小麦籽粒硬度基因型鉴定及其与吹泡仪和混合仪参数关系分析

以我国黄淮麦区35份小麦高代新品系为材料,通过测定其籽粒硬度表型、puroindoline基因型及其吹泡仪和混合仪参数,分析了籽粒硬度表型和基因型与吹泡仪和混合仪参数间的关系。结果发现,SKCS籽粒硬度与混合仪参数中的C1、C2、C3、C4值、幅度、吸水率、C3-C2值以及吹泡仪参数的P值、L值、G值和P/L值之间均极显著相关(P < 0.01)。方差分析表明,puroindoline基因对大多数吹泡仪和混合仪参数的影响极显著(P < 0.01)。其中,Pina-D1b类型小麦品系的P值、W值和P/L值均显著高于野生型和Pinb-D1b类型,但野生型小麦品系的L值、G值和Ie值则均显著高于Pinb-D1b和Pina-D1b类型。另外,2种硬质基因型(Pinb-D1b和Pina-D1b)小麦品系的C1值、C2值、C2-C1值、幅度和吸水率均显著高于野生型,而野生型小麦品系的C3值、C4值和C5值则显著高于2种硬质基因型。     

冬小麦品种籽粒物理品质性状及面粉品质性状的研究

以13个冬小麦品种(系)为材料，对其籽粒物理品质性状(包括千粒重、容重)和面粉品质性状(包括沉淀值、干、湿面筋含量)进行测定，并对各性状指标进行了相关分析和聚类分析，结果表明：容重与千粒重之间呈极显著正相关；干面筋与湿面筋间呈极显著正相关；沉淀值与干面筋呈极显著负相关；其他各指标间均无相关性。供试品种(系)大多数属于高容重、中千粒重、高沉淀值、中等面筋含量的品种。旨在为今后有计划的进行冬小麦品质改良提供信息和依据。     

油葵容重、籽仁率、百粒重与含油率相关性分析

通过建立多元回归数学模型,对20个国内、外油用型向日葵(油葵)杂交种籽实主要经济性状,即容重、籽仁率、百粒重、含油率、产油量等进行相关性分析研究.通径分析结果表明:容重(g/L)对籽实含油率的贡献值＞籽仁率(%)＞百粒重(g/100粒),容重、籽仁率与籽实含油率的高低均呈极显著正相关(r3Y=0.5888、r2Y=0.6833);百粒重与籽实含油率呈负相关(r1Y=-0.00252).而单位面积产油量(kg/hm2×含油率)是评价油葵杂交种品质优劣的重要指标,相关通径分析表明,油葵籽实含油率(%)与单位面积产油量呈极显著正相关(ry1=0.6180).因此,在油葵"三系"配套杂交品种选育过程中,除兼顾其它综合农艺性状外,籽粒经济性状中容重、籽仁率、百粒重等是影响油葵品质(含油率)的重要经济指标.     

玉米自交系粒重与品质性状的相关分析

测定了111份玉米自交系的百粒重、容重、蛋白质、淀粉、油分、赖氨酸的含量,分析了玉米粒重与品质性状的相关性。结果表明,不同玉米自交系的粒重间存在显著差异,而同一自交系重复间差异不显著。玉米籽粒百粒重与蛋白质和油分含量之间呈负相关,与淀粉和赖氨酸含量之间呈正相关;玉米籽粒容重与蛋白质和油分含量之间呈正相关,与淀粉和赖氨酸含量之间呈负相关。     

不同品质类型小麦籽粒淀粉粒度的分布特征

选用小麦强筋品种德丰3号、德99-3和弱筋品种滨育535和鲁麦21,研究了籽粒中淀粉粒度、淀粉粒的体积、数目和表面积的分布特征,及其与小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的相关性。结果表明,成熟期小麦籽粒含有A (＞9.8 μm)、B (＜9.8 μm)两种类型淀粉粒,其粒径为0.37~52.60 μm。淀粉粒的体积和表面积均表现为双峰分布;淀粉粒的数目表现为单峰分布,其中B型淀粉粒数目占总数的99%以上。在强筋品种中,B型淀粉粒所占体积和表面积百分比相对较高,而弱筋品种中A型淀粉粒体积、表面积百分比相对较高。籽粒直链淀粉和总淀粉含量与2.0~9.8 μm和＜9.8 μm的淀粉粒体积百分比分别呈显著和极显著负相关,与9.8~18.8 μm的淀粉粒体积百分比呈极显著正相关。籽粒蛋白质含量与2.0~9.8 μm和＜9.8 μm的淀粉粒体积百分比呈显著正相关,而与9.8~18.8 μm的淀粉粒呈极显著负相关。籽粒淀粉和蛋白质含量均与其他粒径范围的淀粉粒体积无显著相关性。     

