Container river services and gateway ports: Similarities between the Yangtze River and the Rhine River

Abstract: Container ports located in a delta of navigable waterways generally strive to develop the inland river services as a competitive transport mode, with a view to serving local and distant hinterland regions. The spatial and functional development of river‐based container networks is location‐specific and time‐specific. While each barging network and associated seaport system has its own dynamics, similarities in development patterns cannot be excluded. This paper discusses similarities and dissimilarities between the spatial and the functional development of the container river service networks of the Yangtze River and the Rhine River. It is shown that the Yangtze service network has the tendency to converge, in more than one aspect, with the (historical) development pattern of inland container services in the Rhine basin.     

Port competition in the Yangtze River Delta

Abstract: This paper canvasses the port development of the Yangtze River Delta. Initially, we consider changes in container trade in the region since the 1990s. Competition between the ports of Ningbo and Shanghai are studied by measuring the overlapping hinterland of container distribution for Zhejiang province. We then analyse the strategies pursued by international carriers and terminal operators to secure success in this increasingly competitive environment.     

In the gateway's shadow: Interactions between Singapore's Hinterlands

During the 1990s, Singapore, the Malaysian state of Johor and the Riau Islands in Indonesia marketed themselves as a single investment destination. Due to its capital, technology, and superior logistics, Singapore was the “gateway”; Johor and the Riau Islands were the hinterland—supplying land, labour, and resources. Since then, production networks between the three territories have deepened. Interactions with Singapore have also catalysed connections between Johor and the Riau Islands. To date, research has focussed on the city‐state as the gateway and/or linkages between it and one of the two hinterlands. This emphasis is inherent in the “Gateway City” framework, which focusses on the primary city at the expense of its hinterlands and also overlooks mediating influences such as borders and border regimes. This article proposes complementing the Gateway City with the Cross‐Border Region framework to gain stronger purchase on the unit of analysis and focusing on inter‐hinterland dynamics to gain a more complete picture of how gateway cities affect their surrounding areas. Through applying this expanded theoretical framework to study the interactions of Johor and the Riau Islands, this article seeks to shed light on an under‐theorised and under‐studied aspect of gateway cities.     

Labor and the Geographic Reorganization of Container Shipping in the U.S.

The globalization of production and the geographic dispersion of economic activity have elevated the importance of the transportation and logistics sectors of the economy. One sector in particular that has experienced significant expansion is maritime transport and container shipping. As the cargo has become increasingly “discretionary” such that it can conceivably be transported through any port that allows intermodal access to the hinterland, the industry has become much more foot‐loose vis‐à‐vis a particular port of entry. The enhanced mobility of the cargo results in more intense port competition. One particular place to observe and study this dynamic is in the port and terminal selection of shippers and shipping lines and the role of port authorities in attempting to attract these carriers to their facilities. In this paper, the focus is on the role of labor and labor relations in such decisions. These issues will be studied in the context of the potential container traffic rerouting from the West to the East Coast of the U.S. and, as an illustrative case study, how these developments have played out for the East Coast port of Jacksonville, Florida.     

Air Passenger Transportation and Growth in the U.S. Urban System, 1950–1987

The relationship between transportation and urbanization at the national scale is revisited by focusing upon the role that air passenger transportation has played in the post-war evolution of the U.S. urban system. Theory suggests that major transportation innovations have exhibited profound and prolonged interdependencies with patterns of growth in national or regional urban systems. As the most recent major intercity transportation innovation, it should be expected that utilization of air transportation should bear some relationship to patterns of growth in urban places. This paper documents this relationship by using FAA and U.S. Census data to correlate volumes of air passenger flows per capita with changes in population and employment for the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. The expectation that higher volumes of air passenger flow per capita exhibit a positive correlation with both previous and subsequent growth is confirmed by the analysis. More detailed examination of both high and low air passenger index cities suggests functional and regional consistencies with the central hypothesis. The implications of these results for air transportation and airport planning include at least some justification for increased attention to provision of air service and adequate airport infrastructure as well as reiteration of the importance of air transportation in economic development.     

