烟草赤星病抗病性鉴定方法研究进展

现阶段有代表性的烟草赤星病抗病性鉴定方法主要有大田人工病圃鉴定法、离体叶片鉴定法和赤星病菌毒素抗性鉴定法等,本文对这几种鉴定方法的优缺点进行了分析,并在此基础上结合其它作物品种的抗病性鉴定方法提出了一些新的设想。     

用小麦离体叶段鉴定抗白粉病性的方法

本文对小麦离体叶段鉴定抗白粉病性的方法以及不同浓度的保绿剂和每日光照时间对小麦叶段保绿和白粉病发生的影响进行了研究。总结研究结果，最适鉴定方法和培养条件为：小麦叶片展开后剪成２ｃｍ长叶段，叶面朝上摆放在培养皿中内加有５０ｍｇ／Ｌ莱骈咪唑作保绿剂的０．５％琼脂表面，接种白粉菌后放入光照培养箱内（光强２０００ｌｘ，温度１８℃），每日光照１２ｈ，待感病品种充分发病后即可调查结果。     

马铃薯种质资源室内接种晚疫病的抗性鉴定

为了获得具有抗马铃薯晚疫病的品种,本研究以100份马铃薯种质资源为试材,采用室内离体叶片接种法和室内成株接种法进行晚疫病抗性评价,用高感品种Favorita接种后的症状为对照。室内离体接种鉴定结果为:‘CIP09-2’、‘CIP09-13’、‘DR-6’、‘DR-9’、‘花云’、‘R1R3’、‘云薯501’、‘R2’、‘BE13-3’等9份材料表现为高抗,占供试材料的9%;其它的15份表现中抗、44份表现抗病、23份表现感病和9份表现高感。欧氏距离类平均法聚类分析表明,聚为抗性品种的种质最多,其来源与马铃薯晚疫病的抗性没有太大关系。本研究对其中4份材料进行室内成株接种,结果表明:‘青薯10号’的抗病性高于离体叶片接种的抗性,为高抗品种;‘青薯9号’、‘2017ch-6’和‘费乌瑞它’抗性表现与离体叶片接种抗性鉴定结果一致。本研究发现所有供试马铃薯种质资源的抗性材料较丰富,可为抗病育种提供优质的亲本材料。     

菊花单叶扦插快速生根法

菊花常采用扦插法繁殖,主要是枝插和茎段插,叶插较少采用。笔者经过多次在花盆内试验,用带一短茎的单叶扦插,效果极好。在2月底至3月初,当大气温度在12—14℃以上时就可采用这     

马铃薯不同品种(系)对晚疫病抗性鉴定

为了确定不同马铃薯品种对晚疫病的抗性水平,采用离体叶片接种的方法对24份不同马铃薯品种的抗性进行了鉴定。鉴定结果表明,在供试马铃薯品种(品系)中,高抗品种1份;抗病品种3份;中抗品种9份;感病品种7份;高感品种4份。     

华佳8号葡萄的离体繁殖技术

葡萄(Vitis vinifera)是一种容易扦插成活的果树，常规扦插繁殖是经济有效的，组织培养技术难以与之竞争。但是长期的扦插繁殖，葡萄品种退化严重，尤其在多雨地区易受病虫感染，严重影响葡萄生产。但组织培养技术可用于新品种的快速繁殖，降低繁殖成本，在葡萄品种的更新上有很大意义。国内外已有利用茎段、叶片、茎尖和花药等组织和器官为材料进行离体培养获得愈伤组织和芽苗的成功经验，但不同品种之间存在着很大的差异。     

马铃薯种质资源的晚疫病抗性评价

为了获得具有晚疫病广谱抗性的马铃薯品种,了解来自国内外不同种质资源的晚疫病抗性。本研究以感病品种Favorita为对照,通过多重接种试验,对75份马铃薯种质资源进行了晚疫病抗性的评价。试验结果如下:通过叶片离体接种法,以接菌5 d后的Favorita感病对照叶片病症明显为标准,鉴定出12份表现为抗性的种质资源,其中2-2、GS393和加湘1号表现为免疫。通过进一步的室内活体接种,发现加湘1号和2-2仍具有良好的抗性,并且加湘1号的抗性比2-2更好。本研究为晚疫病育种策略制定提供了理论指导。     

龟背竹的扦插繁殖

龟背竹的扦插说白了就是埋栽茎段。首先将母株上的茎杆截取下来,保留下面3—4节茎基,让它们节部的隐芽萌发,截茎后不久即可抽生出2根新茎,继续生长(图1)。截下来的茎杆首先按2—3节一段用锋利的菜刀自节间切开,(勿伤害节部新月形的叶痕)。扦插时以下三种方法均可。 1.带顶叶埋茎法:龟背竹的茎杆上没有顶芽和腋芽。在上部茎杆叶片的叶柄内孕育着新叶的原始体,     

纽荷尔脐橙成年态节间茎段遗传转化研究

建立柑橘成年态节间茎段的离体再生和遗传转化系统是实现柑橘转基因育种实用化的前提基础。本试验以纽荷尔脐橙成年态节间茎段为试材,初步建立了脐橙成年态节间茎段的离体再生和遗传转化系统。结果表明采用改良的预处理灭菌法对成年态茎段进行消毒处理,污染率明显降低。节间茎段在MS＋3mg／L6-BA的培养基上,不定芽再生率较高。采用根癌农杆菌介导法将外源抗真菌病基因chit42导入其中,抗性芽通过二次嫁接后获得再生植株,PCR检测4株抗性植株中有2株扩增出该特异性条带,RT-PCR分析进一步确认外源基因chit42能够在转基因植株的基因组中表达。     