油用型向日葵籽实主要经济性状与含油率相关性研究

本文通过建立多元回归数学模型,对20个国内、外油用型向日葵(油葵)杂交种籽实主要经济性状,即容重、籽仁率、百粒重、含油率、产油量等,进行相关性分析研究.通径分析结果表明:容重(g/L)对籽实含油率的贡献值＞籽仁率(%)＞百粒重(g),容重、籽仁率与籽实含油率的高低均呈极显著正相关(r3Y=0.588 8、r2Y=0.683 3);百粒重与籽实含油率呈负相关(r1Y=-0.002 52).而公顷产油量(产量×含油率)是评价油葵杂交种品质优劣的重要指标,相关通径分析表明,油葵籽实含油率(%)与公顷产油量呈极显著正相关(ry1=0.618 0).因此,在油葵"三系"配套杂交品种选育过程中,除兼顾其他综合农艺性状外,籽粒经济性状中容重、籽仁率、百粒重等是影响油葵品质(含油率)的重要经济指标.     

玉米花粒期不同阶段遮光对籽粒品质的影响

选用高淀粉玉米费玉3号和普通玉米泰玉2号,大田条件下分别于花粒前期（授粉后1~14 d）,中期（15~28 d）和后期（29~42 d）遮光（透光率45%）处理,研究了对籽粒品质和籽粒中蛋白质、淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响,以及影响品质的关键时期。结果表明,花粒期遮光显著降低了籽粒产量、容重、淀粉直/支比、淀粉及其组分含量,遮光后淀粉RVA谱特征值峰值黏度（PV）、热浆黏度（HV）及崩解值（BD）下降,而籽粒含水率、粗蛋白及其各组分含量、谷/醇比、粗脂肪含量、亚油酸含量、亚麻酸含量、亚油酸/亚麻酸比值以及不饱和脂肪酸含量均升高;遮光显著降低了籽粒蛋白质和淀粉合成关键酶活性,腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（ADPGPPase）、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（UDPGPPase）、淀粉合酶（SSS）、束缚态淀粉合酶（GBSS）活性与籽粒淀粉含量、容重、峰值黏度和崩解值呈显著正相关,谷氨酰胺合酶（GS）和谷氨酸合酶（GOGAT）活性与蛋白质含量和谷/醇比也呈显著正相关。不同时期遮光对两品种玉米品质性状的影响基本一致,前期遮光处理对籽粒商品品质(容重,含水率)影响大,而中期遮光对籽粒营养品质影响大。可见花粒中前期的光照强度对籽粒品质形成具有关键作用,后期光强对其影响较小。     

我国小麦籽粒容重的研究

对２４０５份小麦籽粒容重测定和分析的结果表明，国内小麦籽粒的容重大于国外小麦的；国内小麦中，宁夏品种的籽粒容重平均值最高，≥８２０ｇ／Ｌ者所占比例最大。小麦籽粒容重与蛋白质含量、沉降值和硬度均呈极显著正相关     

氮肥施用对沈玉系列玉米杂交种品质及产量的影响研究

以沈单7号等10个沈玉系列玉米杂交种为供试品种,研究了玉米杂交种在不同氮肥施用条件下品质及产量的变化.结果表明:追施氮肥对沈玉系列玉米杂交种的产量及各品质性状有较大影响,在本试验条件下,追施氮肥可以显著提高沈玉系列玉米杂交种的产量,同时增加籽粒粗蛋白、粗脂肪的含量,并使总淀粉含量减少,这些影响差异显著,但对容重影响不大.不管在哪种肥力条件下,淀粉含量与蛋白质含量、脂肪含量均呈极显著负相关,脂肪含量与蛋白质含量呈显著正相关.另外,施氮不会改变容重、蛋白质含量和脂肪含量与产量的相关性,容重、脂肪含量与产量呈不显著正相关,蛋白质含量与产量呈不显著负相关.但在不追施氮肥情况下,淀粉含量与产量呈不显著负相关,追施氮肥情况下呈不显著正相关.     

