中国加入WTO后的种业形势及发展对策

种业是农业发展中的龙头产业，其主要产品种子，是农业生产中特殊的、不可替代的基本生产资料，是农业科学技术的重要载体。在国际市场上，农产品竞争的核心是良种的竞争，世界农业竞争的重要领域是种子产业间的竞争。中国经济随着加入WTO进一步融入世界经济体系，给中国种业的     

种子标准化存在的问题与建议

种子是农业生产的基础，种子产业是国民经济发展的基础产业，种子在农业增产中的份额占诸多要素总和中的30％以上。当前，全国各地均在大力推进农业标准化，种子作为农业的基础，实现种子标准化是推进农业标准化的重要工作之一，通过实践认为，目前种子标准化存在一些问题，现提出如下意见与广大同仁商榷。     

我国已成为全球第二大种子市场

作物我国已成为继美国之后的全球第二大种子市场。当前．我国良种覆盖率已达95％以上．对农业增产贡献率达40％。种业已成为促进我国农业稳定发展、保障国家粮食安全和主要农产品有效供给的基础性、战略性产业。目前，我国种业已经基本形成产业发展体系，市场规模已达500多亿元，相关法律和管理制度基本建立．现有持证种子经营企业8000多家。     

对加快我省种子产业科技创新的几点设想

当今世界,科学日新月异,主要表现在以生物技术、信息技术等为代表的高新科技成果在农业领域的广泛的应用。当前,世界各国都把种子产业放到突出的位置,以种子为突破口带动农业的飞跃。世界发达国家的种子产业已发展到集生物工程技术、微电子、航天遥感技术、新能源、新材料等为代表的高技术产业于一体的相当完善、颇具活力的种子产业。专家预言：采用生物工程技术转基因育种将成为今后国际农业竞争乃至国际经济竞争的新焦点。因此,世界各国都把种子改良和良种推广作为发展本国经济和参与国际竞争的战略措施。１　种子产业科技创新的紧迫…     

发挥农业高校教学科研优势推动种子产业持续健康发展

国以农为本,农以种为先,种子产业是农业源头产业。建国以来,我国农作物生产用种普遍进行了3～5次大面积品种更新,每次增产幅度都在10%以上。“九五”期间良种在农业增产中的贡献率已达36%。《国民经济和社会发展“九五”计划和2010年远景目标建议》中就提出要突出抓好“种子工程”,其核心之一就是要提高我国种子质量和科技含量。我国种子产业竞争力还较弱,企业规模、技术创新、企业管理、产业运营等方面与发达国家存在较大差距。我国目前种业管理和种子产业从业人员多为遗传育种、栽培、农经等专业的人才,在种子产业化领域的科研水平也相对…     

现代蔬菜种子产业化的技术策略

种子企业实现良种产业化,实行产、供、销一条龙,是种子企业在市场竞争中生存、发展、壮大的必由之路.国外农业发达国家对良种产业化的各环节投入了很大的资金,建立了一套完整的技术标准,因此规范了种子企业的行为,确保了种子质量,使其种子在国际市场有很大的竞争力.我国刚加入WTO,国外良种将很快进入我国,国外种子企业和国内种子企业将短兵相接.面对入世带来的冲击,我国政府应加大对蔬菜良种产业化的资金扶持,制定良种产业化各环节的技术标准.在此基础上,我国种子企业才能在竞争中立于不败之地.     

发展市场农业必须加强种子管理

发展市场农业必须加强种子管理湖北省谷城县种子管理站刘德军种子是农业生产最重要的生产资料。在我国农业走高产、优质、高效之路，向商品化、现代化发展的过程中，种子的先导作用更为重要。据联合国粮农组织统计，种子在粮食增产中的作用占３５％以上。特别是农作物的杂...     

邹平县成为全国小麦种子产业化示范县

山东省邹平县最近被农业部确定为全国小麦种子产业化示范县。主要有三大优势:1 是农业自然条件优越。2是农技推广力量雄厚。农技队伍中,大专以上学历的占34％。每万名农业人口中国家农业科技人员占有6-7名。种植业中,中、高级职称人数占技术人员数的30％,大中专毕业生占90％以上。3 是农业社会化服务体系完善。以技术培训、技术试验、农技推广、内购外销为内容的产前、产中、产后服务工作扎实。特别是邹平县将农技、种子合二为一,形成了“良种跟着技术推,技术随着良种行”的农技推广新格局。     

科研─生产─经营三结合产业型种子集团公司的内部运行机制

科研─生产─经营三结合产业型种子集团公司的内部运行机制赤峰种子联营公司董事长汪家灼种子是农业生产最重要的生产资料。据联合国粮农组织估计，种子在粮食增产中的作用占３５％以上。特别是各种作物杂交种子，需要现代化、规模化生产，不仅要把近代生物科学技术成果应...     

