培养时间和接种密度对咖啡短体线虫繁殖和形态的影响

采用胡萝卜片培养短体线虫技术,测试不同培养时间和接种密度对咖啡短体线虫(Pratylenchus coffeae)繁殖和形态的影响。结果表明,在25℃培养条件下,每片胡萝卜(厚10 mm,直径3 cm)接种25头线虫雌虫,线虫的数量随培养时间的延长而增加,前3周线虫的繁殖系数为6.24,线虫的群体数量增长缓慢;第3~6周线虫的繁殖系数略有增高,为8.99;第6~9周其繁殖系数高达17.88,线虫群体数量快速增长;之后,线虫群体数量增速下降,其繁殖系数降为1.42。在接种不同密度线虫的实验中,线虫的群体数量均显著增长,其繁殖系数在不同接种密度处理中差异不显著;随机挑取10头雄虫与雌虫,比较不同线虫密度对线虫形态特征的影响,结果表明,线虫密度除对雌虫的b值(体长/头顶至食道腺与肠连接处长)有显著影响外,对雄虫和雌虫的其他形态特征测量值均无显著影响。     

陆地棉×亚洲棉F_0成胚频数与亲本主要产量性状配合力的关系

陆地棉×亚洲棉F_0成胚频数主要受母本陆地棉的影响,不同的7个陆地棉品种间存在着显著差异.成胚频数高的6901和朝阳1号,单铃子棉重、单铃种子数、子指一般配合力亦均高;而成胚频数低的6913和黑山棉,上述各性状的一般配合力也均低.在7个父本亚洲棉中,与陆地棉杂交当代成胚频数高的束鹿白花和完紫,其子指的一般配合力也较高.因此,选择单铃子棉重、单铃种子数、子指一般配合力较高的陆地棉作母本与子指一般配合力较高的亚洲棉作父本杂交,可以显著提高种间杂交当代的成胚频数.     

陆地棉植物络合素合酶基因的鉴定与功能预测

【目的】重金属胁迫对植物的生长发育有不良影响,植物络合素合酶(Phytochelatin synthase,PCS)在植物主动防御金属毒害过程中起关键作用。本文旨在对陆地棉PCS基因的数量、结构、分布和特性进行研究。【方法】根据棉属陆地棉(Gossypium hirsutum,(AD)_1),以及供体种雷蒙德氏棉(G.raimondii,D_5)和亚洲棉(G.arboreum,A_2)全基因组序列信息,结合双子叶模式植物拟南芥PCS蛋白特征域结构,对陆地棉PCS基因家族成员进行全基因组鉴定,并对其进行蛋白特征鉴定、同源类别分析、基因结构预测、酶作用位点比对以及半胱氨酸(Cys,Cysteine)分布分析。[结果]陆地棉中鉴定出4个PCS基因,而在其供体种雷蒙德氏棉和亚洲棉各鉴定出2个PCS基因。3个棉属8个PCS蛋白家族成员均含有2个特有的结构域,与催化中心相关的氨基酸位点完全保守。PCS蛋白家族在进化上分属2个不同亚组,亚组Ⅰ与亚组Ⅱ在亲缘关系上分别更接近双子叶植物和线虫,2个亚组内PCS家族在基因结构、Cys分布上存在差异,其中亚组Ⅰ较亚组Ⅱ整体内含子更长,N端Cys总数和成对Cys数量更多。雷蒙德氏棉中的2个旁系同源基因外显子完整性不及亚洲棉和陆地棉。【结论】相较于亚组Ⅱ,亚组Ⅰ的棉花PCS蛋白可能具有更强的植物络合酶活性,且陆地棉及其供体种亚洲棉对重金属的耐性强于雷蒙德氏棉。本研究为进一步研究棉花PCS的功能,以及棉花耐重金属胁迫品种改良提供理论依据。     

不同来源海岛棉品种黄萎病抗性遗传研究

以国内外4个来源不同的海岛棉品种与我国育成的8个陆地棉品种组配的32个不同类型的杂交组合为材料, 在人工生长室条件下, 用4个不同致病力类型黄萎病菌系于棉花苗期接种, 进行了海岛棉黄萎病抗性的鉴定和遗传研究。 结果表明, 海岛棉品种Pima90-53(美洲型)、 Giza70(埃及型)、 5010F和吐海2号(中亚埃及型)具有对强致病力     

