古侧柏林土壤和植物营养元素含量与树势相关性研究

以北京市中山公园古侧柏为试验对象,对其生长地土壤和植物体内营养元素含量进行取样测定,分析了元素含量与树势的相关性。结果表明：不同长势古侧柏的树木其周边土壤的pH、水分含量、N、P、K、Ca和Mg的含量没有显著差异;古侧柏根系中除了休眠期的K含量在不同长势的古侧柏群体的差异达到显著外,其余大量营养元素含量没有显著差异;不同年龄的古侧柏叶片中Ca含量在生长期差异显著,其他大量元素和叶绿素及可溶性总糖的含量在生长期和休眠期差异均不显著。研究结果表明：使用古树的植物营养水平来表征古树的健康状况在目前有一定困难,古树的健康判断仍将长期依赖目视判断法。     

腐植酸提高食用型甘薯块根可溶性糖含量的生理基础

选用典型的食用型甘薯品种北京553,设置施用腐植酸和对照处理,于2008-2009年2个生长季在山东农业大学农学试验站进行试验。在甘薯块根膨大过程中定期取样,测定块根可溶性糖和淀粉含量及相关酶活性、功能叶蔗糖含量及相关酶活性变化。结果表明, 与对照比较,施用腐植酸显著提高了功能叶磷酸蔗糖合酶活性和蔗糖含量,生育期内平均增幅分别为30.90%和9.48%,显著降低了块根蔗糖合酶活性,平均降幅为11.04%,促进了蔗糖、果聚糖等在块根中的积累;同时,施用腐植酸还显著提高了块根中淀粉酶活性,α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶平均增幅分别为11.33%、15.70%,促进了后期葡萄糖、果糖等在块根中的积累。在甘薯收获期,块根可溶性总糖含量提高了15.49%、淀粉含量降低了3.56%。总之,施用腐植酸能够增加块根中蔗糖的供应量、抑制可溶性糖向淀粉转化、促进淀粉水解,这些是提高块根可溶性总糖含量的生理基础。     

外源添加物对丹参中Cd积累量的影响

Cd作为具有潜在毒害作用重金属污染物之一,易在丹参根部积累使得其药用安全性大大降低。有研究表明水杨酸、脱落酸和锌能够有效改善部分植物Cd胁迫影响,降低Cd积累量。为进一步探明降Cd效果,通过人工模拟的Cd污染土壤,分别添加不同浓度的水杨酸、脱落酸和硫酸锌3种物质,30d后测定根部Cd含量,探究丹参在不同Cd浓度和处理时间下根部的Cd积累特性,研究水杨酸、脱落酸和硫酸锌对丹参Cd积累的影响。结果表明,随着土壤中Cd浓度的上升,根部Cd积累量显著上升;水杨酸和低浓度的脱落酸处理不会引起根部Cd含量的变化;高浓度的脱落酸反而增加了植株根部Cd含量,锌降低了植株根部Cd含量。     

淀粉型甘薯品种直链淀粉含量、糊化特性和乙醇发酵特性的关系

以15个淀粉型甘薯品种为试验材料,测定其直链淀粉含量、糊化特性和乙醇发酵特性,并分析它们之间的差异和相互关系。结果表明,不同甘薯品种的干物率、淀粉含量和直链淀粉含量(AC)均存在较大差异,相关分析表明,AC与干物率、淀粉含量之间呈极显著正相关;不同品种甘薯的糊化特性之间存在一定差异,但RVA谱特征值之间关系密切;不同甘薯品种的乙醇发酵特性之间也存在较大差异,乙醇含量与发酵强度之间呈极显著正相关。进一步分析表明,AC与RVA各特征值之间相关性不显著,而干物率、淀粉含量与糊化温度(PT)均呈极显著正相关(相关系数分别为r=0.661, P<0.01; r=0.670, P<0.01);AC与乙醇含量、发酵强度之间有显著正相关关系(相关系数分别为r=0.653, P<0.01; r=0.698, P<0.01),但与发酵效率、发酵黏度的相关性不显著;发酵黏度与崩解值(BDV)呈显著负相关(r= –0.563, P<0.05),与消减值(SBV)显著正相关(r=0.639, P<0.05),而乙醇含量、发酵效率和发酵强度与淀粉RVA各特征值之间的相关性均不显著。聚类分析将15个品种分为3大类,第I类品种AC和BDV均较高,第II类品种的AC最高、BDV最低,而第III类品种AC最低、BDV最高。甘薯的AC和BDV可以作为评价甘薯乙醇发酵特性的指标,同时较高AC和BDV值应是燃料乙醇专用甘薯品种的选育方向。     

