不同育种年代玉米自交系和杂交种的过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶的研究

对不同育种年代的１１个玉米自交系和８个杂交种进行了过氧化物酶和酯酶的同工酶研究。结果表明，用过氧化物酶同工酶区分不同材料的灵敏性高于酯酶同工酶。尽管不同育种年代玉米自交系和杂交种在同工酶谱带上差异明显，但未表现出随育种年代变化的趋势。根据过氧化物酶同工酶或酯酶同工酶谱带的变化很难预测玉米杂种优势的表现。     

玉米过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶与杂种产量的关系

以10个玉米自交系以及由它们组成的45个杂交种为材料,进行酶谱分析与单株粒重的测定。结果发现,玉米杂种 F_1的过氧化物酶同工酶 Px_4和酯酶同工酶 E_3的酶谱完全决定于其双亲。双亲酶谱相同,F_1与双亲一样;双亲酶谱不同,F_1出现双亲的互补酶谱。这两种酶的酶谱有差别的双亲杂交,能够产生高产的组合;这两种酶的酶谱没有差异的     

玉米过氧化物酶酶谱编码与品种鉴别

基因蛋白质（酶）的合成、生物体间酶系统的差异在一定程度上反映了生物体之间遗传基础的差异。过氧化物酶广泛存在于植物体内,受不同结构基因的控制构成了过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱的多样性。根据过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱的差异可以判断玉米杂交种或自交系间遗传基础的相对差异。利用同工酶或电泳技术在水稻、小麦、玉米等农作物品种鉴别中的利用国内外已有报道,可是对于酶谱的描述则尽限于利用图谱、泳动率和仪器扫描图的分析,前者简便易行但不能显示出体现酶活性的酶带宽度。后者灵敏度高但存在着难以描述和根据这一指标恢复酶谱原形的问题。本研究的目的是通过过氧化物酶同工酶的酶谱编码达到方便酶谱比较和描述的目的。     

玉米自交系的酯酶同工酶分析

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对两个玉米自交系作酯酶（EST）同工酶测定。结果表明：以单粒种子为样品进行酯酶同工酶分析,酶谱清晰,重现性好;通过比较它们的酶谱差异,计算各试材的酶谱相似系数,发现1和4的2种酶谱一致,2和3的2种酶谱一致应是同一样品;1与2的亲缘关系很近,应该是有一定亲缘关系的不同类型。通过对试材的植物学性状比较,所得结果与酶谱分析基本一致,并讨论了它们在制种上的应用以及认为酯酶同工酶作为鉴定玉米自交系亲缘关系及真实性的方法切实可行,具有快速、准确之优点。     

几个玉米自交系配合力分析研究

玉米自交系的配合力是重要的遗传特性,选育具有高配合力的优良玉米自交系,是选育高产玉米杂交种的关键.近几年我所选育了几个抗病、抗倒、优质、株型较好的玉米自交系,如新 358、新 77、新 7(红)、新 4(白)、新北 542及新引进筛选的新 LY90ds和新 HC自交系.为测定其配合力,进而有目的地利用它们选育优良玉米杂交种,我们再次利用骨干系测交法和莫惠栋的 p× q模式 [1],对新选系进行了配合力测定.为进一步论证骨干系测交法的先进性与科学性,近几年作了进一步研究.     

玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系的生化指纹鉴定

本试验以浙单9号等五个玉米杂交组合及其亲本自交系为材料,进行种子盐溶蛋白聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳等多种电泳鉴定方法的研究,以揭示玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系的“生化指纹”(biochenucal fingerprint),以及筛选出适合于玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系真实性和纯度鉴定的方法。结果表明,各供试玉米杂交种及其亲本自交系都具有相应的、唯一的种子盐溶蛋白聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳所显现的生化指纹。对于有些组合。玉米芽鞘和叶片绿色组织过氧化物酶同工酶电泳图谱存在阴极第4、第5酶带差异,因这两条酶带的差异稳定,并且重现性好,故能用过氧化物酶同工酶技术对其进行有效地鉴定。上述两种方法,尤其是前者,因技术要求不高,费用低,快速及重现性好等特点,能满足我国目前种子检验室日常玉米品种纯度快速测定工作的要求,具育良好的应用前景。     

玉米超氧物歧化酶酶谱型的遗传分析

我们在吉林省主要玉米自交系中曾发现两种超氧物歧化酶变异型。1988年采用酶谱型不同的3个自交系配制了2个杂交组合。根据F1、F2和F3的资料对玉米超氧物歧化酶酶谱型的遗传方式进行了分析。结果表明，玉米超氧物歧化酶SODala2的有无受一对主效基因控制，以Sod1和sod1表示。     