过氧化物酶同工酶与棉花黄萎病抗性的相关研究

对20个来源及抗性不同的海岛棉和陆地棉品种和2个陆地棉(S)/海岛棉(R)杂交组合 的亲本、 F1、 F2世代的POX同工酶研究表明, 接种黄萎病菌前后, 棉花叶片中的 POX同工酶酶谱发生明显变化, 抗病品种与感病品种的阴性POX同工酶谱带均由原来的3 条 增 至6条, 但两者之间不存在明显差异; 阳性POX同工酶谱带接种前后均只有1条(     

硬粒小麦品种Waskana和Waskowa对禾谷孢囊线虫(Heterodera filipjevi和H. avenae)的抗性

禾谷孢囊线虫(cereal cyst nematode, CCN)是一类重要的土传小麦病原线虫,危害我国小麦的主要是燕麦孢囊线虫(Heterodera avenae)和菲利普孢囊线虫(H. filipjevi)。我国对这些病原线虫的抗性资源十分缺乏,寻找新抗源是当前抗性育种的重要工作。本研究通过3年的田间病圃和温室接种鉴定,发现加拿大的硬粒小麦品种Waskana和Waskowa对H. filipjevi (河南许昌群体,Hfc-1致病型)和H. avenae (河南荥阳群体,Ha43致病型)都表现很强的抗性,单株孢囊数显著少于感病的普通小麦品种矮抗58、石4185和温麦19。显微观察可见,虽然两种线虫的幼虫都能够侵入Waskana和Waskowa的根组织内,但是根内的线虫数量显著少于感病对照普通小麦品种,最终在根系上形成的可见孢囊数量也较少。Waskana和Waskowa对两种病原线虫的抗性为我国抗CCN小麦品种选育提供了有较高利用价值的新抗源。根据南澳大利亚研究所的土传病害检测服务系统对土壤中病原线虫的分子检测结果,抗CCN品种Waskana和Waskowa根际土壤中的线虫虫卵量低于感病小麦品种,因此种植可能降低土壤中禾谷孢囊线虫危害的风险。     

中棉所12的黄萎病抗性遗传与育种应用研究

 以2个海岛棉品种和5个陆地棉品种为材料与中棉所12进行正反交,配制14个杂交组合的F₁和F₂ 。采用纸钵育苗,撕底伤根接种方法对14个组合的F₁和F₂群体进行黄萎病抗性鉴定。结果表明,以中棉所12作父本与海岛棉抗黄萎病品种或陆地棉抗黄萎病品种进行杂交,F₂抗（耐）病株与感病株的分离符合3：1的分离规律,说明海岛棉的抗黄萎病性对于中棉所12的耐黄萎病性为显性,中棉所12的耐黄萎病性对于陆地棉的感黄萎病性为显性,控制黄萎病抗性的基因为一个显性主基因。然而,以中棉所12为母本与海岛棉品种、抗病陆地棉品种和感病陆地棉品种进行杂交,F₂群体中90%以上的个体为抗病类型,说明中棉所12的细胞质中存在着抗黄萎病的遗传成分,具有细胞质母体遗传的特点,在棉花抗黄萎病育种中具有重要的利用价值。     

