通过甘蓝型油菜和白芥属间杂种后代的小孢子培养获得二体异附加系

对3株甘蓝型油菜-白芥单体异附加系（2n=39）进行小孢子培养,共获得15株单倍体植株。经GISH鉴定,其中11株n=19,4株附加有一条白芥染色体（n=20）。经秋水仙素加倍处理,获得了二体异附加系(2n=40),这为远缘杂交后代外源基因的保存、纯合和利用提供了一条新的途径。     

诸葛菜小孢子培养及其单倍体减数分裂染色体配对观察

诸葛菜是一种极有价值的观赏、蔬菜、饲料和油料作物种质资源。为建立诸葛菜小孢子胚状体诱导再生植株技术,并为诸葛菜染色体组的起源与进化研究提供相关数据资料,本研究通过对诸葛菜游离小孢子的培养,研究了热激培养时间和活性炭浓度对胚状体产量的影响,并采用常规压片法对诸葛菜单倍体减数分裂染色体配对行为进行了观察。结果表明,添加活性炭和热激培养对胚状体诱导是必需的。在直径6 cm培养皿中培养4 mL密度为1花蕾花粉mL^-1的小孢子NLN悬液时,每皿添加1 mg活性炭和32℃热激3 d的培养条件下子叶形胚状体和总胚状体产量最高,分别为每花蕾0.92±0.18个和1.32±0.25个。子叶形胚状体在1/2 MS培养基上萌发率为27.73%。花粉植株中自然加倍率为25%,加倍植株染色体数为24,单倍体植株染色体数为12。诸葛菜单倍体减数分裂染色体的平均配对构型为n=12=6.352Ⅰ+2.008Ⅱ+0.384Ⅲ+0.12Ⅳ,具有二价体及三价体和四价体的细胞比例高达96%,少量细胞的12条染色体联会形成3个四价体,说明诸葛菜很可能是起源于染色体基数x=3的同源八倍体。本试验结果对于诸葛菜新材料新品种选育和基础研究具有重要参考价值。     

抗白粉病小偃麦异代换系的细胞学鉴定和RAPD分析

对从长穗偃麦草与小麦杂种后代中选育的抗白粉病小麦种质系山农87074-551在进行白粉病抗性鉴定的基础上,进行了细胞学和RAPD鉴定.结果表明:山农87074-551根尖细胞染色体数目为2n=42,花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ(PMC MⅠ)染色体构型为2n=21 Ⅱ, 它与小麦中国春的杂种F1PMC MⅠ染色体构型为2n=20Ⅱ+2Ⅰ,说明山农87074-551是一个双     

Presto×晋农190杂种F_2-3及双亲的核型分析

为创制六倍体小黑麦(TriticosecaleWittmack)-普通小麦(Triticum aestivumL.)异染色体体系,将六倍体小黑麦的优良基因导入到普通小麦中,以六倍体小黑麦品种Presto为母本、普通小麦品种晋农190为父本,配置杂交组合,对双亲及其杂种F2种子根尖细胞进行有丝分裂观察,确定其染色体数目并进行核型分析。结果发现,双亲的染色体数目均为42,父本晋农190的核型公式为2n=42=36m(2SAT)+6sm,核型类型为1A;母本Presto的核型公式为2n=42=26m(4SAT)+4M+12sm,核型类型为2A。杂种F2中F2-3为双单体附加系,其核型公式为2n=44=36m(3SAT)+4sm+1m+1m,核型类型为1A。通过对染色体的形态、短臂和长臂的长度、臂比及相对长度系数进行分析,可初步推断杂种F-3附加的可能是母本的7号和21号染色体。     

抗条锈小滨麦易位系的鉴定

从八倍体小滨麦与普通小麦杂种后代中筛选到一个农艺性状优良的抗条锈小滨麦种质系山农0096，细胞学观察结果表明其根尖细胞染色体2n=42，花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ（PMC MⅠ）染色体构型为2n＝21Ⅱ；它与小麦亲本的杂种F1 PMC MⅠ染色体构型平均值为2n＝19Ⅱ＋1Ⅳ。RAPD分析表明：在100个十聚体核苷酸随机引物中，有3个引物     

谷子四体的细胞学和形态学研究

报道了在谷子初级三体的群体中发现了四体Ⅳ、 四体Ⅷ、 和四体Ⅸ。 运用细胞学方 法 对三种四体进行了染色体核型分析, 其染色体数均为2n+2=20。 四体的两个额外染色体与 其同源的两个染色体形成四价体的稳定结构。 减数分裂时染色体的联会有四种形式, 其中 以8Ⅱ+2Ⅱ形式最多, 在后期容易形成2/2均衡分离。 四体Ⅷ、 四     

