龙眼新品种DUS测试指南的研制

植物新品种特异性(distinctness)、一致性(uniformity)和稳定性(stability)（简称DUS）测试指南是审查机关开展植物新品种实质审查工作的基础和技术手册。国际植物新品种保护联盟(UPOV)技术文件《TGP/7 植物新品种测试指南的研制》是各国研制植物新品种测试指南的依据与标准。龙眼DUS指南在严格遵循TGP/7文件的基础上,通过借鉴现有的龙眼种质资源描述方法并结合育种实际,最终确定了45个性状、26个标准品种和DUS判定标准。笔者主要叙述了龙眼DUS测试指南的研制原则、测试性状的选择与确定、性状分级标准、DUS判定标准以及标准品种的选择,并指出将分子标记技术与形态测试技术相结合是今后DUS测试指南研制的发展方向。     

蝴蝶兰新品种DUS测试指南的研制

植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性(DUS)测试是新品种保护的基础和依据,为适应中国蝴蝶兰的发展以及与国际接轨的需要,研制了蝴蝶兰DUS测试指南。蝴蝶兰DUS测试指南共78个性状,22个标准品种,笔者就测试指南研制的原则、性状表的构建、标准品种的选择以及DUS判定标准进行阐述。     

莴苣新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南的研制

根据植物新品种特异性（Distinctness）、一致性（Uniformity）和稳定性（Stability）（简称DUS）测试的原理和技术,本文详细地论述了莴苣DUS测试指南的适用对象、测试性状的选择与确定、性状分级与标准品种的选用和DUS判定标准。莴苣DUS测试指南的制订对促进中国植物新品种保护事业的发展,提高中国在国际植物新品种保护领域的地位等均有积极意义。     

救荒野豌豆品种 DUS 测试指南研制

以国际植物新品种保护联盟（UPOV）救荒野豌豆 DUS 测试指南（TG/32/7）为主要参考,按照《植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试指南 总则》要求,制定了救荒野豌豆（Viaca sativa L.）DUS 测试指南,该指南收集并测试了 32 份救荒野豌豆材料,最终确定 28 个测试性状,在 UPOV 指南基础上调整了一致性判定标准,增加了 5 个性状,调整了 2 个性状的表达状态,并对部分观测部位和时期进行了调整。筛选了 10 个标准品种,80% 以上的标准品种涵盖了至少 3 个表达状态。救荒野豌豆DUS 测试指南的研制对促进中国救荒野豌豆新品种保护,鼓励品种创新及加强品种管理具有重要意义。     

红花新品种DUS测试指南的制订

植物新品种特异性(distinctness)、一致性(uniformity)和稳定性(Stability)(简称DUS)测试是新品种保护的技术基础和授权的科学依据。DUS测试指南既是指导测试机构开展DUS测试工作的技术手册,同时还是审批机关审查新品种DUS的技术标准。红花（Carthamus tinctorius L.）俗称草红花或杜红花,是一种油、药及工业多用途作物,其经济价值较高。本文详细地论述了红花DUS测试指南的适用对象、测试性状的选择与确定、性状分级与标准品种的选用、红花DUS判定标准的确定。红花DUS测试指南的制订对增强红花新品种保护,促进我国植物新品种保护事业的发展具有积极意义。     

蕹菜品种DUS测试指南的研制

植物品种特异性(Distinctness)、一致性(Uniformity)和稳定性(Stability)测试(简称DUS测试)是植物品种保护、品种审定、品种登记的工作基础。中国的蕹菜种植历史悠久,品种资源丰富,但目前尚未研制出蕹菜品种DUS测试指南。通过参考蕹菜相关文献,初步选出46个蕹菜DUS测试指南候选性状,通过对74个蕹菜品种进行2个生长周期的种植试验,依据候选性状进行数据采集与分析,最终筛选出34个测试性状并确定其描述方法以判定蕹菜品种的特异性、一致性和稳定性,为蕹菜品种DUS测试和品种权实质审查工作提供科学依据。     

中国和 UPOV 向日葵品种 DUS 测试指南比较分析

DUS测试指南是开展植物品种特异性、一致性和稳定性测试的重要依据。对中国和UPOV向日葵品种DUS测试指南在繁殖材料、测试方法、DUS判定标准、分组性状、测试性状和观测时期等方面的差异进行了比较分析,并结合DUS测试田间情况提出了修订现行向日葵DUS测试指南的建议,为我国进一步完善向日葵品种DUS测试指南提供了参考。     