不同耕作方式对砂姜黑土理化性质和小麦产量的影响

为探讨砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式,提升砂姜黑土农田地力及作物产量,发挥地域资源优势,以‘百农207’为试验材料,通过田间试验,研究了免耕、旋耕(15 cm)和深耕(30 cm)3种耕作方式对砂姜黑土农田土壤容重、土壤含水量、硝态氮含量及小麦籽粒产量的影响。结果表明:在小麦越冬期和成熟期,3种耕作方式0~10 cm土层土壤容重差异不显著(P0.05),但深耕处理显著降低了10~40 cm土层土壤容重(P0.05)。在小麦苗期,3种耕作方式对0~40 cm土层土壤含水量影响规律不明显(P0.05),但在小麦越冬期、拔节期、成熟期,深耕处理显著增加了0~40 cm土层土壤含水量(P0.05)。在小麦成熟期,0~40 cm土层土壤硝态氮含量均为免耕旋耕深耕。与免耕处理相比,深耕处理通过增加小麦穗粒数和千粒重,使籽粒产量增加9.79%。综合研究区的土壤性质、作物生长、自然环境等因素,小麦季30 cm深耕可以降低土壤容重,增加土壤含水量,提高小麦籽粒产量,可作为砂姜黑土农田适宜的耕作方式。     

不同粒型小麦品种籽粒内源激素变化与籽粒灌浆特征的比较

选用2个粒重差异较大的小麦品种济麦20(小粒型)和山农710331(大粒型),对比研究其籽粒发育过程中4种主要内源激素(IAA,GAs,ZR和ABA)的含量变化及籽粒灌浆特征。结果表明,2个品种内源激素含量变化动态趋势基本一致,但品种间内源激素含量存在基因型差异。在籽粒发育过程中,IAA,GAs和ZR含量呈籽粒发育前期高、后期低的趋势,而ABA含量呈“V”型曲线变化。用Logistic方程拟合籽粒灌浆过程可以看出,籽粒灌浆启动时间、灌浆速率以及灌浆持续时间共同决定小麦最终籽粒重的高低。与小粒型品种济麦20相比,大粒型品种山农710331籽粒发育初期较高的ZR含量使其籽粒灌浆启动时间早;在整个籽粒发育过程中较高的GAs,ZR和ABA含量与较高的籽粒灌浆速率相联系;籽粒发育后期较高的ZR含量及相对较低的ABA增幅,可能是其籽粒灌浆持续时间较长的一个重要原因。     

水稻根和籽粒细胞分裂素和脱落酸浓度与籽粒灌浆及蒸煮品质的关系

以10个不同基因型水稻品种和杂交稻组合为材料，分析了结实期水稻根系和籽粒细胞分裂素和脱落酸（ABA）浓度的变化及其与籽粒灌浆速率和稻米蒸煮品质的关系。结果表明，灌浆早期(花后0～12 d)根和籽粒玉米素＋玉米素核苷（Z＋ZR）浓度以及灌浆中期（花后13～26 d）根和籽粒ABA浓度与籽粒起始生长势、平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率、糙米重呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.726* ~ 0.984**），与活跃灌浆期呈显著或极显著负相关(r＝－0.749* ~ －0.834**)。灌浆中、后期（花后27~40 d）根和籽粒Z＋ZR浓度与活跃灌浆期呈显著或极显著正相关(r＝0.689* ~ 0.932**)，但灌浆后期Z＋ZR浓度与灌浆速率呈极显著负相关(r＝－0.826** ~ －0.927**)。灌浆中期和后期根和籽粒Z＋ZR浓度与胶稠度及碱化值呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.722* ~ 0.896**），与直链淀粉含量呈显著或极显著负相关（r＝－0.633* ~－0.778**）。灌浆中期根和籽粒ABA浓度与胶稠度及碱化值呈极显著负相关（r＝－0.883** ~ －0.913**），与直链淀粉含量呈显著或极显著正相关（r＝0.803** ~ 0.871**）。不同灌浆期ZR或ABA处理对籽粒灌浆、稻米胶稠度和直链淀粉含量的影响，与内源激素同灌浆特征参数和稻米蒸煮品质指标的关系基本吻合。表明根和籽粒细胞分裂素和ABA对籽粒灌浆和稻米蒸煮品质起调控作用，其调控的正、负效应取决于灌浆的时期。     