转Bt基因抗虫棉与常规陆地棉种内杂种主要性状的基因效应分析

利用生育期不同的转Bt基因抗虫陆地棉和非抗虫陆地棉进行品种间杂交,配制成中熟组合(中棉所19×中棉所32)和早熟组合(中棉所24×中棉所30)的6个世代(P     

陆地棉NF-YA基因家族的全基因组鉴定与功能分析

【目的】通过对陆地棉NF-YA基因家族进行全基因组鉴定,分析其表达特性,鉴定其中与棉花开花相关的基因。【方法】利用生物信息学方法系统分析了其理化性质、基因结构、共线性、Ka/Ks、顺式作用元件和表达模式,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(Polymerase chain reaction,PCR)分析表达特征,采用病毒诱导基因沉默技术验证基因功能。【结果】陆地棉中鉴定到29个NF-YA基因家族成员,分为5个亚组,定位在18条染色体上;全基因组复制和片段复制是GhNF-YA基因家族扩张的主要动力;启动子区含有大量光反应的顺式作用元件。GhNF-YA基因家族基因在茎、叶中高表达;12个GhNF-YA基因在早熟品种鲁棉研19号和晚熟品种鲁棉研37号中均在第三至六叶时期表达量较高,并且大部分基因在品种间表达差异显著。沉默GhNF-YA18基因的鲁棉研37号植株比对照提前11 d现蕾,并且该基因在白化期和现蕾期的表达量均低于未沉默对照棉株。【结论】本研究对陆地棉NF-YA基因家族进行了鉴定和表达分析,为进一步研究棉花开花调控的分子机制奠定了基础。     

海岛棉枯萎病抗性与类黄酮代谢途径基因表达量的相关性

枯萎病是危害海岛棉生产的重要因素之一,研究枯萎病抗性分子机制将为培育抗病海岛棉品种、解决枯萎病对海岛棉的危害问题提供坚实的基础。本研究在前期转录组测序的基础上,对海岛棉枯萎病抗性差异表达基因进行分析(Differentially Expressed Gene,DEG);以7个抗病性表现不同的海岛棉品种为材料,利用qRT-PCR方法研究抗病差异表达基因在接种0~40 h的表达量差异,分析基因表达量与病情指数的相关性。结果表明,DEG分析得出类黄酮代谢通路相关基因与海岛棉枯萎病抗性有关。qRT-PCR分析显示抗病材料中类黄酮代谢通路关键基因的表达量显著高于感病材料。在接菌后多个时间点,类黄酮代谢通路中的关键基因TT7、CHI和DFR在抗病材料中的表达量显著或极显著高于感病材料,其中CHI和DFR基因的表达量与病情指数呈显著负相关。综上所述,类黄酮代谢通路相关基因对海岛棉枯萎病抗性均有影响,且CHI、TT7和DFR基因是关键基因。     

Effects of chromosome 5sh from Gossypium barbadense L. on flower production in G. hirsutum L.

Cotton (Gossypium spp.) yield is directly determined by mature bolls that developed from squares and flowers. The first four to six weeks of flowering accounts for the majority of lint yield in upland cotton (G. hirsutum L.) for most cultivated areas of the southern USA cotton belt. In this study, we evaluated 13 cotton chromosome substitution lines (CS-B) and their chromosome specific-F₂ hybrids, TM-1, 3–79, and six cultivars for the number of flowers produced during the first four weeks of flowering. Results showed that CS-B05sh produced more flowers than TM-1 and 3–79 from 10 July to 5 August. The results suggest that when the short arm of chromosome 5 was substituted from 3–79 (G. barbadense L.) into TM-1 (G. hirsutum) a positive genetic association with flower numbers during this flowering period was exhibited. CS-B05sh had comparable flower numbers with three cultivars, Deltapine 90, Phytogen 355, and Stoneville 474 and more flowers than, Sure Grow 747, Sure Grow 125, and Deltapine 5415. Different patterns for additive and dominance effects on cumulative flowers were observed across weeks of flowering. Dominance effects were more apparent during the early part of the flowering period while additive effects were more apparent towards the end of the flowering period.     

陆地棉品种根系特性与耐旱性关系的研究

研究了不同陆地棉品种棉花根系特性与耐旱性的关系。结果表明,耐旱型较非耐旱型棉花品种根系发达,主根长,各级侧根数量多且长,总根系长度长;一级侧根数、侧根总长、根系总长度与耐旱性呈显著或极显著正相关;棉花根系重量与生物学产量、子棉产量、皮棉产量呈极显著正相关。单位主根长度一级侧根着生密度可作为棉花耐旱性鉴定和选育的指标。     

Creation of a New Resistant Germplasm to Verticillium Wilt by Distant Hybridization in Upland Cotton