四种芽孢杆菌菌剂对甘薯不同时期产量及品质的影响

为探讨不同类型芽孢杆菌菌剂对甘薯产量和品质的影响，以苏薯16为试验材料进行田间小区试验，设置4种芽孢杆菌菌剂和对照（CK）处理，研究芽孢杆菌菌剂对甘薯不同时期产量及品质的影响。结果表明，在常规施肥基础上，施加4种不同类型芽孢杆菌菌剂均能增加甘薯产量和品质。在移栽后142d，枯草芽孢杆菌处理下甘薯的增产幅度最大，4种芽孢杆菌菌剂处理相比CK处理增产幅度为4.6%～25.4%；在整个生长期，甘薯淀粉积累量呈先增加后减少的趋势，在移栽后113d淀粉积累量达到最大值，4种菌剂处理相比CK处理增幅为2.9%～16.4%，增幅最大的是甲基营养型芽孢杆菌；甘薯可溶性糖积累量呈先减少后增加变化趋势，并在移栽后142d达到最大值，4种菌剂处理相比CK处理增幅为3.2%～34.2%，其中解淀粉芽孢杆菌处理最显著。甘薯胡萝卜素积累量与粗蛋白含量变化趋势基本一致，均呈先增后减的变化，并在移栽后90d达到最大值，在移栽后142d其增幅分别为6.1%～29.5%和2.8%～14.5%，其中解淀粉芽孢杆菌处理最显著。通过主成分分析综合评价得出，施加解淀粉芽孢杆菌对甘薯产量及品质的促进效果最佳。     

甘薯淀粉含量的QTL定位

本研究以高淀粉甘薯品种漯徐薯8号(母本)和低淀粉甘薯品种郑薯20(父本)杂交得到的F1分离群体,选择其中240个单株为材料,以该群体所构建的分子连锁图谱为基础,以2008年和2009年所测定的淀粉含量为指标,采用复合区间作图法并利用QTLMapper2.0软件分析了甘薯淀粉含量的QTL。实验结果表明,检测到了1个主效位点,位于父本郑薯20的Z31连锁群上a02b40.02ds**和a08b37.03fs*两个标记之间,QTL的加性效应为-0.73,解释表型变异的7.70%。定位甘薯淀粉含量相关的QTL,将为发掘与淀粉含量相关的基因奠定基础。     

水稻籽粒非结构性碳水化合物及充实的氮素调控

为了提高籽粒充实度和改善稻米品质,以籼、粳水稻品种为材料,研究不同氮素穗肥施用量对水稻强、弱势粒中可溶性糖积累和直链淀粉含量的影响,探讨淀粉直/支比与籽粒充实度的关系。结果表明,强、弱势粒中可溶性糖含量随着生育进程均呈“L”型变化趋势,弱势粒明显高于强势粒;不同处理间均随着氮素穗肥施用量的增加,籽粒中可溶性糖含量呈增加趋势,这说明随着施氮量的增加水稻籽粒淀粉合成能力趋于减弱。直链淀粉含量在整个籽粒灌浆期基本呈上升趋势,不同氮素处理间均随着施氮量的增加,直链淀粉含量基本上呈下降趋势,成熟期直链淀粉平均含量表现为籼稻高于粳稻。淀粉直/支比在整个籽粒灌浆期内呈上升趋势,强、弱势粒淀粉直/支比峰值出现的时间不同,表现为弱势粒滞后于强势粒。相关分析表明,强、弱势粒直/支比与其籽粒充实度呈显著或极显著的直线正相关关系,说明提高淀粉直/支比可以提高籽粒充实度。     

