A method of production data analysis for multi-fractured horizontal well in shale gas reservoir

Production data analysis is an effective method of evaluating gas in place, parameters of reservoir and hydraulic fractures. Current model of production data analysis fails to make sense because of the existence of absorption, multi-fracturing, and stimulated reservoir volume (SRV). Considering the effect of desorption, fracture interacting and closed boundary, the authors calculate the productivity of multi-fractured horizontal well in shale gas by Laplace transform and pressure superposition principle. Then theoretical charts of Agarwal-Gardner production decline curves are presented by employing new definition of dimensionless material balance time and dimensionless production, which is based on asymptotic approximations. The result shows that Agarwal-Gardner curves can be divided into two parts where they are scattered in early transient period, and where their shape was influenced by parameters relevant to adsorption, position of each fracture and reservoir geometry, and then drawn to Arps harmonious decline in pseudo steady state period. Reservoir parameters, hydraulic fracture characteristics and gas in place are evaluated by using the type curve matching with actual production data.     

迷迭香扦插育苗试验初报

迷迭香（Rosmarinus officinalis L.）是唇形花科迷迭香属植物,是一种多年生常绿亚灌木,为观赏及芳香油植物,该植物已成为全球普遍重视的资源植物之一。迷迭香种子发育不良,种子萌发力极低,故通常采用无性繁殖法育苗,在生产中为了降低成本,节约资金,现阶段主要采用扦插法繁殖进行苗木生产。近年来,国内外对于迷迭香精油及抗氧化剂的研究报道及论文很多,但对迷迭香育苗技术报道却较少。开展该课题研究,对迷迭香的育苗技术进行研究,通过试验记载、观察、田间管理,为迷迭香种植提高育苗成效,降低成本,增加农民收入,为中国天然抗氧化剂的生产保障优质充足原料供应,具有重要意义。试验研究在玉溪对迷迭香进行扦插试验。迷迭香分别扦插在基质为菜园土的苗床上、用纸杯装菜园土扦插、在泥炭土:珍珠岩为2:1的基质上扦插,试验结果表明,试验结果表明,春季扦插成活率高,成活时间短,扦插苗生长健壮,在菜园土上扦插成本低,用纸杯装土扦插,成活率95%~99%,且苗生长健壮。在泥炭土:珍珠岩为2:1的基质上扦插结果,嫩梢作插穗在插后8d开始生根,25d全部生根,生根率99.5%。以上各种扦插方法培养的扦插苗移栽成活率均在95%以上,没有明显区别,可见3种方法扦插育苗都具有成活率高的特点,但采取什么方法,以成本和已有的生产材料及技术而定。     

弹性波作用下渗流多孔介质微粒运移分析

弹性波作用下渗流多孔介质微粒运移分析是对目前静态流体或稳态多相渗流中微粒运移/捕集的补充,通过分析弹性波对微粒剥离运移捕集过程的影响,建立弹性波作用下微粒运移模型,得到对微粒运移效果和储层物性变化的影响规律。由推导得到的弹性波作用下微粒剥离临界速度可知,当微粒与孔喉半径的比值越小时弹性波导致的振荡附加力影响越大,临界速度与流体粘度、微粒/孔喉半径比成负相关,与基质胶结程度、结构力、微粒半径、微粒密度成正相关。弹性波作用下微粒运移模型需同时考虑多孔介质渗流速度的变化,此时微粒剥离释放速率增加,但随着波衰减和时间延长而降低,微粒在孔隙表面沉积滞留速率先上升后下降,喉道堵塞的速率有所上升,说明弹性波作用下微粒的剥离和悬浮能力增加,但亦增加了微粒在微细孔喉"架桥"堵塞的可能性。研究结论对岩石物理学和工业化波动处理涉及的储层物性研究具有一定指导意义。     