To create new germplasm lines resistant to Verticillium wilt in upland cotton, 65 distant hybridization germplasm lines (DHGLs) in upland cotton genetic background were cultivated by interspecific hybridization between Gossypium hirsutum and wild species including G. anomalum, G. armourianum, G. aridum, G. raimondii, G. mustelinum, interspecific F₁ backcrossing with G. hirsutum for four generations, and selfing for four generations, followed by a conventional breeding program. The results of agronomic trait identification during 2011-2012 indicated that average plant heights of DHGLs were closely similar to commercial cultivars of upland cotton, while average fruit branches, fruit nodes, bolls of DHGLs individual plant were lower than those in commercial cultivars of upland cotton. Average single boll weight and lint percentage of DHGLs were lower than commercial cultivars of upland cotton. Fiber length, strength, fineness and maturity of DHGLs were reasonably collocated. Fiber of most lines was suitable for spinning extra high count yarn, but the main fiber quality indices of commercial cultivars of upland cotton were not well coordinated. Identification of resistance to Verticillium wilt in defoliation disease nursery during 2012-2013 indicated that five DHGLs resistant to Verticillium wilt . Suyuan 040, Suyuan 045 and Suyuan 061 were highly resistant to Verticillium wilt with a disease index of 8.33, 4.35 and 7.79, respectively. Suyuan 030 and Suyuan 034 were resistant to Verticillium wilt with a disease index of 12.35 and 13.70, respectively. The genetic relationship of new germplasm lines resistant to Verticillium wilt were traced and showed that Suyuan 040 and Suyuan 045 were DHGLs of G. raimondii, Suyuan 061 was DHGL of G.mustelinum, Suyuan 030 and Suyuan 034 were DHGLs of G. aridum.     

Induction of Embryogenic Callus in Gossypium barbadense L. and Gossypium hirsutum L. by Hormone Treatments

The aim of this study was to induce embryogenic callus from various cultivars of cotton in tissue culture, so that a stable and efficient regeneration system could be developed to produce new cotton varieties for cultivation in Xinjiang. The explant materials were hypocotyls of the main cotton cultivars grown in Xinjiang, i. e. Xinhai 25, Xinhai 16, Xinluzao 39, and Xinluzao 42. We tested the effects of different combinations of two hormones (kinetin, KT; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-D) on induction of callus from these explants. Calli were produced by the explants under four different combinations of hormones in the media. The optimal hormone combination to induce callus from Gossypium hirsutum explants was 0.1 mg·L^-1 KT + 0.05 mg·L^-1 2,4-D, while that to induce callus from Gossypium barbadense explants was 0.1 mg·L^-1 KT + 0.1 mg·L^-1 2,4-D. Hormone-free medium and medium containing double to the normal concentration of KNO₃ promoted the emergence of embryogenic callus. Filter paper placed under the medium promoted somatic embryo growth and regeneration of the root system. The differentiation and embryogenesis processes occurred more rapidly in G. hirsutum explants than those in G. barbadense explants. Using this protocol, normal plantlets of these cotton cultivars with strong roots were produced within 10 to 12 months. These methods could be used to increase the number of cotton genotypes that can be regenerated in tissue culture.     

不同土壤紧实度对棉花根系生长的影响

试验于１９９２－１９９５年在扬州大学农学院进行。供试棉花品种岱１５，设砂、粘土不同溶重盆栽。结果指出，容重１．１ｇ／ｃｍ＾３处理，根系长势“前旺后衰”，容重１．４ｇ／ｃｍ＾３和１．５ｇ／ｃｍ＾３处理根系生长始终处于劣势，而容重１．２ｇ／ｃｍ＾３和１．３ｇ／ｃｍ＾３处理主根生长率与一次侧根增长率高，主根长，一次侧根量大，根系活力强，吸收氮、磷、钾多，长势“前强后稳”，为最优处理；还发现，棉根干重随土     

转基因抗虫陆地棉与优质品系杂交铃重、衣分的遗传及其F_1杂种优势分析

利用7个陆地棉抗虫常规品种(品系)为母本,5个优质不抗虫品系为父本,按NCII设计配制了35个组合,采用"加性-显性遗传模型"("A-D模型")对亲本及F1两年的铃重、衣分数据进行了分析。结果表明,铃重的遗传主要受到显性效应的控制,衣分主要受到加性效应的控制,显性效应对衣分也有重要影响。F1的铃重具有极显著的正向群体平均优势和正向超亲优势,而衣分则具有极显著的正向群体平均优势和负向群体超亲优势。铃重狭义遗传率为0,进行杂交育种时不宜在早代进行选择,但因其具有较高的杂种优势,可通过杂种优势利用途径提高棉花的铃重;衣分具有较高的狭义遗传率,适宜在早中世代选择。     