根际低氧胁迫对番茄植株叶片和果实碳水化合物代谢的影响

通过根际低氧胁迫对番茄植株叶片和果实碳水化合物代谢的影响研究。结果表明,与对照(21%O2)相比,5%和10%低氧处理30d开始,均显著降低植株的株高和茎粗,且抑制作用随着时间的延长表现越显著。低氧处理植株叶片果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和淀粉的含量均高于对照,而对照果实中可溶性总糖积累显著高于低氧处理。5%低氧处理果实中淀粉的含量显著大于10%低氧处理,二者均显著大于对照。根际低氧处理显著影响了果实的发育。     

播期对小麦品种藁城8901籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性及淀粉组分积累的影响

通过测定旗叶和籽粒中磷酸蔗糖合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)、AGP焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、UGP焦磷酸化酶(UPGase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和束缚态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)的活性,以及蔗糖含量,研究了播种期对藁城8901蔗糖代谢和淀粉合成相关酶活性变化及淀粉组分积累的影响。结果表明,早播和晚播均可降低籽粒直链淀粉积累量,但其支链淀粉积累量随播期的推迟逐渐升高;直链淀粉和支链淀粉积累的最适平均日照时数分别为9.06和11.07 h;支链淀粉积累的最佳日均气温为22.75℃,而直链淀粉积累对温度的适应范围较宽,日均气温在17~25℃之间时,直链淀粉含量与日均气温呈正相关关系。推迟播期使旗叶SPS和SS活性升高,而旗叶蔗糖积累量、籽粒SS、SPS活性和蔗糖积累量均显著降低;籽粒AGPase、SSS活性和支链淀粉积累量明显升高;而UGPase、花后14 d的GBSS活性和直链淀粉积累量显著降低。表明在小麦植株体内存在淀粉积累对蔗糖代谢的反馈调节作用,它主要是通过降低籽粒SPS活性而不是SS活性来实现的。由SS催化的蔗糖降解不是提供小麦籽粒淀粉积累所需底物的惟一途径。在小麦籽粒淀粉合成过程中,AGPase、SSS、UGPase和GBSS均起着重要的调节作用。植株本身可通过反馈抑制籽粒UGPase和某一时期的GBSS活性来调节籽粒中蔗糖向淀粉的转化以及淀粉组分的积累,以维持体内合理的直/支比例。     

不同氮水平下多效唑对食用型甘薯光合和淀粉积累的影响

在大田条件下,以北京553为试验材料,设置施低氮(N 120 kg hm^–2)和施高氮(N 240 kg hm^–2) 2个处理,每个处理下设置3个多效唑喷施浓度,研究不同施氮水平下喷施多效唑对食用甘薯光合特性和块根淀粉积累的影响。结果表明, 增施氮肥能够提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,但减少干物质在块根中的分配率,降低块根淀粉积累速率,显著降低了单薯重、淀粉产量和鲜薯产量,降幅分别为8.0%、30.7%和20.5%;喷施多效唑可以提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,促进碳水化合物向块根的运转,提高干物质在块根中的分配,提高淀粉积累速率,显著增加单薯重、淀粉产量和鲜薯产量,平均增幅分别为18.6%、32.5%和46.1%。说明在高氮条件下喷施多效唑对甘薯块根淀粉积累和产量的提高具有明显的调节作用。     

The effect of germination temperature on seed dormancy in Croatian-grown winter wheats