干旱对大豆生理及产量影响的研究

干旱对农业生产影响巨大,开展干旱胁迫对大豆生理及产量影响的研究,将为干旱地区大豆生产提供理论依据。利用塑料整理箱进行了干旱胁迫对大豆光合生理、叶片抗氧化物酶和渗透调节物以及生物量、产量影响的研究,土壤水分为干旱(45%~55%的田间土壤最大持水量)和湿润(80%~100%的田间土壤最大持水量,CK)2个水平,进行了2年的试验研究。结果表明,干旱胁迫使大豆净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均明显下降,使水分利用率增加;干旱胁迫对大豆叶片过氧化酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量无显著影响;干旱使大豆叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量、还原糖含量和可溶性总糖含量增加25.00%,47.09%和47.16%。干旱胁迫使大豆株高、节数、茎粗明显下降。干旱使大豆地上部分生物量明显下降,其中2013年下降39.4%,2014年下降69.6%。干旱使大豆籽粒产量明显下降,2013,2014年分别下降46.9%和81.6%。干旱胁迫下,大豆叶片气孔导度显著下降,使CO2供应受到严重影响,降低叶片净光合速率。干旱胁迫还会使大豆细胞膜结构造成一定的破坏,影响植物正常的光合作用,使大豆光合代谢产物下降。虽然大豆可以通过渗透调节物质来保持细胞的水分,但干旱仍然抑制了植株的正常生长,使大豆生物量和产量下降。     

高油玉米需磷特性及磷素对籽粒营养品质的影响

在高产条件下探讨了高油玉米的需磷特性,结果表明,单株磷吸收量1.427g,每公顷需纯磷85.65kg,其中开花前吸收量约占总吸收量的47%,花后吸收量占53%,灌浆期为吸收高峰;形成100kg籽粒需磷0.74kg,显著高于普通玉米。植株磷总吸收量与籽粒含油率、蛋白质含量、油分产量和蛋白质产量均呈正相关。盆栽试验表明,施磷能促进高     

Optimum Stand Height for Forage Brown Midrib Sorghum × Sudangrass in North-eastern USA

Brown midrib sorghum × sudangrass is attracting attention in the north‐eastern USA because of its ability to produce acceptable forage yields on marginal corn ground. Other potential advantages include conservation of soil on highly erosive ground, the possibility to spread manure mid‐summer (after first cutting) when runoff risk is minimal, greatly reduced needs for herbicides and the potential to reduce the importation of phosphorus onto the farm. Best management practices need to be developed to take full advantage of the crop in the north‐east. Seven field studies were conducted from 2000 to 2002 in four different agricultural regions in New York to determine the time of harvest optimum for yield and quality in one‐ to three‐cut management systems. Yield, rather than a change in forage quality indicators, was the key determining factor for estimated milk production. However, to prevent the shift from vegetative to reproductive growth (and associated decline in quality) and to better manage the amount of water at harvest, we recommend that in the north‐eastern USA brown midrib sorghum sudangrass be managed using a two‐cut system with harvest taking place when stand heights are about 125 cm or less.     

6-BA和保水剂对切花月季瓶插寿命的影响

初步探讨了6-BA和保水剂对月季切花的保鲜作用与生理生化基础,与对照（清水）相比,经10mg/L6-BA和10mg/L6-BA＋0.3％保水剂处理的月季切花,花枝的保水能力提高,花枝硬挺,并延缓质膜相对透性的增加、蛋白质的降解及MDA的产生,从而延长月季切花的瓶插寿命（2d~3d）,但后者各项指标均优于前者,效果更佳。     

Recognition and prediction of fracture by using antcolony algorithm analysis in carbonate reservoir

A fracture-developed carbonate oil field in the east has a complicate oil and gas distribution in facture network at late development stage, which leads to multiplicity of favorable reservoir estimation. In view of problems above, ant colony algorithm is adapted to recognition and predict facture in this field. The ant parameters are optimized on the basis of core and image log data, and the spatial distribution feature of fracture is described, as a reticulate structure with three dominant clusters of fracture (NW, NNE & NE). Drilling leakage, production data and image log are then used for reliability analysis of fracture predict, which presents that ant colony algorithm is a practicable methodology to recognition fracture and provides a support for remaining oil distribution analysis. As a booming bionic algorithm, ant colony algorithm has great potential for quantitative fracture predict with seismic materials.     