玉米新品种DUS测试中数量性状的适宜样本容量研究

DUS（Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability）测试是对申请品种权的植物新品种的特异性、一致性和稳定性进行测试。DUS测试结果直接影响到植物新品种是否能被授予保护权。在DUS测试中,数量性状是完成品种描述和进行特异性判定的重要部分,而数量性状的调查花费人工最多、工作量最大,怎样能缩小工作量又能反映数量性状调查的准确性,这是本试验研究的目的。目前,玉米测试指南已经成为国家指南,指南要求每个数量性状测量40个数据。本试验利用10个测试品种、全株10个数量性状,对每个性状的40个已测样本进行统计分析,根据抽样分布理论和区间估计的方法确定每个性状的最小取样容量。     

农业植物品种DUS测试指南和标准管理信息化探讨

植物品种特异性（Distinctness）、一致性（Uniformity）和稳定性（Stability）（简称DUS）测试指南和标准是品种DUS测试的技术基础。DUS测试指南和标准可以分为国家标准、行业标准、测试指南和国际测试指南4类，加强其管理与应用，对于提高植物新品种授权、审定和登记的质量与效率具有重要意义。针对当前我国农业植物品种DUS测试指南和标准管理中存在的重复立项、缺少过程监控、文本质量不高和信息共享难等问题，提出加强测试指南和标准管理的信息化，并对管理系统进行业务功能需求分析与设计，有助于提高研制数量和质量，为植物新品种保护名录的扩大、品种管理和测试技术的国际交流等提供技术支撑，提升我国种业的国际竞争力。     

玉米 DUS 测试工具的创新与应用

DUS 测试是指对植物的特异性、一致性和稳定性进行测试评价的过程，它通过田间表型性状的测试来描述品种。DUS 测试在种业中扮演着重要的角色，它是植物品种保护、审定、登记的必要条件，是品种维权执法的技术支撑，是指导品种选育的基本标准，同时也是国际通行的品种管理基本技术依据。随着我国种业的快速发展，DUS 测试量逐年增加，给专职测试人员带来了很大的测试压力，DUS 测试体系开始着眼于通过创新测试工具以提高测试效率与水平，缓解测试人员的测试压力。对农业农村部植物新品种测试锦州分中心（以下简称锦州分中心）在玉米测试过程中关于测试工具的创新应用展开介绍。     

基于DUS测试的标准品种形态性状稳定性和重要性分析

为了进一步提高水稻品种特异性(Distinctness)、一致性(Uniformity)和稳定性(Stability)(简称DUS)测试的准确性,以水稻DUS测试指南中列出的49份水稻标准品种为材料,应用AMMI模型对水稻品种50个DUS测试性状进行了稳定性分析,并采用随机森林算法对测试性状的重要性进行了评价。结果表明,不同性状的稳定性差异较大,以质量性状和假质量性状为主的目测性状稳定性高,而以数量性状为主的量测性状稳定性较低。不同性状的重要性参数差异甚大,总体上,以数量形式表示的量测性状的重要性参数较大,而以分级代码表示的目测性状重要性参数相对较小。对于茎节包露、穗类型、穗立形状、外颖茸毛和叶茸毛等稳定性较低、重要性参数不高的性状,可从水稻DUS测试指南中去除;对成熟期、抽穗期等稳定性较低但在生产实践中很重要的农艺性状,宜安排在申请者所在地参试点测试,使其表达状态真实表现;或者采用标准品种进行校正,从而提高测试的准确性。     

海南不同季节对水稻新品种DUS测试性状表达的效应分析

为了探究海南不同季节对水稻新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性（简称DUS）测试性状表达的影响效应,为优化海南水稻DUS测试的操作规程提供参考,为海南水稻新品种DUS测试技术的完善提供实践经验与理论支撑,根据水稻植物新品种DUS测试指南,按照相关原理和技术规则,通过对4份水稻材料进行4个独立的生长周期的测试,研究其相关性状的表达与季节及年度间的效应,结果表明：除穗芒外,不同季节的4个独立测试周期中,质量性状观测结果稳定一致;14个假质量性状的表达结果不影响对申请品种的DUS判定;10个量测性数量性状在方差分析中出现显著性差异,但是申请品种与近似品种的变化和差异保持相对不变,不影响其DUS的判定结论;17个目测数量性状的表达无显著差异。因此,在海南进行不同季节的水稻测试对其DUS的判定无显著影响,可考虑多点多季节测试,加快水稻实质审查的进程。     

Comparison of image analysis and direct measurement of UPOV taxonomic characteristics for variety discrimination as determined over five growing seasons, using industrial chicory as a model crop