The expression of seed dormancy related to germination temperature was studied in 25 wheat genotypes grown in the field at two locations near Zagreb and ?upanja in Croatia during 2008/2009 growing season. Germination tests were conducted at 15, 20 and 25?°C at harvest maturity (Time 1) as well as after 10?days (Time 2) and 15?months (Time 3) of seed after-ripening at room temperature, respectively. Significant (P?<?0.05) differences among locations (L), temperatures (T) and genotypes (G) as well as significant L?×?T, G?×?L, G?×?T and G?×?L?×?T interactions were observed for weighted germination index (WGI) at both Time 1 and Time 2. At Time 3 significant differences among genotypes for germination percentage were found only at the early stages of germination. The 25 wheat genotypes responded with decreasing WGI mean values (increasing dormancy) as temperature changed from 15 to 25?°C. The rate of dormancy increase with higher germination temperature varied among genotypes. Some genotypes, having similar values of WGI at 15?°C, significantly differed from each other at 25?°C and vice versa. This indicates that the range of germination temperatures included in the present study is useful when testing genotypes for their temperature-dependent dormancy potential. The number of genotypes with WGI values significantly different from the mean, as a measure of the power of germination test to detect differences in dormancy level among genotypes, as well as heritability estimates for WGIs were the highest at Time 1 for 15?°C and at Time 2 for 20?°C.     

基于作物模型的冬小麦气候适宜度算法研究

为了定量分析气象条件对作物生长的综合影响,利用WOFOST作物生长模型分析冬小麦各生育期的气候适宜度。通过对华北地区3个代表站点2007—2009年生长季的冬小麦进行生长模拟,并选取2007—2008年生长季的模拟结果作为标准,以其他年份同一生育期的生物量与标准的比值作为该生育期的气候适宜度,并与统计方法的结果进行对比。结果表明,用作物模型计算得到的适宜度与产量之间呈现出较好的正相关性,决定系数为0.603,且通过了0.05置信水平检验,可用该方法对冬小麦气候适宜度进行估算。     

耕作方式对小麦开花后旗叶水势与叶绿素荧光参数日变化和水分利用效率的影响

2007-2009年小麦生长季, 以高产小麦品种济麦22为试验材料, 利用测墒补灌技术确定灌水量, 研究高肥力条件下条旋耕、深松+条旋耕、旋耕、深松+旋耕和翻耕5种耕作方式对土壤含水量、小麦开花至成熟阶段耗水量及其水分来源、旗叶水势和叶绿素荧光参数日变化、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明, 深松+条旋耕和深松+旋耕处理成熟期60~200 cm各土层的土壤含水量均低于其他处理, 表明深松促进了小麦对深层土壤贮水的吸收。深松+条旋耕处理开花至成熟阶段的土壤贮水消耗量及其占阶段耗水量的比例最高, 其降水量和灌水量占阶段耗水量的比例最低。深松+条旋耕处理在6:00~18:00的旗叶水势、8:00~14:00的旗叶最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII)均高于条旋耕处理, 表明深松有利于小麦旗叶在灌浆中后期保持较高的生理活性, 深松+旋耕和旋耕处理间的规律与其一致。深松+条旋耕处理在2个生长季的籽粒产量分别为9 516.48和8 957.92 kg hm⁻², 与深松+旋耕处理无显著差异, 翻耕处理次之, 条旋耕和旋耕处理低于上述处理。深松+条旋耕处理的水分利用效率最高, 深松+旋耕处理次之, 条旋耕和旋耕处理低于翻耕处理。本试验条件下, 深松+条旋耕是兼顾高产节水高效的耕作方式。     