刺葡萄籽油萃取及成分分析研究

以刺葡萄种籽为原料,采用普通超临界和超声波强化超临界萃取技术,对发酵、未发酵不同处理的刺葡萄种籽进行脂肪酸萃取,并用气相色谱—质谱联用仪对刺葡萄种籽油的化学成分进行了分析。结果表明,刺葡萄种籽油萃取的最佳工艺为萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度35℃,分离温度55℃,分离压力12 MPa,在此条件下,普通超临界装置萃取的刺葡萄籽油萃取率高、油脂清亮且透明度好,优于超声波强化超临界装置。GC-MS分析显示,2种不同处理的刺葡萄籽油的成分都以脂肪酸为主,其中未发酵的刺葡萄籽油不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为87%,不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸为主,质量分数为85.67%;发酵后的刺葡萄籽油不饱和脂肪酸质量分数为83%,不饱和脂肪酸以亚油酸为主,质量分数为82%,其油脂微浊,酸价较高,油质较不发酵的刺葡萄籽油脂低。     

1-MCP partially alleviates dehydration-induced abscission in cut leaves of the fern Nephrolepis cordifolia

Fern leaves, also called fronds, are often used in bouquets. Leaves of the sword fern (Nephrolepis cordifolia) consist of a central vascular tissue, with numerous leaflets (pinnae) at each side. Leaves that have been cut and immediately placed in water show abscission of the pinnae, starting from about day 4 of vase life, with 50% pinnae abscission on day 13. The onset of pinnae abscission was hastened by a period of dehydration (3, 6, 9 or 12 h at 25 °C). The time to 50% pinnae abscission was between 7.0 and 4.7 days after 3 h and 12 h of dehydration, respectively. Dehydration treatments might induce air emboli in the xylem, but in these experiments did not inhibit water uptake. Dehydration did increase the rate of ethylene production of the cut leaves throughout vase life. A 3 h treatment with 1-MCP at concentrations of 200 or 300 nL L^?1 prior to the period of dehydration reduced the rate of ethylene production and reduced the rate of abscission. 1-MCP treatments were also effective if given after the period of dehydration. The data show that pinnae abscission limits the vase life of cut leaves of the sword fern, and that a short period of water stress drastically increases the rate of abscission. The increase in pinnae abscission was correlated with an increase in ethylene production. As 1-MCP alleviated the effect of dehydration on pinnae abscission, the dehydration effect involved ethylene perception. The data suggest that a small water stress induced an autocatalytic rise in ethylene production which was the direct cause of the increase in pinnae abscission.     

瓶插液对储藏后牡丹“洛阳红”切花瓶插品质的影响

以经过储藏12d、24d、36d的牡丹品种“洛阳红”为试材,通过测定切花瓶插期间的瓶插寿命、花径变化、鲜重变化率、水分平衡值和乙烯释放率等指标,研究了瓶插液(3%蔗糖 0.2g/LHQS 2mmolSTS)对“洛阳红”切花瓶插品质的影响。结果表明:瓶插液(3%蔗糖 0.2g/LHQS 2mmolSTS)可以显著延长“洛阳红”切花的瓶插寿命、提高其水分平衡值和花径、降低其鲜重损失和乙烯释放,提高‘洛阳红’切花的瓶插观赏品质。     

Maximising lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) production with fixed‐length recovery intervals after defoliation in mild winter environments

Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is an important temperate legume for livestock production systems. Lucerne requires a recovery period after a defoliation event so that taproot energy and nutrient stores can be replenished. A field experiment examined the effects of recovery period management following defoliation, on lucerne herbage production and nutritive value at two contrasting sites in Victoria, Australia. Sites were established at Rutherglen and Hamilton, using established SARDI Seven lucerne stands. Treatments were short recovery (SR; plots cut at 21‐day intervals), long recovery (LR; plots cut at 42‐day intervals), new shoots (NS; plots cut when new shoots from the crown were at least 2 cm long) and new shoots + flowering (NSF; as for NS but plots were left to grow to reach late flowering from late summer to mid‐autumn). At each defoliation, measurements were made of phenology, dry matter production and herbage nutrient concentrations (neutral detergent fibre, crude protein, metabolisable energy and water‐soluble carbohydrate %). Persistence was measured at approximately 6‐month intervals. At both sites, lucerne persisted equally well in all treatments although SR showed some decline at Hamilton at the final measurement. LR led to a more productive pasture (in terms of cumulative dry matter, neutral detergent fibre, crude protein, metabolisable energy and water‐soluble carbohydrate %) than the three other treatments. The results indicate that phenological management systems that allow lucerne to replenish reserves through late summer and autumn are unnecessary in mild winter environments.     

