基于GIS的农业面源污染风险评估

为满足农业面源污染控制实际需要,建立一种农业面源污染风险评估方法。该方法以农业面源污染风险影响因素分析为基础,建立面向农业面源污染风险评估的GIS空间分析模型,在GIS支持下,实现模型所需数据的提取及分析运算,获得多尺度农业面源污染风险程度分布图,为农业面源污染控制提供工作目标区。以杭埠河流域为样区进行模型应用,获得了较精确的计算结果;农业面源污染风险评估方法对监测地区基础数据要求不高,是一种可行的污染监测新途径。     

面源污染估算模型研究进展

为厘清面源污染估算模型演变历史,探讨模型的发展趋势,在系统调研大量面源污染研究文献基础上,详细梳理国内外面源污染模型研究至今的过程,归纳出面源污染模型研究过程中产生的模型类型,对国内外各种模型利用的研究成果进行了简单分析,同时评述了各种模型的特点和适用范围。通过对模型的比较与应用需求,认为面源污染模型中SWAT与输出系数模型的应用较为广泛,根据研究区的实际状况选择并改进面源污染模型是研究面源污染的趋势。     

多源遥感数据在森林资源监测上的应用现状与发展趋势

文章对多源遥感在森林资源监测的应用现状及发展趋势进行阐述，相比传统森林资源监测投入大量人力开展外业调查，卫星遥感和无人机遥感在森林资源监测中具有明显优势。在基于多源遥感数据开展的森林资源监测研究中，笔者重点对比5种多源遥感在森林资源监测中的应用，包括森林病虫害监测、林分树高测定、森林冠层结构测定、树种组成及森林分类、森林生物量测定。认为资源卫星、微波遥感、成像光谱技术及三维遥感中的森林资源监测新技术、新方法，如深度学习智能分类、多源遥感融合技术将成为未来多源遥感森林资源监测新手段，应用差分GPS、三维遥感及高光谱结合数学计算机技术，可以提高不同层级的森林资源估测精度；无人机遥感的自动化、信息化将是无人机遥感应用于森林资源监测中的发展趋势；此外，长时间续航能力、搭载多类型传感器将进一步提高无人机遥感对森林资源的精准监测。     

基于高分辨率遥感的耕地质量指标与评价进展

耕地质量作为反映耕地不同性状的综合性指标，对农业可持续发展有重要意义，文章综述了高分辨率遥感数据在耕地质量评价中的应用情况。当前耕地质量评价信息采集技术中存在监测范围小、监测时间跨度短、成本高、效率较低等问题，难以实现耕地质量的快速、准确评价。高空间分辨率、高时间分辨率、高光谱分辨率的遥感影像为长时序、大范围的耕地质量评价提供了技术支撑和数据基础。文章总结了国内外应用高分辨率遥感数据对地形特征、田间基础设施、生物多样性、土壤性状、农田环境状况等指标识别方法。文章在介绍耕地质量等级评价方法基础上，归纳了植被指数协同评价法，结合主成分分析法提出了基于高分辨率遥感的耕地质量评价方法，探索基于高分辨率遥感的耕地质量评价指标获取方法和评价体系，以期为快速、准确耕地质量评价研究提供参考。     

农田氮磷流失特征及影响因素研究

农田氮磷流失是农业面源污染主要来源之一，对水体富营养化具有较强的风险，农田氮磷流失特征研究可以为农业面源污染的控制和治理等提供依据。本研究综述了农田氮磷的流失途径、形态、浓度和流失量研究，并分析了施肥、降雨、耕作方式、种植结构、农田排水口和田间沟渠等对农田氮磷流失的影响。现代农业新栽培方式、种养结合模式等对农田氮磷流失的影响还有待更加深入研究。     

农业面源污染的特性及防治对策

随着点源污染得到逐步的治理,农业面源污染问题已引起了人们的极大关注。概述了农业面源污染的特征、污染途径、污染比重和污染概况,以滇池和太湖为例,介绍农业面源污染成功的调查、监测和防治方法,对巢湖农业面源污染提出一些应对措施。     