The effect of genotype,location and season on cassava starch extraction

When cassava is harvested too early, it often leads to reduction in yield, while delayed harvest leads to development of woody and fibrous tuberous roots, and reduction in starch content. The optimum harvest time is not known. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of genotype, location and season on starch extraction in order to find an optimum harvest regime for cassava, and to find the best parameter for monitoring starch levels in cassava tuberous roots. Results showed that genotypic effect was large for starch weight, starch extraction rate on fresh weight basis, and root dry matter content. This suggested that high starch weights could be realised by selection of suitable varieties for starch extraction. It was found that cassava harvesting and starch extractions should be done between October and November since the highest starch extraction rates were achieved during that period, and drying of the extracted starch using the open air method was fast and convenient. The results also suggested that starch levels can efficiently be monitored using starch extraction rate on fresh root weight basis. Starch content on fresh root basis and root dry matter content can also be used to determine the optimum time to harvest cassava for starch extraction but were inferior to starch extraction on fresh root weight basis.     

Genetic variation for secondary seed dormancy and seed longevity in a set of black‐seeded European winter oilseed rape cultivars

Secondary seed dormancy in oilseed rape is a phenomenon that allows seeds to survive in the soil for many years without germination. Following soil cultivation, dormant seeds may germinate in subsequent years, and they are the main reason for the occurrence of volunteer oilseed rape plants in successive crops. Inheritance of secondary dormancy may be related to seed longevity (SL) in the soil. Genetic reduction in secondary dormancy and SL could provide a mean to reduce the frequency of volunteer plants and especially the dispersal of transgenic oilseed rape. The aim of the present study was to analyse secondary dormancy, germination rate and SL of 28 black‐seeded winter oilseed rape cultivars using in vitro laboratory tests. The material was tested in field experiments at six different locations in Germany in 2008/2009. Significant effects of the genotype and the location on all traits were found. Heritability was high for secondary dormancy (0.97) and moderate for germination rate (0.70) and SL (0.71). Results indicate that a selection for low secondary dormancy would be effective.     

不同覆膜方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分和产量的影响

为探讨黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下覆膜种植冬麦田土壤水分动态特征和增产效果,在2008—2009和2009—2010年生长季,以露地种植为对照(CK),研究了3种覆膜方式(全膜覆土穴播、全膜穴播、垄膜沟播)对冬小麦农田土壤水分、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,孕穗前期覆膜处理0~200 cm平均土壤含水量在2个生长季分别较CK高2.3%和1.7%,而在孕穗期至成熟期分别较CK低14.7%和7.6%。地膜覆盖可显著改善0~20 cm土壤墒情,但拔节后20~90 cm土层以及全生育期90~200 cm土层含水量普遍低于CK;2个生长季收获期0~200 cm平均土壤含水量覆膜处理较CK分别低64.7 mm和47.0 mm。在2个生长季中,覆膜处理平均耗水量分别较CK多64.6 mm和77.2 mm。2个生长季夏季休闲后,覆膜处理在秋播时0~200 cm的土壤含水量分别比CK高29.8 mm和22.8 mm,显然,覆膜有利于土壤水分的快速恢复。2个生长季覆膜处理的平均产量分别较CK高49.4%和53.2%,水分利用效率分别提高11.8%和14.3%。在3种覆膜处理中,虽然全膜穴播的产量和水分利用效率最高,但从劳动力和生产资料的投入同产出效益角度考虑,则以全膜覆土穴播最优。因此认为,全膜覆土穴播是一种高产高效、操作简单、适宜于半干旱区推广应用的冬小麦种植方式。     

生长秀节对糯玉米淀粉晶体结构和糊化特性的影响

以8个糯玉米品种为材料,利用X-射线衍射仪(X-Ray)和快速黏度分析仪(RVA)分析了淀粉在春季和秋季的晶体结构和糊化特性。结果表明,生长季节不影响淀粉的结晶类型,供试糯玉米淀粉样品的X-射线衍射图谱均表现出典型的“A”型衍射特征。然而,淀粉的晶体结构和糊化特性在生长季节间存在显著差异。和春季糯玉米淀粉相比,秋季糯玉米淀粉具有较高的结晶度、尖峰强度、峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度和崩解值。糯玉米淀粉的回复值较低,且秋季糯玉米淀粉显著低于春季糯玉米淀粉。淀粉的结晶度、尖峰强度和糊化特征值存在显著的基因型差异。相关分析表明,结晶度和各尖峰强度呈两两显著正相关。结晶度和峰值黏度、崩解值极显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.72和0.85),和谷值黏度、糊化温度显著正相关(相关系数分别为0.52和0.55),和回复值显著负相关(相关系数-0.49)。糯玉米淀粉糊化特性在不同生长季节中的变化主要由淀粉晶体结构(结晶度和尖峰强度)变化所致。     