籼稻粒形及产量性状的加性相关和显性相关分析

以８个粗短粒品种和５个细长粒品种进行不完全双列杂交，采用加显遗传模型，对早籼粒形及产量性状进行多种相关分析。结果表明农艺性状间的加性相关比显性相关更为重要，其中粒形性状间的遗传相关是以加性相关为主，仅粒宽与长宽比性状间同时存在着显著的显性相关。有效穗数与着粒密度、每穗粒数、穗重间具有较高的负向加性相关，与粒重则表现出明显的正向显性相关。着粒密度、每穗粒数、结实率、穗重、粒重以及单株产量性状间的相关     

Cell Enlargement as an Important Factor in Controlling Grain Weight in Wheat

Grain dry weight, water content and changes in wall-bound α-galactosidase and β-glucosidase activities were estimated in three grains (differing in their position on the spike and final dry weight) of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Lok-1 during the entire period of grain development. Considerable differences in the grain weight within a wheat spike are reported, but the physiological and biochemical bases of these differences are poorly understood. The experiments described here indicate that the maximum grain weight is dependent upon the rate of grain filling. A highly significant correlation (P < 0.001) between maximum grain weight and maximum water content per grain, and a close correspondence between the rate of grain filling and wall-located α-galactosidase activity, suggests that the process of cell enlargement may be important in determining the rate of grain filling, and thus, for maximum grain weight in wheat.     

结实期氮磷营养水平对水稻根系和籽粒氨基酸含量的影响

以扬稻6号(籼稻)和扬粳9538(粳稻)为材料,在水培条件下自抽穗至成熟以0N (不施N)、1/2N (标准Espino营养液的1/2N)、0P (不施P)、1/2P (标准Espino营养液的1/2P)以及对照 (全NP,标准Espino营养液的N、P量) 5种处理,研究了根系分泌氨基酸和籽粒氨基酸含量与组分的变化。结果表明,结实期水稻根系分泌的各种氨基酸含量均随灌浆进程而逐渐降低。与对照相比,结实期氮素胁迫(0N)明显降低根系分泌的各种氨基酸和籽粒中各种氨基酸的含量;磷胁迫(0P)则显著增加了根系酸性和中性氨基酸的分泌,但显著降低籽粒氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸及其他氨基酸含量。结实前中期(抽穗后10 d和20 d)根系分泌的氨基酸与籽粒氨基酸相对含量、根系分泌的碱性氨基酸与籽粒的千粒重呈显著或极显著负相关。表明结实期根系分泌的氨基酸与籽粒氨基酸及粒重有密切关系;N、P营养水平对根系分泌的氨基酸和籽粒氨基酸组分和含量有调控作用,进而影响产量和稻米的营养品质。     

Genetic effects determining rice grain weight and grain density

Summary Increasing grain weight is one means of increasing rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yields. Selection for increased density of filled grains may offer an approach to increasing rice grain weight. Before rice breeding programs can begin effectively selecting for higher grain density, the nature and amount of the genetic variation present must be evaluated. A Design II mating plant with two sets was constructed using 16 parents. The 16 parents were representative of cultivars and elite breeding material available to breeders of long-grain rice in the southern U.S. The parents and 32 F₁ hybrids were evaluated in 1990 at two Arkansas locations: Stuttgart and Marianna. Additive variation was essentially zero for grain density as indicated by nonsignificant general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) mean squares and a narrowsense heritability estimate –0.04 (±0.07). Increasing rice grain weight through increased grain density would not be feasible in U.S. southern long-grain rice unless new germplasm with higher filled grain densities is introduced. Genetic variation for grain weight was predominately additive and complemented with additive x additive epistatic variation, indicating that selection for increased grain weight could be practiced in segregating generations. The small proportion of epistatic variation to additive variation would not justify delaying selection until epistatic combinations are fixed in the homozygous line. Midparent grain weight means would serve as an adequate indicator of progeny performance for cross appraisal.Abbreviations GCA General Combining Ability - SCA Specific Combining Ability     

Dynamics of Dry Matter Accumulation in the Developing Grains of Three Wheat Genotypes with Contrasting Grain Weight