抗白粉病八倍体小偃麦和双体异附加系的鉴定

对从中间偃麦草(Elytrigia intermedium)与普通小麦品种烟农15杂交后代中选育的双体异附加系山农Line15和八倍体小偃麦山农TE263的形态学、细胞学观察结果表明,它们的主要形态性状介于双亲之间,根尖细胞染色体数目分别为2n=44和2n=56,PMC MⅠ染色体构型分别为2n=22Ⅱ和2n=28Ⅱ;以中间偃麦草总基因组DNA为探针的荧光原位杂     

节节麦与野生燕麦杂种F2研究

节节麦Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Sch.2n=2x=14与通北野燕麦Avena Fatua L.2n=6x=42杂交,F_1代为双二倍体,2n=56。F_2代主要群体为双二倍体,2n=56。有一部分为2n=27Ⅱ,也出现一部分为2n=54,有2～4个单价体。出现个别的7倍体类型,穗型属斯卑尔脱小麦型,结实率极低,不足0.5%,籽粒饱满,100粒重4.75克。PMC染色体构图为2n=21Ⅱ 7Ⅰ。出现极少数的5倍体类型,株型和穗型类似节燕双二倍体,但结实率极低,染色体构图为2n=14Ⅱ 21Ⅰ。并出现普通小麦型,共2株,株高78.1和81.5厘米,籽粒基本饱满,100粒重4.34克和3.92克。PMC染色体构图为2n=21Ⅱ。     

甘蓝型油菜-埃塞俄比亚芥二体附加系植株形态及细胞学鉴定

从甘蓝型油菜品种“３－６３－４－５－１”与埃塞俄比亚芥品种“Ｄｏｄｏｌｌａ”杂种Ｆ１植株开放受粉获得的Ｆ２群体中筛选出一株半不育、矮杆、甘蓝型油菜类型植株，经连续４个世代自交、分离鉴定出一个二体附加系“９２Ｉ１０９６”。细胞学观察结果，其根尖细胞染色体数２ｎ＝４０，比其母本甘蓝型油菜（２ｎ＝３８）多两条额外染色体。花粉母细胞（ＰＭＣｓ）减数分裂中期（ＭＩ）染色体构型平均为０．４７Ｉ＋１９．７７Ⅱ，     

利用野生甘蓝抗性遗传资源获得高抗菌核病甘蓝型油菜的抗性与分子标记初步分析

茵核病是甘蓝型油菜最严重的病害之一,自身抗性低,而甘蓝野生资源中存在高抗遗传资源.以部分抗性的甘蓝型油菜中双9号和高抗性的甘蓝野生资源为亲本杂交得到F1 (ACC),F1连续用中双9号回交6代,得到育性基本恢复正常植株自交,培育成了高抗茵核病材料,命名为F6.染色体计数显示,F6有38条染色体,和甘蓝型油菜(AACC,2 n=38)一致.茵核病抗性鉴定实验结果说明F6对茵核病的抗性高于中双9号而弱于甘蓝.通过在亲本和子代间比较229个分布于甘蓝型油菜19个遗传连锁群的SSR分子标记以及16个与甘蓝抗茵核病特异性位点有关的SSR分子标记,发现甘蓝抗茵核病主要特异性区段9号连锁群已渗入甘蓝型油菜基因组中.     

Aneuploids of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

Summary Aneuploid plants of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) with 2n=15 to 30 chromosomes were obtained by crossing a near-triploid (2n=3x+1=22) with a diploid or on open-pollination with diploids and tetraploids. Aneuploids occurred with a frequency of 83% in near triploid × diploid progeny and 92% on open-pollination with diploid and tetraploid plants. Aneuploid plants with 15 to 18 chromosomes resembled diploids in morphology and those with 19 to 30 chromosomes were akin to tetraploids. Meiotic studies suggested that most aneuploid plants resulted from transmission of aneuploid egg cells (n=8 to 23). Aneuploid plants with 2n=27 to 30 chromosomes in the progeny of 22×14 cross originated from unreduced egg cells. Plants with 19 to 21 chromosomes were recovered only by immature seed culture. Aneuploid plants with 26 to 30 chromosomes and triploids (2n=21) had higher pollen fertility and bigger seeds than plants with 15 to 22 chromosomes.     