西南山地丘陵生态区主要玉米自交系SSR遗传多态性及其与杂种优势的关系

选用遍布玉米全基因组的SSR引物，检测西南山地丘陵生态区主要玉米自交系的遗传多态性，以此估算自交系间DNA分子遗传距离并进行聚类分析，将119个自交系划分为14个类群，与自交系的亲缘关系具有较好的一致性。西南山地丘陵生态区的地方种质资源中，蕴藏着丰富的遗传变异，不能将其简单地划入任何杂交优势群。再从不同及相同类群中选取相互间遗传距离呈梯状分布，全国大面积推广杂交种的9个亲本自交系，组配成36个完全双列杂交组合，测定杂交种籽粒产量及其一般配合力和特殊配合力。简单相关、多元回归和通径分析表明，虽然杂交种的平均单株籽粒产量及其特殊配合力，与亲本自交系间分子遗传距离相关不显著，但亲本自交系间分子遗传距离通过父本自交系一般配合力对平均单株籽粒产量的间接作用较大，平均单株籽粒产量与母本自交系一般配合力、父本自交系一般配合力和双亲自交系间分子遗传距离的多元回归关系达极显著水平，可以此预测杂交种75％的产量变异。     

利用种子蛋白聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定向日葵种子纯度的研究

采用种子贮存蛋白SDS-PAGE技术，对13份向日葵杂交种和自交系进行了鉴别，结果表明，它们的种子蛋白电泳图谱差异明显，特征谱带稳定。种子蛋白电泳鉴定与田间小区种植鉴定种子纯度结果之间存在极显著的线性正相关性。该技术可作为向日葵杂交种和自交系种子纯度鉴定的一种新手段。     

玉米抽穗期亲本及其杂交种间基因差异表达与杂种优势的关系

为探讨玉米杂种优势形成的分子机理,选用了8个玉米自交系和它们的5个杂交种,采用mRNA差异显示技术分析了杂种和亲本之间抽穗期叶片的基因表达差异模式。结果表明:所选用的杂交种与自交系之间的基因表达模式可以分为5种类型:杂种特异表达型(W1)、单亲显性表达型(W2)、双亲表达沉默型(W3)、单亲沉默表达型(W4)、亲本和杂交种表达一致型(W5),所占比例分别为2.81%,16.92%,11.79%,4.25%和64.23%。还对每种差异表达模式与12个杂种性状表现和中亲优势进行了相关分析。     

亲子鉴定技术在玉米杂交组合组配中的应用研究

玉米杂交组合组配鉴定工作是玉米育种工作中十分重要的技术环节,需要消耗大量的人力、物力和财力,如何使玉米育种工作者从繁重的杂交组合组配、鉴定工作中解放出来,集中精力进行玉米自交系的选育,提高玉米育种效率值得研究。本试验以BA为母本,以H28、昌7-2、9502、P138、齐319、吉853、京2101、京343、京832为父本组配了9对同母异父玉米杂交组合,利用DNA指纹技术,将亲子鉴定技术应用到玉米杂交组合组配和鉴定工作之中。结果表明,将亲子鉴定技术应用到玉米杂交组合组配和鉴定之中,省时省力、结果准确可靠,是完全可行的。     

RAPD在玉米品种鉴定和纯度分析中的应用

以7个优良玉米自交系和它们的7个单交种为材料,从种子中提取DNA,进行RAPD扩增,探索利用RAPD标记鉴定玉米品种和纯度分析的可能性。研究结果表明,自交系间、杂交种间、自交系和杂交种间均有明显差异,利用3个引物可将14个材料完全分开。RAPD技术用于玉米品种鉴定和纯度分析是可行的。     

Identification of pedigrees of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.) cultivars by isozyme electrophoresis and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

Summary Determination of pedigree by laboratory means can provide an initial and rapid check of hybrid identity in studies designed to compare genotypes. In order to test the accuracy of such determinations, isozymic and chromatographic data were used in an attempt to ascribe pedigrees to 25 hybrids that were identified only by a letter code from a list of 30 inbred lines. The pedigrees of 9 single-cross hybrids were correctly deduced as was the direction in which each cross was made. The pedigrees of 2 hybrids could only be determined ambiguously, however these hybrids were reciprocals and the biochemical data were unable to distinguish between 2 related candidate inbred lines. Pedigrees of 3 hybrids were either incompletely determined or could not be determined from the list of 30 candidate inbred lines and were thus correctly identified as non-Pioneer^® brand hybrids. Pedigrees of 9 3-way hybrids could be determined accurately but the pedigrees of 2 non-Pioneer^® brand hybrids could not be deduced completely. The ability to correctly ascribe pedigrees of hybrids shows that these data provide a rapid means of determining whether additional field and laboratory tests would be warranted in tests designed to compare genotypic similarity of hybrids.     