农业面源污染评价研究

【研究目的】本文目的在于使用相对统一的指标体系来比较不同区市氮肥、磷肥以及禽畜养殖的农业面源污染负荷。【方法】利用2000-2006年青岛农业化肥使用、禽畜养殖、耕地面积等统计数据,【结果】建立了使用统计资料评价青岛地区氮磷和禽畜粪便面源污染的指数及其污染等级划分的方法。【结论】研究表明氮肥流失对农田环境的影响：平度、黄岛、崂山和市区处于四级水平（严重威胁）,城阳和胶州处于三级水平（构成威胁）。磷肥流失对农田环境的影响：黄岛处于四级水平（严重威胁）,胶州处于三级水平（构成威胁）。禽畜养殖对农田环境的影响：莱西、胶州、胶南、崂山处于四级水平（严重威胁）,即墨和平度处于三级水平（构成威胁）。     

滴灌棉田植株氮营养指数的高光谱诊断研究

【目的】通过研究滴灌棉田地上部植株的氮营养指数,探究建立基于氮营养指数的高光谱指数模型的可行性,为高光谱遥感在农田氮营养快速、准确诊断中的应用提供理论依据。【方法】2年试验,以新疆主栽的5个棉花品种为研究对象,在不同施肥处理条件下,探究氮营养指数和17种光谱指数之间的相关性,建立氮素营养诊断模型并进行验证。【结果】不同品种棉花滴灌条件下氮营养指数之间差异显著,杂交棉能更快地接近氮素营养水平的最佳状态;基于高光谱的氮营养指数多元回归模型中R~2最高的为鲁棉研24,达到0.8的高水平;经2年数据验证,鲁棉研24号建立的模型精度最高,R~2=0.868,均方根误差为0.059。【结论】建立基于氮营养指数的高光谱监测模型能够很好地监测植株氮素养分状况,大田模型精度R~2能达到0.5以上,本试验结果能够为今后农业养分诊断提供理论依据。     

不同遥感传感器监测森林虫害研究进展与展望

森林约占陆地面积的1/4,是全球生态系统重要组成部分。近年来害虫侵袭致使林木大量死亡,森林生态安全遭到破坏,亟需探寻一种简洁、高效的森林虫害监测方法。通过分析与总结国内外学者的研究,并查询相关书籍资料,对比多光谱、高光谱和微波等遥感传感器在森林虫害监测中的应用,对其优劣势进行分析。研究发现多光谱遥感空间分辨率高,但光谱分辨率较差,难以感知林木内部细微变化;高光谱遥感光谱分辨率高,可以感知林木内部细微变化,但其空间分辨率较低,且数据量大不易计算;微波遥感具有很强的穿透性,可进行全天候、全天时监测且不易受天气影响,但其空间分辨率低,难以获取林木光谱信息。未来应提高害虫区分能力、早期监测能力以及通过多源数据构建星空地协同的森林虫害遥感监测系统等发展趋势。为森林虫害遥感监测研究提供一种新思路。     

SWAT模型在巢湖流域农业面源污染研究中应用前景与方法

为阐述目前国内外农业面源污染的严重形势,在研究和学习国内外有关面源污染模型并结合巢湖流域具体的农业污染特点的基础之上,建立了基于GIS基础的SWAT模型,开创了巢湖流域农业面源污染研究的新阶段,同时为其巢湖流域规划和管理提供决策依据。     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Relation between wheat-rye crossability and seed set of common wheat after pollination with other species in the Hordeae

Summary Cultivars of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) of high wheat-rye (Secale cereale L.) crossability set more seed with pollen of other related species than did wheats of low wheat-rye crossability. This was found to be true for pollen parents from the genera Triticum, Aegilops, Secale, Agropyron and Elymus.     