The accumulation of dry matter and its major components was studied in developing grains of two bold seeded (Selection-111 and IWP-5308) and one small seeded (kalyansona) wheat genotypes grown in pot culture condition. It was observed that in kalyansona, a sharp reduction in grain water content during the critical stage of grain enlargement limits its size resulting in compact filling of grains. In the developing grains of Selection-111 and IWP-5308, the high rate of dry matter accumulation was associated with their larger grain sink size. However, their lower grain density compared to kalyansona could be explained on the basis of non-complementation between synthetic component and grain size (structural component). This non-complementation may be due to relatively higher thermosensitive synthetic mechanism in the bold seeded genotypes.     

水稻籽粒中内源多胺及其与籽粒充实和粒重的关系

以８个水稻品种（含杂交稻组合）为材料，研究了籽粒发育期内源多胺的含量及其与籽粒充实和粒重的关系。结果表明：籽粒中Ｐｕｔ（腐胺）、Ｓｐｄ（亚精胺）和Ｓｐｍ（精胺）的含量，强势粒高于弱势糕卫粒充实好的品种（组合）高于籽粒充实差的品种（组合），尤以Ｓｐｄ和Ｓｐｍ更明显；籽闰中Ｓｐｄ和Ｓｐｍ的含量或浓度，以及Ｓｐｄ／Ｐｕｔ和Ｓｐｍ／Ｐｕｔ的比值与谷粒充实率和千粒軎于极显著正相关在花后３天喷施外源多胺（１ｍ     

The Differences in Grain Weight and Quality Within a Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Panicle as Affected by Panicle Type and Source-sink Relation

The effects of panicle type and source‐sink relation on the variation in grain weight (GW) and quality within a panicle were investigated using four japonica (Oryza sativa L.) varieties differing in grain density and two source‐sink adjusting treatments. There were significant differences in GW and filling grain percentage (FGP) among superior and inferior grains for compact‐panicle varieties (Xiushui 994 and Xiushui 63), while not for loose‐panicle ones (Xiushui 11 and Chunjiang 15). The floret‐removal treatment significantly improved the development of inferior florets and reduced the differences in FGP and GW between superior and inferior grains for the compact‐panicle variety, while leaf‐deleting treatment reduced FGP and GW of both superior and inferior grains. For the loose‐panicle varieties, the two treatments had little effect. The difference in chalky grain percentage (CGP) and amylose content (AC) between the two kinds of florets was larger in compact‐panicle varieties than in loose‐panicle ones. Both floret‐removal and leaf‐deleting treatments caused the changes in CGP and AC of superior or inferior grains for compact‐panicle varieties, but not for loose‐panicle ones. The difference in starch content (SC) between superior and inferior grains was much larger for Xiushui 994 than for Xiushui 11, and the two varieties differed in the response of SC to the change of source‐sink relation. The differences in AGP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase (ADPG‐Ppase), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and soluble starch synthase (SSS) activities between the two kinds of grains were basically same for the two varieties, with superior being higher than inferior ones at early filling stage and smaller at later stage. In floret‐removal treatment, the activities of ADPG‐PPase, SSS, and SBE in superior grains of Xiushui 994 decreased at early filling stage and increased at middle or later stages. Meanwhile, the activities of SSS and SBE in both kinds of grains at early filling stage, and of ADPG‐PPase and granule‐bound starch synthase (GBSS) in inferior grains over the whole stage were increased. In leaf‐deleting treatment, the activities of ADPG‐PPase and SBE at early filling stage and GBSS at later filling stage were reduced in superior grains, while SSS activity at middle filling stage and SBE activity at later stage were increased.     

Influence of Low Light Irradiance on Grain Filling in Rice (Oryza saliva L.) cultivars

Time course of grain filling pattern in two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, grown under normal and low light intensities, was studied. The number of spikelets, partially filled grains and high density grains were monitored at a 5 day interval during grain filling period from uniform panicles tagged at anthesis. The low light tolerant cultivar Swarnaprabha had more high density grains and less partially filled grains throughout the grain filling period and at harvest compared to cultivar Ratna under both normal and low light intensities. Further, the opening of spikelets in two flushes in Swarnaprabha seemed to result in a more efficient resource allocation and hence better yield as compared to Ratna, in which the opening of spikelets was in a single flush on day 10.