逐渐降低;21份供试材料间的遗传相似系数在0.69~0.99之间,大致可聚为4个类群,同一年份的品种一般聚在一起,与其系谱关系吻合。构建并分析供试材料的基因型图谱发现,00s、10s和现在育成的小麦品种（系）共有SNP和共有染色体区段分别主要在A、D和B基因组,对应已发表性状同不同年份育种目标吻合。同时发现21份供试材料均含有25个共同SNP位点,分布在1A、5A、6A、7A、2B、3B、6B、1D、2D、3D和7D染色体上,且每条染色体上分布的SNP位点数目均不相同,通过对应已发表性状进一步证实在品种（系）组配与选育过程中注重产量、株高、分蘖数、抽穗期、灌浆速率和抗病等性状的选择。以上研究结果可为今后小麦新品种组配和选育提供参考依据。     

New interspecific rice genome constructions obtained by symmetric cell fusion

Newly released rice varieties are mostly progenies of common commercial cultivars and so most gene sources for rice breeding have closely related genotypes. Protoplast fusion technique is a method that can produce hybrid plants in one‐step within a desired cultivar. To introduce new genetic diversity into rice‐breeding materials, hybrids between Oryza sativa L. (AA) and Oryza punctata Kotschy ex Steud. (BBCC) were generated by symmetric protoplast fusion. The genomic distribution in interspecific somatic hybrids was investigated by multi‐colour genomic in situ hybridization. Differences in chromosome numbers were observed not only between different somatic hybrid plants but also within individual hybrid plants. Chromosomal reduction of the A genome was found in two somatic hybrids. These results suggest that it is possible to reconstruct new interspecific rice genomes. Chromosomal reduction in interspecific somatic hybrids may be used to generate breeding lines with novel chromosomal constitutions.