The State‐by‐State Economic Impacts of the 2002 Shutdown of the Los Angeles–Long Beach Ports

In previous research, the economic impacts of temporary shutdowns of the Los Angeles–Long Beach harbors were simulated after a hypothetical terrorist attack, applying the National Interstate Economic Model to estimate state‐by‐state as well as interindustry impacts. However, the unpredictable characteristic of terrorist attacks might not be applicable to the case of a ports shutdown such as the one caused by the lockout of September–October 2002. Market participants can be expected to have contingency plans based on anticipations of a strike or shutdown. Can we identify any of these in terms of the use of alternate ports, in terms of alternate modes or even alternate time periods? The purpose of this study is to examine these questions. The approach is elaborated by testing for the possible effects of trade diversion to other West Coast ports, transportation modes, and intertemporal substitutions. We use data from WISERTrade describing commodity‐specific trade for the major West Coast ports before, during, and after the 11‐day shutdown of the fall of 2002. Shippers’ ability to divert trade is a key ingredient in the economy's ability to withstand attacks and disruptions. The work estimates the impacts on 47 industrial sectors across 50 states (and the District of Columbia).     

Managing the hinterland beyond: Two ideal‐type strategies of economic development for small island territories

Abstract: Rarely does one come across critical analysis which looks at islands as the strategic and candid promoters of a role as political and economic usufructuaries over external resources. This paper is premised on the proposition that a small territory is especially obliged to use extra‐territorial resources as its hinterland for economic success. Such resources extend over a whole range of goods and services and include access to investment, welfare, security, stable currency, international relations, specialised labour power, transfers, markets and higher education. The MIRAB syndrome is one way of articulating this condition. This paper proposes a second cluster of features that are, or can be, deployed by small territories in a manner somewhat different from MIRAB; this second cluster has a more proactive policy orientation and a disposition towards carving out procedural and jurisdictional powers. It is thus proposed to consider a small territory's engagement with the external hinterland as a position on a sliding scale, a strategic mix of options located between two distinct development trajectories, of which MIRAB is one and the PROFIT model the other.     

都市农业与生态环境协调发展关系研究——以兰州市为例

为了探索内陆河谷盆地型城市的都市农业与生态环境协调发展的关系,以兰州市为例,通过构建都市农业发展综合指数和生态环境综合指数的指标体系,运用协调发展度模型,对兰州市2002—2012年都市农业与生态环境协调发展的关系进行量化分析。结果表明：兰州市都市农业发展与生态环境综合指数都是在曲折中上升,其协调发展类别由不协调到初级协调再到良好的阶段,在整个过程中,兰州都市农业发展的方式成为其主要的影响因素。     

甘肃经济与环境协调发展度评价研究

随着经济的快速发展,环境对经济发展的阻碍作用日益明显,可持续发展越来越引起人们的关注。虽然各学科领域的学者作了大量的研究工作,但理论上环境与经济协调发展的定量评价仍处于探索研究阶段。本文在对甘肃省经济与环境现状进行分析后,通过经济与环境协调度评价模型的研究,揭示出甘肃省环境状况与经济发展之间的关系,对当地环境政策的制定和评价具有一定参考意义。     

World cities and peripheral development: The interplay of gateways and subordinate places in Argentina and Ghana’s upstream oil and gas sector

Serving as “gateways”, some world cities tie their wider hinterlands to global networks. The article revisits gateway–hinterland relations against the backdrop of assessments that lead to opposed conclusions on the benefits and shortcomings of integration into the world economy. Referring to the oil and gas sector in Argentina and Ghana, it answers the question of how gateways interact with subordinate places and also uncovers obstacles to peripheral development. The author finds that Accra and Buenos Aires concentrate corporate control. Argentina's capital serves as a gateway for knowledge generation and logistics too. Opportunities for peripheral development in both countries are considerable, albeit largely limited to generic services. Besides a certain concentration of business activities in the gateway cities, more important challenges to peripheral development are typical for small and medium enterprises (insufficient finance and management capabilities, unawareness of business opportunities, and the like). They include rent seeking and subcontracting. The latter leaves local companies in a particularly weak position vis‐à‐vis lead firms. The author argues that while integration into the world economy allows for peripheral development, the corresponding outcomes may not meet everyone's expectations. Related expectations must, therefore, be more down‐to‐earth than overly optimistic statements frequently made by politicians.     