高温液态水/蒸汽渗透—酶法处理麦草秸秆的工艺研究

研究了高压反应釜内用高温液态水/蒸汽渗透预处理麦草秸秆的工艺,在麦秸秆底物含量为6%,反应时间为25min,反应温度为160℃,稀硫酸体积分数为0.5%的条件下,能得到较大的纤维素转化率。将预处理后的麦秸滤渣,利用康宁木霉(Trichoderma koningii)固态发酵产生的纤维素酶进行酶水解实验,能得到较大的还原糖得率。     

AB型增粒剂在杂交稻制繁中的应用效应研究

“AB型增粒剂”应用于杂交稻制种、繁殖，能够显著改善不育系的异交性能，提高异交结实率和产量。该剂应用后对于减轻不育系包颈、调节穗层结构、提早花时，提高柱头外露率以及柱头生活力等方面具有特殊功效。根据多年来各地制、繁种生产上研究和应用结果，一般可提高异交结实率20％-30％，增产20％-25％。     

西藏青稞鸡爪谷杂粮粉挤压膨化工艺优化

青稞在西藏长期以来的产业发展中,基本以糌粑、青稞米等初级产品为主,为开拓更多的青稞加工方式,丰富产品类别,对青稞粉进行挤压膨化及工艺的优化,并结合当地杂粮鸡爪谷等,通过挤压膨化提升青稞的口感及相关产品的营养价值。青稞杂粮粉挤压膨化后,对不同膨化参数组合的青稞杂粮粉的吸水性、水溶性、堆积密度、沉降性、分散性、润湿性等指标进行了测定,发现膨化参数组合之间没有表现出明显的速溶差异特性。青稞杂粮膨化率的大小不跟速溶性指标呈正比关系。根据膨化效果最佳膨化工艺参数为物料水分含量为12%,Ⅲ区温度170℃,主轴转速20 Hz,喂料速度8 Hz;从速溶粉的生产工艺来看,最佳工艺为物料水分含量为16%,Ⅲ区温度170℃,主轴转速23 Hz,喂料速度8 Hz。     

不同修剪方式对黄土高原旱作区幼龄‘长富2号’苹果树体生长的影响

为了确定黄土高原旱作区不同树势幼龄‘富士’树的适宜修剪方法,以2 年生‘长富2 号’苹果为试材,进行每15 cm留1 个侧枝（轻剪）、疏除全部侧枝（重剪）2 种修剪量,配合中央领导干延长头中短截（剪去1/2）、轻短截（剪去1/4~1/3）、不短截3 种修剪方法,测定修剪后1 年的主干、延长头、发侧枝数等修剪反应指标。结果表明：修剪量、延长头修剪方法对不同树势幼树的主干增长量、延长头生长量、发枝量、长势均有显著影响。弱树采用重修剪中短截方式修剪主干增粗、发枝数、延长头生长量显著优于其他修剪处理。中庸树采用轻修剪轻短截主干增粗及延长头生长量显著优于其他处理。旺树采用重剪配合延长头轻短截或轻剪配合延长头不短截显著增粗主干、中心干延长头生长及均衡发枝。在旱作区,幼龄红富士弱树适宜采用重剪、延长头中短截,旺树、中庸树适宜采用重修剪不短截延长头来培养纺锤形树形。     

Influence of leaf and silique photosynthesis on seeds yield and seeds oil quality of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)