陆地棉品种与陆地棉族系种质系间杂种优势及其组成分析

采用ＮＣⅡ遗传交配设计,选用３个陆地棉常规品种和５个陆地棉族系种质系材料杂交,杂种Ｆ１代产量和纤维品质优势表现明显。通径分析结果表明,提高铃重,单株铃数的中亲优势,适当降低单铃种子数和株高的优势。在其它性状适宜的情况下,可以显著地提高皮棉产量的中亲优势。各个优势组合在产量优势来源上有差异。种质系材料在杂种优势利用上具有很大潜力。     

南疆海岛棉和陆地棉棉铃发育过程中的生理生化特征

在大田条件下,以南疆主栽海岛棉和陆地棉为材料,研究棉铃发育过程中棉铃各部位的生理生化特征。结果表明,海岛棉铃壳叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量极显著高于陆地棉,类胡萝卜素含量极显著低于陆地棉。海岛棉铃壳、种子、纤维中可溶性蛋白质含量、过氧化氢酶活性和抗坏血酸含量明显高于陆地棉,且纤维中过氧化物酶活性也高于陆地棉,铃壳中丙二醛含量低于陆地棉。海岛棉与陆地棉发育棉铃各部位生理生化的异质性是棉铃铃期、铃重、衣分和纤维长度、伸长率、比强度等种间差异的内在表现。     

Traits associated with dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) productivity under diverse soil moisture environments

Two experiments were conducted in the Rift Valley, Ethiopia (8°N and 39°E) to determine associations between eight plant traits and seed yield, and to obtain estimates of narrow sense heritability for the traits. Experiment I evaluated seven dry edible bean cultivars/lines at two locations to simulate different soil moisture stress, including, Debre Zeit(non-stress) and Dera (moderate-stress). Experiment II evaluated 25 cultivars/lines in three environments including, Melkassa early planted (non-stress), Melkassa late planted (high-stress), and Dera (moderate-stress). A randomized-complete-block design with three replicates was used in both experiments. Plant traits evaluated were seed yield, pods plant^-1, seeds pod^-1, 100 seed weight, root dry weight, hypocotyl diameter, plant biomass, plant height and days to flowering. Plant traits that were significantly associated with seed yield were included in a stepwise-regression model to determine which trait or combination of traits provided the best model to estimate seed yield in each environment. An analysis of variance was conducted to test main effects and interactions between plant traits and environments. Significant variation among lines occurred for seed yield and all plant traits in both experiments. Strong positive correlations were observed between plant biomass and seed yield in all environments. Seed yield and pods plant^-1 were also highly associated in four of the five environments. Stepwise regression models indicated that the combination of pods plant^-1 and plant biomass consistently contributed to seed yield prediction, while other traits did not. Because both plant biomass and pods plant^-1 had moderate to high narrow sense heritability estimates and low GE interactions, they should be useful as indirect selection criteria to improve and stabilize seed yield in a breeding program. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Evaluation of the U.S. cucumber germplasm collection for root size using a subjective rating technique

Summary Root size in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) has received little research attention until recently. However, a large root system could improve nutrient and water uptake, and ultimately yield. Knowledge of root size could help cucumber breeders develop cultivars with improved performance. A study was conducted in the greenhouse to evaluate 857 cultigens (827 plant introduction accessions, 22 breeding lines, and 8 cultivars) of cucumber for root length. Complete data were obtained for 794 cultigens. Plants were grown from seeds in 2 replications in the greenhouse. Plants were rated for root length using a 1 to 9 scale (1–3 = small, 4–6 = medium 7–9 = large). Also, root length was measured from soil surface to the tip of the longest main root. In addition, all cultigens were evaluated for root length and dry weight to provide meaning to the subjective rating. Root rating was highly correlated with both root length (r=0.92) and dry weight (r=0.64) of roots. Root length averaged 74 mm and most cultigens (579, or 68%) had roots 40 to 110 mm long. The cultigen with the longest roots was PI 183056 (193 mm), and the shortest was PI 176954 (2 mm). The subjective rating technique provided a simple, accurate and rapid method to estimate root growth in the greenhouse.