宁夏清水河产业带新型城镇化与房地产业耦合发展空间分析

基于新型城镇化与房地产业耦合发展为视角,建立了宁夏清水河产业带新型城镇化与房地产业发展耦合度评价指标体系,借助耦合协调度模型与耦合发展度模型,对该区10个县(区)单元的新型城镇化与房地产业发展的耦合关系进行空间分析。结果表明：① 研究区新型城镇化与房地产业整体协调度处于磨合阶段,系统之间相互作用与影响力显著,但并没有达到协调水平,协调度最高的是同心县,最低的是红寺堡区；② 新型城镇化与房地产业整体发展度处于中等水平,且空间格局差异较大,耦合发展度最高的是沙坡头区,最低的是红寺堡区；③ 依据耦合协调度与发展度的组合可将研究区新型城镇化与房地产业发展耦合关系分为4大类型：高发展协调区、高发展磨合区、中发展拮抗区、低发展拮抗区。建议在未来新型城镇化建设过程中政府应因城因地的采取差别化的房地产宏观调控政策,促进房地产业发展与新型城镇化建设的协调关系。     

城镇化与农业现代化协调发展程度分析

加快城镇化与农业现代化发展是中国新时期“四化”建设的重要目标,研究认识城镇化与农业现代化之间的关系,是实现二者均衡发展的前提。在建立综合评价指标分别对系统发展水平进行评价的基础上,使用耦合协调度模型进一步探究了过去20多年城镇化与农业现代发展的协调作用程度,研究结果表明：城镇化与农业现代化不是两个孤立的过程,两者之间存在要素互补、发展互动、目标互融的关系,在发展初期,城镇化对农业现代化有较强的拉动效应。1990—2013年间,中国的农业现代化与城镇化获得了较快的发展,两系统间的互动协调效应不断加强,2013年两系统间的耦和协调度为0.53,处于初级协调的水平,预计到2025年左右耦合协调度将超过0.7,达到中级协调的水平,城镇化与农业现代化发展进入螺旋上升的发展时期。     

The Economic Status of Areas Surrounding Major U.S. Container Ports: Evidence and Policy Issues

ABSTRACT This article examines the current economic status of the areas surrounding major U.S. container ports. We define a “port district” as the geographic area within a 7.5‐mile radius of a port. Our sample includes the 10 largest container ports in the U.S. We find that when we compare port districts to their surrounding metropolitan areas, household unemployment and poverty rates are significantly higher in port districts. Thus, the same ports that serve as “economic engines” for the region and nation may be the cause of economic decline and deterioration in the immediate areas that surround them. This presents a challenge for policy makers who want to preserve the benefits of international trade while facing increasing opposition to port expansion by local communities.     

县域经济与城乡协调性耦合关系的实证研究——以青烟威城市群为例

为了探究县域经济发展与城乡协调性之间的关系及其发展规律,填补相关理论研究空白。在国内相关研究的基础上,建立了县域经济和城乡协调性评价指标体系,运用均方差权值法对青烟威城市群县域经济与城乡协调性耦合关系进行了研究。分析发现,威海各县域经济发展综合水平相对最好,青岛其次,烟台相对落后;在县域经济与城乡协调性之间的耦合关系上,青烟威城市群各城市间总体差异不大,青岛最好,烟台其次,威海最差。结果表明县域经济的快速发展并不能完全消除城乡二元结构。     

城市绿地系统社会服务功能及其评价研究综述

城市绿地系统社会服务功能所具有的重要价值已在世界范围内引起了人们的普遍关注,有关城市绿地系统社会服务功能及其评价的研究也取得了较大的进展。但通过文献综述发现,这些研究对城市绿地系统社会服务功能与城市绿地的规划、建设、保护和管理之间的相互关系探究极少且深度不够,使得这些研究的实践意义不大。而在有关城市绿地系统社会服务功能评价的研究上,也存在着诸如评价指标少且未形成体系、研究范围较窄、研究的深度和广度不够等不足,以致不能真实、综合地反映出城市绿地系统多元的社会服务功能。为此,为了全面、客观地反映出城市绿地系统社会服务功能所具有的价值,应坚持综合性、层次性、独立性,可操作性、易获得性等原则,并构建定性与定量相结合的指标体系。     

The complex network analysis of liner shipping networks: Lessons from the merger between COSCO and CSCL

COSCO and China Shipping Container Lines (CSCL) merged and reorganized as COSCO Shipping Lines in 2016. Through using a complex network methodology, we analyze the spatial patterns of their shipping networks before and after the merger. We evaluate the integration effects based on two main dimensions: network and hub economies. While complementarities are found between COSCO and CSCL networks before the merger, COSCO Shipping Lines increased the total number of service nodes and shipping routes significantly. The merger also had the effect of strengthening the hub capacity of 7 of the top 15 hub ports in the main markets covered by the new company. Results underline that this strategy of overseas pivotal ports promoted the development of hub economy and regional market expansion.     