With the purpose of enhancing oil production, the present work was carried out to elucidate relationships between photosynthesis of leaves, siliques and seeds yield and seeds oil accumulation of oilseed rape. Field trials, in which two repeated experiments was carried out during 2012–2014 growth season, a rape hybrids the “Qin You No.7” (Brassica napus L.) variety was taken into account. The results showed that, on rape plant the photosynthetic capacity and chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid contents of leaf were significantly higher than that of silique shell. Oil content of 94.7% was achieved in young seeds (sampled at 25th day after flowering ending stage of the tested rape plant) versus to mature seeds, saturated fatty acids percent was higher whereas oleic acid percent was lower of oil extracted from young seeds. During flowering period of the rape plants tested, area and dry weight of leaves attained maximum, treatments of removing leaves induced reduction in seeds number per silique, siliques number, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content, these indexes were respectively decreased by 73.6%, 43.4%, 83.4% and 10.5% in maximum, and seeds oil composition was not significantly influenced; during seeds growing period of the tested plants, surface area and dry weight of siliques attained maximum, under shading siliques treatment, the 1000-seed weight, seeds yield per plant and seeds oil content were respectively reduced by 57.5%, 61.4% and 44.7% in maximum, and seeds oil oleic acid (C18:1) and linolenic acid (C18:3) percent was decreased, linolic acid (C18:2) and erucidic acid (C22:1) percent was increased. So for oilseed rape plant during flowering period, surface area and photosynthesis of leaves dramatically influenced siliques number, seeds number and seeds yield; while in seeds growth period, surface area and photosynthesis of siliques greatly influenced 1000-seed yield, seeds yield, seeds oil content and oil composition; oil accumulation in rape seeds initiated early since seeds commencing growth, seed mature degree influenced oil composition of seeds.     

机体弹性变形对主轴承润滑特性的影响

为揭示机体弹性变形对曲轴主轴承润滑特性的影响，在考虑整机体和曲轴弹性的条件下，建立发动机曲柄连杆机构多柔体动力学模型，耦合基于质量守恒边界条件的广义雷诺方程和Greenwood/Tripp接触模型，分析机体弹性变形对曲轴主轴承润滑特性的影响。结果表明：与刚性机体相比，计入机体弹性变形后，各主轴承的润滑特性随曲轴转角的变化趋势与将缸体处理为刚性时基本一致；润滑油平均端泄量和总摩擦功耗在一个工作循环内均变化较小；润滑油最小油膜厚度、最大油膜压力和轴承的最大粗糙接触压力在一个工作循环内的某些时刻变化明显。     

Climate,soil and land-use based land suitability evaluation for oil palm production in Ghana

In the past decade, oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) has become the world’s most important oil crop. The large demand for palm oil has resulted in a rapid expansion of oil palm cultivation across the globe. Because of the dwindling availability of land in Southeast Asia, most expansion of the industry is expected in Central and South America and sub-Saharan Africa, where land with suitable agro-ecological conditions is available. Using Ghana as a case study, a method for evaluating areas that are both suitable and available for oil palm production is presented. Our assessment used spatial data and GIS techniques, and showed that areas with suitable climatic conditions (annual average water deficit <400 mm) is about 20% greater than was previously identified. The observed differences are the result of using different methods to determine suitability, and climate change. A major climatic factor limiting suitability for oil palm production in Ghana is the annual water deficit, with the most suitable areas located in the rainforest and semi-deciduous forest zones with higher rainfall in southern Ghana. Opportunities for large-scale oil palm plantation development is limited, however, because of the lack of availability of large and contiguous tracts of land that are required for commercial plantation oil palm development. A feasible strategy for oil palm expansion is therefore smallholder production, which can make use of smaller parcels of land. Alternatively, oil palm production in Ghana can be increased by yield intensification on land already planted to oil palm. This can also reduce the requirement for further land clearance for new plantations to meet the growing demand for palm oil. Such assessments will be essential for guiding government policy makers and investors considering investments in oil palm development.     

盐岩水平储气库的相似模拟建腔和长期稳定性分析

利用地下盐穴作为油气储库是一种常见的方法。但由于中国地下盐矿层状盐岩居多，特点是单层厚度薄，不溶物含量高，因此单井造腔腔型控制难度大，造腔速度慢。根据双井对流建库方法，通过实验模拟建造的水平盐穴为模型基础，依据湖北云应地区盐矿地质条件和盐岩的物理力学性质，数值模拟其在不同埋深情况下建造后腔体长期运行体积收缩情况。通过实验发现采用双井对流造腔方法建设储气库是可行的，腔体的形状可以通过流量和油液分界面来控制。对地下盐岩水平储气库的岩石长期蠕变模拟发现，水平储气库随着埋深越大相同蠕变期内条件下腔体的体积收缩率和腔体周边塑性变形区体积也越大，同时使用寿命也越短。