Breeding apomictic bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge) with improved turf traits

The development of a turf‐type bahiagrass could have a remarkable impact on the billion‐dollar turf industry in the south‐eastern United States. The goals of this study were to (i) select bahiagrass genotypes with improved turf attributes and (ii) determine the reproductive mode and seed fertility of selected genotypes. The population included mutants, wild types, hybrids and standard cultivars evaluated at two locations for two years. Morphological variation was observed and clonal repeatability (H²) ranged from 0.27 to 0.90. Flowering was extremely reduced in some mutants, which also exhibited dark green colour, finer texture and reduced canopy height. Cytoembryological observations revealed that diploids reproduced sexually and tetraploids by obligate or facultative apomixis. Genotypes with superior seed fertility were identified, while others were comparable to the standard cultivars. While mutant plants exhibited great morphological variation, the random mutations did not affect their reproductive mode, validating the use of mutagenesis in apomictic species. The high H² indicated that selection for improved turf attributes could be successfully performed with the advantage of clonal seed propagation.     

Inheritance of fruit colour in a wild Russian red raspberry seedling

Summary A new gene, i, from a self-incompatible wild Russian Rubus idaeus seedling is described. The gene i interacts with the fruit colour gene T, Tii plants having apricot instead of red fruits, and spines, leaves and stems pigmented to varying degrees. A deficit of apricot-fruited seedlings in progenies segregating for i could be explained by linkage between i and the self-incompatibility S locus with a crossover value of approximately 26.7%.Segregations for spine colour in crosses and backcrosses of the Russian seedling with two green-spined (ttII) raspberries selected for their yellow fruit colour, showed that both the latter carried the spine colour intensifier gene P. This suggests that earlier authors were incorrect in attributing the apricot fruit colour developed by some tt plants to a pleiotropic effect of P.     

Flag Leaf Senescence, as Evaluated by Numerical Image Analysis, and its Relationship with Yield under Drought in Durum Wheat

Senescence was evaluated at different stages of the grain‐filling period in eight durum wheat varieties using numerical image analysis (NIA). The varieties were grown under early, severe drought conditions on the high plains of Sétif in Algeria. After flowering, three different irrigation treatments were applied. Treatment effect was small, while a genotypic effect was noted for most of the senescence parameters. Senescence correlated to biomass, while the maximal rate of senescence, V_smax, correlated to thousand‐kernel weight. The potential of the method of numerical image analysis for monitoring flag leaf senescence, detecting genotypic variability and selecting genotypes with delayed senescence is discussed.     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata): Genetics,genomics and breeding

Cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.), is an important grain legume grown in the tropics where it constitutes a valuable source of protein in the diets of millions of people. Some abiotic and biotic stresses adversely affect its productivity. A review of the genetics, genomics and breeding of cowpea is presented in this article. Cowpea breeding programmes have studied intensively qualitative and quantitative genetics of the crop to better enhance its improvement. A number of initiatives including Tropical Legumes projects have contributed to the development of cowpea genomic resources. Recent progress in the development of consensus genetic map containing 37,372 SNPs mapped to 3,280 bins will strengthen cowpea trait discovery pipeline. Several informative markers associated with quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to desirable attributes of cowpea were generated. Cowpea genetic improvement activities aim at the development of drought tolerant, phosphorus use efficient, bacterial blight and virus resistant lines through exploiting available genetic resources as well as deployment of modern breeding tools that will enhance genetic gain when grown by sub‐Saharan Africa farmers.     

Screening for resistance to take-all in wheat,triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines

Summary Fifteen triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines were evaluated for resistance to the take-all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and compared with five wheat and two rye lines in inoculated field and pot trials. The triticale and wheat-triticale hybrid lines varied in rye chromosome number and degree of resistance expressed. One line, Venus with seven pairs of rye chromosomes consistently showed levels of resistance intermediate between wheat and rye. A trend was observed where increasing rye chromosome content led to greater resistance but exceptions showed that variation within triticales could not be ascribed to rye chromosome content alone.     

Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum

Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.