Tests for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) are an essential component of variety registration and granting plant breeders’ rights. This study, performed on industrial chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), included (1) an evaluation of the discriminating power of the UPOV characteristics and (2) a comparison of the root shape between the UPOV-based characteristics and characteristics determined via image analysis. Five consecutive growing periods were studied to assess the long-term stability of the parameters. Lack of discriminating power of characteristics for examining distinctness may impede breeding progress by failing to discriminate novel candidate varieties. However, a balance needs to be set so that newly introduced characteristics or new evaluation methodologies are not too powerful as to damage the protection of registered varieties. The results showed great differences in the discriminating power of the UPOV characteristics. The elimination of some of these low-discriminating characteristics would probably result in savings, but would have no consequences on the decisions taken by DUS testing authorities. Image analysis-derived characteristics could either replace currently-used parameters or provide additional characteristics with good discriminating power, determined in an objective and standardized way. Here we discuss possible implications for variety registration.     

Assessment of the uniformity of wheat and tomato varieties at DNA microsatellite loci

By analysing a number (20–38) of individuals from selected varieties of wheat and tomato, we have been able to assess intra-varietal uniformity at certain micro satellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) loci. In total, 45 varieties of wheat were analysed at between 7–9 different SSR loci, and 10 varieties of tomato were analysed at six loci. The results showed that there was variation both between varieties and between microsatellites in the degree of non-uniformity observed, and it was possible to identify a number of different probable sources of non-uniformity. Twenty-four of the wheat varieties and nine of the tomato varieties were sufficiently uniform to meet the standards currently applied for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) testing using phenotypic characteristics. The implications for the potential future use of SSRs in DUS testing are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Suitability of mapped sequence tagged microsatellite site markers for establishing distinctness, uniformity and stability in aromatic rice

At present, testing for distinctness, uniformity and stability (DUS) of crop varieties relies on a set of morphological characters. These characters suffer fromthe limitations of number, interaction with the environment in which the variety grows and subjectivity in decision-making. The potential of DNA-based markers such as sequence tagged microsatellite site (STMS), for establishing DUS merits investigation. In the present study, a set of 55 mapped STMS markers, selected from 12 linkage groups of rice genome, was used to examine distinctness of 23 aromatic rice genotypes including the commercially important Basmati varieties. Forty-one of these markers (74.5%) showed polymorphism between the varieties. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2–4 with an average of 2.3. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the markers varied from 0.083 to 0.665 with an average of 0.338. All the varieties could be differentiated from each other at a low probability (0.07×10^-13) of identical match by chance. The marker-based clustering of the varieties corresponded with the known phenotypic classification, thereby providing confidence in the distinctness established by the mapped STMS markers. The utility of these markers to study uniformity and stability was analysed using a commercially important crossbred Basmati rice variety Pusa Basmati 1(IET-10364) that contributes about 40–50% of Basmati rice export from India. Genotyping of twenty individual plants, grown from the nucleus, breeder, foundation, certified and farmer's saved seed samples using all the 55 markers revealed no variation among the plants. These observations suggested that the set of mapped markers employed in this study could be further used for establishing distinctness of aromatic rice varieties and for studying DUS of the important commercial variety Pusa Basmati 1. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基于DUS测试的上海地区小麦新品种评价

本研究通过分析小麦DUS测试指南中标准品种、测试性状在上海地区的表达差异,评价小麦DUS测试指南在上海的适应性,同时对15个引进品种及9个申请审定的品种在上海的表现进行评价。通过2016-2017年的田间种植试验,用符合系数对标准品种和测试性状在上海地区的性状表现与小麦测试指南中的代码进行了差异性分析,并对性状间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,小麦测试指南中的33个测试性状中有8个性状的符合系数为1,占24.2%,数量性状的表现受环境条件的影响较大,符合系数小于0.9的2个性状都是数量性状;小麦测试指南中的42个标准品种中有21个品种的符合系数为1,其性状表达状态非常稳定。‘矮变1号’的符合系数最低,其次是‘川育6号’、‘济南16号’、‘科麦2号’,其他品种的符合系数均大于0.95。大部分品种可以作为标准品种应用于上海地区的小麦DUS测试。‘植株:高度’与多个性状存在显著相关性,3个蜡质性状间相关程度较高。‘籽粒:大小’与指南中的7个性状显著相关。引进品种在上海地区的表现较好,均具备一致性,亲缘关系较近。待审定品种‘润麦1号’表现优于所有参试品种。