我国种子产业概况、存在的问题及改进建议

1概况随着《中华人民共和国种子法》（以下简称《种子法》）的颁布以及“种子工程”的实施,我国种子产业得到了快速发展,为农村发展、农民增收、农业增效做出了巨大贡献。只有发展种子产业、实施种子工程、做大做强种子产业,才能充分发挥良种在农业生产中可持续发展的作用。中国是世界上最大的农业生产国,同时也是世界上最大的种子需求国之一,我国每年的种子总使用量约125亿kg左右,其中商品化种子约占50亿kg,市场总规模超过500亿元,约占世界种子市场总规模的20％。目前我国种子产业的状态较以前已经有了很大程度的改观。随着《种子法》的颁布以及相关系列法律法规的颁布实施,种子行业真正实现了市场化和规范化,品种权得到了切实有效的保护,种子企业有动力进行商业化育种并逐渐成为了育种研发的主体。随着2011年国务院《关于加快推进现代农作物种业发展的意见》的出台,     

2010年我国大蒜价格与出口情况及2011年形势展望

回顾了2010年我国大蒜的销售与出口情况,分析了2010年影响大蒜价格走高的因素及2011年大蒜的行情走势,阐述了应对大蒜产业发展挑战的措施与途径.     

种子病理学的回顾与展望

本文主要介绍了种子病理学的起源、发展状况压存在问题，对我国种子病理学的研究和教学提出了自己的看法。     

In vitro and in vivo genetic parameters and character associations in potato

Relative behaviour of genetic parameters and character associations for in vitro and in vivo systems was studied by evaluating 22 potato genotypes for seven morpho-agronomic characters under six in vitro and four in vivo conditions. There was considerable similarity between in vitro and in vivo systems with regard to pattern of coefficient of variation (both phenotypic and genotypic), heritability (broad sense), genetic advance (as% of mean) and correlation coefficients (both phenotypic and genotypic) between characters. The magnitude of various genetic parameters was higher under in vitro than in vivo conditions, particularly for tuber yield and its components. Treatment-to-treatment variation in genetic parameters and character associations was higher under in vivo than in vitro conditions. In vitro selection for agronomic characters in potato may be possible. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acidity and sweetness in apple and pear

Summary Sweetness and acidity in apple and pear inherit independently and can be organoleptically evaluated separately, but less accurately in pear than in apple. For breeding purposes an analysis of fruits for acidity and sweetness with pH indicator paper and a hand refractometer is to be prefered to the organoleptic method.In apple, the acidity-decreasing with time-of the unripe fruit was already strongly indicative of that of the eating-ripe fruit; sugar-increasing with time-not before the fruit was picking ripe. Sugar content in apple and pear, and the pH in pear, appeared to be normally distributed; the pH in apple showed a segregation into an acid and a low-acid group, which occurred in both the unripe and ripe stage. The segregation ratio between these groups was found to be highly variable. On the whole, the mean acidity and sugar content of apple and pear progenies is significantly determined by that of the parents. Most of the observations made did not support the theory that low acidity in apple is determined by one recessive gene. The relationship between the pH of leaf juice and fruit juice in apple may offer a possibility for pre-selection.     

牦牛、犏牛TB-RBP基因克隆及在睾丸组织中的表达

牦牛与普通牛的种间杂种犏牛雄性不育机理一直是畜牧科学研究的热点之一,对牦牛、犏牛睾丸组织特异表达基因的比对分析,可为犏牛雄性不育分子调控机制提供基因参考。通过对牦牛及杂种犏牛TB-RBP基因进行克隆,并利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对候选基因进行组织表达差异分析。结果表明,克隆获得牦牛TB-RBP基因CDS全序列873 bp,犏牛TB-RBP基因部分CDS区序列587 bp;系统进化树显示不同物种TB-RBP基因编码区序列高度保守,遗传相似性较高;蛋白功能预测TB-RBP蛋白属于Translin结合蛋白家族,对精子发生等生物过程具有重要调控作用。TB-RBP基因在犏牛和牦牛的睾丸组织中均有表达,TB-RBP基因的表达水平在牦牛与犏牛组间差异显著(0.01P0.05),牦牛显著高于犏牛。TB-RBP基因是精子正常发育的关键基因,而在犏牛睾丸组织中表达量较低,表明犏牛雄性不育与精子发生异常有关,为今后开展TB-RBP基因与犏牛雄性不育的相关分析以及基因定位、表达调控和牦牛分子育种奠定了理论基础。     