Residual effects of pig slurry and mineral nitrogen fertilizer on irrigated wheat

Field experiments conducted in 2007/08 and 2008/09 at the Changwu Agricultural Research Station on the Loess Plateau of China comprised three seeding rates (SR1: 225 seeds m⁻², SR2: 280 seeds m⁻², and SR3: 340 seeds m⁻²) and two root pruning treatments (W: root pruning in the over-wintering period and S: root pruning at the spring-growth stage), with the un-pruned wheat plants as controls. In the severe drought toward the end of the growing season of 2008, grain yield decreased as the seeding rate increased, but under the more favorable conditions in 2009 the reverse was true. Averaged over the seeding rates, grain yield was significantly increased in both W and S in both years; grain yield and yield components were higher in W; and S recorded the highest water use efficiency. The interaction between seeding rate and root pruning was not statistically significant. Leaf area index (LAI) and tiller density were higher as seeding rates increased whereas in W and S, increased LAI and decreased tillers significantly, but had no effect on fertile tillers. The rate of leaf photosynthesis was lower and root respiration was significantly higher at higher seeding rates, whereas in root pruning treatments, significantly higher leaf photosynthetic rate and lower root respiration were observed. Soil water contents were lower as seeding rate increased. A significant decrease in water use before stem elongation was observed in W, while S consumed less soil water than W and the control over the whole growing season. Post-heading accumulation of dry matter and its remobilization from vegetative parts to the grain was significantly greater at higher seeding rates. Post-heading accumulations of dry matter and grain yield were also significantly greater in W and S than the un-pruned plants, although pruning reduced both dry matter remobilization and its contribution to grain yield. The possibility of reducing the proliferation of roots to increase yields at higher seeding rates and conserving the soil water at different growing stages in water-limited environments is discussed.     

不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种吸水规律研究

以地下根系生长、地上生物量和土壤含水量之间的关系为对象,研究了8个不同秋眠级数苜蓿品种的吸水规律。结果表明:休眠和半休眠苜蓿品种的时空变化特征表现出一致性;随着生长年限的增加,土壤含水量呈递减趋势;年刈割3茬,地上生物量与苜蓿耗水量密切相关,呈“V”字型分布;生育期内,分枝期历时最长、耗水最多,开花期耗水速率最快;3年内,苜蓿根系主要分布在60 cm土层,侧根主要发生于0~40 cm层,60 cm层下无侧根发生。根系主要依靠侧根在120 cm土层内吸收土壤水分。     

近50年青海高原生长季日照时数的变化特征

为了了解近50年青海高原生长季日照时数的分布规律和变化趋势及其变化原因,选用青海高原43个气象站的基本气象数据,分析整个区域和4个生态功能区生长季日照时数在过去50年中的变化趋势和变化成因。结果表明：青海高原整个区域和柴达木盆地生长季日照时数呈显著减少趋势,其他3个生态功能区变化趋势不明显。空间分布为从西北部向东南部逐渐减小。变化趋势存在较大的空间差异性。整个区域和柴达木盆地日照时数突变时间分别为2004年和1999年,环青海湖地区、东部农业区和三江源地区在2006—2008年之间发生突变。影响青海高原整个区域和生态功能区生长季日照时数的主要因子是云量,而次要因子表现略有不同。生长季日照时数的分布随着经度和海拔高度的增加而减少,随着纬度的增加而增加,经度的影响最大。