减数分裂期高温对水稻颖花结实率影响的定量分析

以华粳1号和特优559为材料, 于减数分裂期, 设置高温(31℃、33℃、35℃、37℃、39℃、41℃)及历期(1 d、3 d、5 d)处理, 每日高温持续时间5 h (8:40—13:40), 另设自然环境对照, 分析了高温及其持续期对水稻颖花相对结实率的影响。结果表明, 33℃以下的温度对两供试材料的结实率无明显影响, 此后随温度及持续天数的增加结实率将逐步降低; 高温下日相对颖花结实率与温度的关系可用二次方程描述, 而减数分裂期高温对颖花结实率的总影响为逐日相对颖花结实率的乘积。进一步结合温度日变化规律, 讨论了温度日变化下日相对颖花结实率的定量方法。     

风景区旅游可持续发展评价——以庐山风景区为例

风景区旅游可持续发展评价是对不同历史阶段旅游可持续发展状态的量化评价。采用层次分析法(analytic hierarchy process,AHP)中的幂法构建综合评价矩阵,从经济发展、社会进步、环境支持的角度,对庐山风景区1990—2000年的相关指标数据进行分析。结果表明:在该历史时段内,风景区旅游可持续发展水平不高,协调性较差,可持续发展与不可持续发展交替变换。其中,1993、1995、1997、1999年,1≤CI≤1.732,风景区的社会可持续发展、经济可持续发展与环境可持续发展三者之间比较协调,旅游处于"强可持续发展"状态;1992年,0≤CI≤1,三者之间发展不协调,但相互之间可以互补,旅游处于"弱可持续发展"状态;1994、1996、2000年,-1≤CI≤0,三者之间发展不协调,也不能通过互补来调节,旅游处于"弱不可持续发展"状态;1991、1998年,-1.732≤CI≤-1,三者之间发展不协调,也不能通过互补来调节,旅游处于"强不可持续发展"状态。     

我国35个大中城市建设用地结构与空气质量的典型相关分析

[目的]研究选取中国35个大中城市作为样本城市，评价了样本城市2016年空气质量和城市建设用地结构特征，[方法]利用典型相关分析方法分析城市建设用地结构与空气质量之间的关系，为合理安排城市用地结构、改善空气质量、提高城市人居环境质量提供科学依据。[结果](1)研究期间样本城市空气质量地域差异明显，空气污染较重的城市主要集中在华北地区、西北地区，东南沿海城市空气质量较好，京津冀地区空气污染问题较为严重，空气质量指数（AQI）、PM2.5、PM10、SO2、NO2年均浓度呈现出：北方城市>南方城市、内陆城市>沿海城市。(2)研究期间样本城市建设用地结构存在一定差异，居住用地和工矿仓储用地占城市建设用地总面积的比例在49%~58%之间。北方、南方城市建设用地结构差异主要体现在绿地与广场用地比例，沿海、内陆城市建设用地结构差异主要体现在公共管理与公共服务用地、工矿仓储用地和绿地与广场用地的比例。城市建设用地结构信息熵平均值呈现出北方城市>南方城市、内陆城市>沿海城市的特征。(3)典型相关分析结果表明，样本城市建设用地结构对空气质量有一定影响。不同的区域空气污染物不同，影响空气污染物浓度的建设用地结构因子也不同。从整体上，居住用地与商业服务业设施用地与SO2呈负相关，工矿仓储用地与NO2呈正相关；从区域上，居住用地、道路与交通设施用地与PM2.5呈正相关，工矿仓储用地与NO2呈正相关，居住用地、道路与交通设施用地与SO2呈负相关。[结论]样本城市建设用地结构对空气质量有一定影响。     

乌鲁木齐市自然资源·经济·生态环境系统耦合协调度研究

为了研究乌鲁木齐市自然资源、经济、生态环境子系统之间的耦合协调类型及它们未来的耦合协调度变化,借鉴物理学中的耦合概念,构建了乌鲁木齐市自然资源·经济·生态环境系统耦合协调度指标体系,并根据乌鲁木齐市2001—2013年的相关统计数据,利用耦合协调度数学模型和计算方法,对三者在研究期内整体的耦合协调度演变进行了定量的分析。利用GM(1, 1)预测模型,对研究区未来3年的耦合协调度发展趋势进行了模拟预测。结果表明：2001—2013年间,乌鲁木齐市整体的耦合协调度呈现缓慢上升趋势,其值介于0.279~0.502之间,从2001年的0.279增加到2013年的0.477,但2013年比2012年减少了0.025,从勉强协调变成了濒临失调;预测结果表明：未来3年,乌市自然资源·经济·生态环境系统耦合协调度有所好转,耦合协调度分别是0.476、0.495、0.516,逐渐从濒临失调转换成勉强协调。