Intergeneric crosses with Fragaria and Potentilla. I. Crosses between Fragaria moschata and Potentilla fruticosa

Summary Crosses between Fragaria moschata (2n=42) and Potentilla fruticosa (2n=14) produced many seeds; about half of these germinated, but only nine plants were obtained from 554 seedlings. Five plants died without flowering, and four were vigorous but sterile. Four plants had the expected chromosome number (2n=28), one plant had 21 chromosomes, and four were aneuploid with 23, 24, 25 and 27 chromosomes respectively. Response to growth substances giving elongated stem internodes and swollen but not succulent receptacles provided evidence that two of the plant were hybrids. It is suggested that all nine plants originated from a normal fertilisation which was followed in some cases by chromosome elimination at an early stage of embryo development.     

Cytogenetical studies on African rice,Oryza glaberrima Steud. 3. Primary trisomics produced by pollinating autotriploid with diploid

Summary In order to promote cytogenetical studies on Oryza glaberrima (2n=2x=24), I produced primary trisomics in the progeny of the autotriploid. When the autotriploid was pollinated with the diploid, 136F1 seeds (5.8% of the number of spikelets pollinated) were obtained. The numbers of chromosomes of 31 surviving progeny varied from 24 to 28, with plants having 2n=25 occurring at the highest frequency (34.4%). The primary trisomics differed from one another as well as from the normal disomics in many aspects. The differences were attributed to a single extra chromosome in each trisomic type. Nine primary trisomics were classified into 8 types on the basis of morphological and reproductive features. Seeds were obtained from all primary trisomics except for Type D by self pollination, open pollination or pollination with the disomics. I was able to maintain 7 types of primary trisomics by seed propagation. The primary trisomics which are capable of expressing subtle genetic dissimilarities should be useful for studying the relationship between the two cultivated species of rice at the level of individual chromosomes.     

一个花粉辐射诱导的小麦-簇毛麦相互易位染色体系的分子细胞遗传学研究

利用⁶⁰Co-γ-射线处理小麦-簇毛麦6V单体添加系花粉，并给中国春授粉，在一个M1单株减数分裂中期Ⅰ检测到一个由2条小麦-簇毛麦易位染色体和一条完整小麦染色体构成的三价体，说明参与易位的2个小麦片段均来自同一条小麦染色体，推测两条易位染色体由相互易位产生。将其中涉及外源大片段的易位染色体称为外源大片段易位（large alien segment translocation, LAST），涉及外源小片段的称为外源小片段易位(small alien segment translocation, SAST)。对后代中两个易位染色体均纯合的植株（LAST’’+SAST’’, 2n = 44）进行顺次C-分带和GISH研究，结果表明外源大片段易位染色体为T7BS-6VS•6VL，外源小片段易位染色体为T6VS-7BS•7BL，易位断点分别位于7B染色体短臂约FL0.60处及6V染色体短臂约FL0.70处。在M2代群体中检测到7种染色体组成类型，比例为3(LAST’’+SAST’’)∶20(LAST’+SAST’)∶2(LAST’’+SAST’)∶1(LAST’+SAST’’)∶1LAST’∶2SAST’∶22(0型)，其中外源大片段和外源小片段易位染色体往往相伴出现。抗病鉴定结果显示抗白粉病基因位于外源大片段易位染色体T7BS-6VS•6VL上。对LAST’+SAST’型（2n = 43）M₂代单株花粉母细胞减数分裂的GISH研究结果显示，88.5%的后期Ｉ或末期Ｉ细胞中出现T6VS-7BS•7BL和T7BS-6VS•6VL的共分离。此外，在个别后期Ｉ细胞中观察到外源大片段易位染色体T7BS-6VS•6VL发生落后和着丝粒断裂现象，并在LAST’型单株（2n =42）的自交后代中筛选到一个通过着丝粒断裂-融合产生的外源小片段插入易位T7BL•6VS-7BS，这为利用外源大片段易位进一步创制携带抗病基因的小片段插入易位提供了新的思路。还分别获得了T7BS-6VS•6VL和T6VS-7BS•7BL的纯合易位系。     