山西运城小麦和玉米苗期地下害虫调查与防控技术研究

为了解山西运城地下害虫对主要粮食作物小麦和玉米的危害并有效控制,调查了2011年山西南部运城市小麦和玉米的地下害虫发生情况,同时研究植物源农药苦参碱及常用的化学制剂吡虫啉和氟虫腈3种药剂拌种对小麦和玉米种子的出苗率、被害株率、防虫效果以及保苗效果的影响进行统计分析,并对拌种后幼苗的株高、根长及相关的抗氧化酶SOD、POD活性及膜脂过氧化产物MDA进行测定。结果表明,小麦和玉米的苗期地下害虫主要有金针虫、地老虎和蛴螬3种,为害程度因地块变化较为明显;苦参碱对小麦和玉米的种子萌发有一定促进作用,但效果不显著,而对地下害虫的防效和保苗效果相对低于吡虫啉和氟虫腈;幼苗的抗氧化酶SOD和POD活性相对提高,抗性增强,且植物源农药对环境友好,可以在农业中推广。     

杭州市典型茶园土壤与茶叶中重金属的积累与来源分析

为了解杭州市茶园土壤与茶叶中重金属的污染状况及其重金属的可能污染来源,选择杭州市典型茶园20个,按区位与施肥的不同分为城郊-化肥、城郊-有机肥、山区-化肥和山区有机肥等4种类型,采集了0~15、45~60 cm分层土样及茶树新叶和老叶样品,分析土样和茶叶样品中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、Cr和Co等重金属含量。结果表明,研究土壤Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd、Hg、Cr和Co污染程度较轻,其含量均低于土壤环境质量二级标准。除老叶样中Pb有25%样品超标外,新叶及老叶的其他重金属元素都在限值以下。城郊区茶园土壤的Pb、Cd和Hg含量普遍高于山区茶园。施用化肥的茶园土壤Cd略高于施用有机肥的茶园,施有机肥的茶园土壤Hg略高于施用化肥的茶园。施用有机肥的茶园土壤Zn和Cu明显高于施化肥的茶园。施用有机肥可轻微提高茶园土壤中Cr的积累;土壤中Co的积累受人为影响较小。研究认为,研究区茶园土壤中重金属Pb、Cd和Hg的积累主要与大气沉降有关,而Zn和Cu的积累主要与有机肥料的施用有关。     

2014年我国大蒜产贮销情况及2015年展望和营销对策

回顾2014年我国大蒜的产贮销状况,分析大蒜价格的影响因素和2015年大蒜产业面临的机遇与挑战,并提出相应的经营对策,旨在为我国大蒜产业的健康持续发展提供有益的参考。     

Pollen grain germination and pollen tube growth following in vivo and in vitro self and interspecific pollinations in annual Cicer species

Summary Germination of pollen grains and growth of pollen tubes were studied to determine the cause of barreness in crosses among annual Cicer species. In vivo and in vitro time-course studies and fluorescent microscopy revealed no pollination incompatibility among the selfs, crosses and reciprocals of C. arietinum L., C. reticulatum Lad. and C. cuneatum Rich. In general, Cicer pollen grains germinated and grew on styles of Cicer species. Pollen tube growth was characterized by irregularly spaced and intermittent callose deposits. Failure of seed formation in interspecific pollinations may be attributed to the slowness of pollen tube growth or collapse of fertilized ovules. In addition to these causes, shortness of stamens and sparsity of pollen grains were responsible for flower drop in natural selfs. Although the number of pollen tubes entering the micropyle in interspecific pollinations was low, it may be possible to grow the fertilized ovules on an artificial medium to obtain F₁ plants.     

Temperature-Related Changes in Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Contents of Chlorophyll and Carotenoids in Andean and European Potato Clones

Low-temperature adapted Andean potato clones and low-temperature sensitive European clones cultivated at 20/10°C were compared during stress occuring as the result of low-temperature treatments. The stress response of leaf tissue was assessed by measuring the decrease in chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) in detached leaves during a period of six days. After temperature stress combined with light Fv/Fm decreased only slightly in the Andean clones, but was markedly lower than the initial values in the European clones, However, after a 2°C treatment in darkness no difference between clones of different origins was detected. In general, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of the Andean clones were higher than those of the European clones. They were markedly lower in all clones in treatments where low temperature was combined with light, than at 20/10°C and at 2°C in the dark. The contents of carotenoids and total chlorophylls decreased more in the European than in the Andean clones when leaves were transferred to a higher light intensity and then the lowest temperature used was combined with light. Thus carotenoids and chlorophylls in the Europeans clones were more sensitive to photo-oxidation at low temperatures than in the Andean clones. The changes in chlorophyll fluorescence in illuminated, detached leaves induced by a decrease in temperature were found to correlate with the low temperature performance of the genotypes. The correlation between low temperature performance and photosynthetic activity was highly significant and could be used by plant breeders to identify plants that perform well at low temperatures.