利用清蛋白多态性鉴定玉米种子纯度研究

利用改进的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对生产上应用的53个玉米杂交种及亲本自交系干种子清蛋白(白蛋白Albumin)进行了电泳分析。结果表明,改进的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分辨率高、鉴别能力强、准确;不仅能鉴别杂交种及亲本自交系,对血缘关系较近的材料,如同母异父单交种、含有同一血缘的不同衍生系也能区分开。利用该技术     

SSR标记技术在玉米杂交种种子纯度测定中的应用

以21份玉米骨干自交系及其组配的13个杂交种为材料, 进行SSR标记分析. 从220对引物中, 筛选出扩增带型稳定、多态性丰富的58对引物; 杂交种的SSR图谱基本上表现为双亲互补带型. 利用两个或三个引物组合构建的SSR图谱, 通过统计测验可以将13个杂交种区分. 实验表明, 应用SSR标记技术结合单籽粒DNA快速提取方法, 可以快捷、准确     

A comparison of inbred lines and their F1 hybrids in forage rape (Brassica napus L.)

Summary The relative yields of spaced plants of inbred lines derived from different seed stock of forage rape were compared with F₁ hybrids among these lines. The hybrids between inbred lines derived from the same parental seed stock showed a mean superiority of 8.8% and the hybrids between inbreds from different stocks showed 19.6% superiority over the inbred lines in early vegetative growth. This hybrid superiority is discussed in relation to the development of superior varieties.     

EST-SSR marker-based assay for the genetic purity assessment of safflower hybrids

Full potential of any hybrid can be exploited by ensuring the supply of genetically pure seeds. Conventionally, hybrid seed purity assessment is done through grow out test (GOT) which is based on the morphological and floral characters of plants grown to maturity. Being land and labor intensive, time consuming and influenced by the environment, there is an immense need to replace GOT with a simple, rapid, unbiased and cost-effective DNA based assay for hybrid purity assessment. With this objective, the parental lines of three commercial safflower hybrids of India (NH-1, NH-15 and DSH-129) were screened using 74 safflower EST-SSR markers and five markers were found to be polymorphic. A PCR-based assay with these markers showed both alleles of the parental lines in pure hybrids proving the heterozygosity, while the off-types were identified by the presence of either of the parental alleles. This assay could accurately determine the genetic purity in a predetermined sample of hybrids constituted by deliberately mixing seeds of parental lines. This is the first report demonstrating the utility of EST-SSR markers for the assessment of genetic purity of hybrids in crop plants.     

ISSR分子标记在丝瓜杂交种纯度鉴定的应用

品种纯度鉴定对种子质量的保证十分关键。为了鉴定丝瓜杂交种‘农福丝瓜801’的遗传纯度,本研究利用ISSR分子标记技术对丝瓜杂交种‘农福丝瓜801’及其亲本的DNA指纹进行分析,试验从100条引物中筛选出具有特异性ISSR引物3个(ISSR-820,ISSR-886,ISSR-891)。结果表明,ISSR-820为父母本特异性标记共显性引物,可快速有效地辨别杂交种;ISSR-891能以杂交种是否扩增出父本特征带为依据,可有效地鉴定出杂交种中所混杂的母本自交系种子;ISSR-886能区分父本机械系混杂。并且,ISSR分子鉴定结果与田间鉴定结果相一致,表明这些引物能有效应用于‘农福丝瓜801’种子纯度的快速鉴定。     

The use of AFLP markers for the identification of carrot breeding lines and F1 hybrids

Four inbred lines of carrot (cytoplasmic male‐steriles and corresponding maintainers) and eight of their F₁ hybrids were studied with the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique to examine their genetic relationship and produce markers useful for testing hybrid seed purity. Eighty‐six polymorphic amplicons were identified in bulked DNA samples using eight primer pair combinations. Genetic distance was estimated on the basis of the presence or absence of polymorphic bands. The dendrogram plotted on the basis of the AFLP data closely represented the pedigree relationships of the lines and their hybrids. From one to six amplicons specific for a breeding line were identified. Most of them were also present in the DNA bulks of respective F₁ hybrids. However, screening performed on individual plants of two parental lines and the corresponding hybrid indicated insufficient uniformity of parental lines, limiting the applicability of AFLP markers for testing hybrid seed purity.