利用人工合成甘蓝型油菜建立白菜—甘蓝附加系

采用白菜子房培养和甘蓝胚培养方法得到了带有标记性状的白菜和甘蓝种间杂种，并将这些人工合成甘蓝型油菜回交于白菜，得到３１个白菜－甘蓝单体附加系（２ｎ＝２１），和１８个双体附加系（２ｎ＝２２），为进一步对附加染色体上的所载基因定位奠定了基础。此外，还研究了附加甘蓝染色体对雄笥和雌性育性的影响，结果表明，白菜中附加甘蓝染色体可明显降低育性，特别是可显著降低附加系的自交和杂交结实率。     

Elymus canadensis×Secale cereale Amphiploids. II. Chromosome Constitutions and Pairing of Open-Pollinated Progeny

Eleven C₂ and two C₃ 0pen-pollinated plains from Elymus canadensis × Secale cereale amphiploid plants (2n = 6x = 42, SSHHRR) were examined for chromosome constitution and meiosis. Chromosome numbers of the progeny varied: 2n = 26, 27, 28, 36, 37, 39, 40, and 41. Elimination of portions of genome constituents were made at random and were irregular in all o the progeny. Monosomic (2n = 41) and nullisomic (2n = 40) plants lost one to two E. canadensis or S. cereale chromosomes and showed average of 17 to 18 bivalents and 4 to 5 univalents per cell at Ml. The C₂, aneuploid plants with 36 to 41 chromosomes seemed to result from selfing or intercrossing among; the C₁ amphiploid plants, while the plants of 2n = 26 to 2S (6–9 II + 10–141) might originate from outcrosses of the C_l amphiploid to S. cereale. Bivalent pairing might be preferentially intragenomic (S-S, H-H, or R-R). The occurrence of multivalents indicates a low potential of both intragenomic and intragenomic pairing; Pollen of the lour plants showed poor stainability (1 to 13 %) and no seed set in any of the progeny.     

Intergeneric hybrids and an amphiploid between Elymus canadensis and Psathyrostachys juncea

Summary Fifty four hybrid plants between Elymus canadensis and Psathyrostachys juncea were obtained by handpollination and embryo culture. The average cross compatibility between both species was 31.2 percent. One amphiploid plant was induced by colchicine treatment. The hybrid and amphiploid plants resembled P. juncea in appearance but showed a higher plant height and dry matter yield than the parents. The hybrids showed extremely low pollen stainability and were completely sterile. With the exception of one plant (2n=3x+1=22), all hybrid plants were allotriploids (SHN, 2n=3x=21). The amphiploid plant (SSHHNN, 2n=6x=42) showed 58.9% pollen stainability and 11.6% seed fertility.Mean chromosome associations of the hybrids and amphiploid at metaphase I were 0.02IV+0.06III+2.03II+16.91I and 0.07III+18.00II+5.85I, respectively. Lagging chromosomes, chromosome bridges, abnormal cytokinesis, and micronuclei were occasionally observed at the anaphase, telophase, or tetrad stage.     

Chromosome pairing in haploid plants of radish derived from alien monosomic addition lines

Six haploid plants of radish were obtained via alien monosomic addition lines (2n = 19). One plant was derived from anther culture of an Raphanus sativus‐Brassica oleracea addition line, one plant from the selected smaller seed of an R. sativus‐Sinapis arvensis addition line and four plants from an R. sativus‐B. rapa addition line. During metaphase I of pollen mother cells, two plants exhibited the chromosome pairing of (0‐3)II+ (3‐9)I, three showed (0‐1)III + (0‐3)II + (3‐9)I and the remaining plant (0‐2)II + (5‐9)I. Trivalents seemed to be formed by the pairing between two larger chromosomes and the smaller one with somewhat loose pairing. All haploid plants were inferior to the radish cv. ‘Shogoin’ (2n = 18) with respect to vegetative growth. Their flowers were smaller, with sterile pollen grains, but a few normal flowers with fertile pollen sporadically developed and then produced a few seeds. It is suggested that the radish genome (R, n = 9) might comprise three pairs of homoeologous chromosomes, with the remaining three chromosomes carrying the homologous region(s) that results in a trivalent formation.     

芸苔属油菜植物的新种合成及其细胞遗传学研究——Ⅴ.胜利油菜同源异源八倍体的研究

胜利油菜(B.napus,L.var.oleifera,D.C.)同源异源八倍体〔4n(8x)=79〕具有一般同源多倍体所共有的特征,染色体组型为 aaaacccc 中期Ⅰ分裂相为: (0—2)_Ⅰ+(28—38)_Ⅱ+(0—5)_Ⅳ。减数分裂中表现有染色体组分割的异常进程,在植物染色体工程与进化遗传的研究中具有重要意义。