木薯抗细菌性枯萎病鉴定技术初报

对各种抗性鉴定接种方法进行比较,结果表明:木薯抗细菌性枯萎病鉴定接种细菌悬浮液适宜浓度为3×107~3×108cfu/mL;抗性鉴定初筛宜采用改良针刺法或剪叶法,而复筛阶段宜用普通针刺法,其他接种方法难以区别品种的抗感反应;接种部位以叶片为宜。     

Comparison of evaluation methods for selection of resistance to Fusarium head blight in a recurrent selection programme in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The objectives of this study were to compare efficiency of evaluation for resistance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) under two inoculation methods in a recurrent selection programme. Fifty selected homozygous F₅ fertile lines, from each of five cycles (C0, C1, C2, C3 and C4) of recurrent selection, and two control cultivars were evaluated in a split-plot design in 1995 and 1996 under the soil-surface inoculation with Fusarium graminearum-colonized kernels and the single-floret inoculation with ascospore suspension. Comparison of the two inoculation methods using means, ranges, coefficients of variation, heritabilities and correlations among infected spikelet rate (ISR), reaction index (RI) and disease index (DI) indicated that FHB resistance could be evaluated with similar accuracy and precision using either of the two inoculation methods. Regressions of disease scores in the soil-surface inoculation on disease scores in the single-surface inoculation were positive and highly significant, showing a strong relationship between both inoculation methods for FHB resistance. The percentage of lines with similar performance for FHB disease scores in both inoculation methods was high. The soil-surface inoculation and single-floret inoculation appear to be useful techniques for evaluating numerous individuals of segregating population and screening advanced homozygous lines for FHB resistance in a recurrent selection programme in wheat, respectively.     

青麻叶大白菜根肿病人工接种方法及条件研究

为辅助青麻叶大白菜的抗病育种研究,以青麻叶大白菜秋绿60种子为试验材料,比较了5种接种方法(菌土法、密封菌土法、蘸根法、注射法、浸种法)不同土壤p H值、菌液浓度、光照及根系分泌物等接种条件对人工接种效果的影响。结果发现,菌土法与其他接种方法相比效果更好、更稳定,浸种法效果最差。在土壤p H值为酸性时更易发病,且p H值达到6.5时,病情指数最高;每g土接种0.050 g病根是最适宜的接种浓度;光照对病害的发生有促进作用;番茄和抗、感根肿病的白菜根系分泌物均能促进病害的发生。因此,在青麻叶大白菜的人工接种试验中可采用以上最佳接种方法及条件提高接种效果。     

小白菜根肿病的接种方法及条件研究

十字花科作物根肿病是一种重要的世界性植物土传病害,该病引起的损失占世界十字花科作物总量的10%以上。探索病害的最佳接种方法是开展相关或同类研究的重要基础。试验比较了5种根肿病的人工接种方法,并探索了种子预浸、病原菌浓度和土壤pH等接种条件对接种效果的影响。结果表明,密封菌土法优于菌土法,而浸种加密封菌土法的接种效果最为显著。对比不同接种条件的试验结果得知,无菌水预浸种1天破胸后再进行接种处理会降低接种效果;用于接种处理的根肿病菌浓度越高,发病的效果越明显;而土壤条件为酸性时更利于根肿病的发生。     

不同品种及有关外因对水稻纹枯病抗性的影响

选择9个具不同纹枯病抗性的水稻品种，采用3个纹枯病菌株和2种接种方法，在2个生长季进行水稻品种纹枯病抗性的综合评价。结果表明，生长季、接种方法和菌株极显著地影响水稻品种对纹枯病的抗性反应，其中，以生长季因子的效应最大。不同接种方法对水稻纹枯病发病程度的影响因生长季的不同有所变化。不同品种在同一生长季、接     

枯草芽孢杆菌TR21在香蕉体内及根际的定殖动态

通过浓度梯度诱导法,获得了抗链霉素300 μg/ml、菌落形态及对香蕉枯萎病菌拮抗活性保持不变的枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）TR21标记菌株,并采用伤根、灌根和叶腋接种法,研究了其在香蕉体内及根际的定殖情况。结果表明,采用伤根和灌根法接种,标记菌株均能够在香蕉体内定殖和传导,伤根接种定殖总量最大,接种后1 d,球茎中菌量达3.33×106 cfu?g-1,且标记菌株在香蕉根表和根际土壤中也显示出很好的定殖能力,接种后15 d,根表菌量分别为6.18×103 cfu?g-1、5.53×103 cfu?g-1,根际土壤中菌量分别为1.13×104 cfu?g-1、1.04×104 cfu?g-1;2种接种方法中,标记菌株在香蕉体内及根际的定殖动态总体呈下降趋势。采用叶腋法接种,标记菌株仅能在叶片中定殖,其定殖动态表现为“由升到降”趋势。     

Optimization of an Inoculation Method for Cotton Alternaria Leaf Spot

[Objective] Cotton Alternaria leaf spot disease causes serious damage during cotton production. The aim of this study was the optimization of an inoculation method for cotton Alternaria leaf spot. [Method] An Alternaria alternata spore suspension was used as the inoculum. Three inoculation methods were tested and compared: smearing with spores plus retaining moisture using a sealed plastic bag; smearing with spores plus retaining moisture by intermittently spraying with water; and spraying spores plus retaining moisture by intermittently spraying with water. [Result] Inoculated cotton leaves were most readily infected by smearing with spores plus intermittently spraying with water. This inoculation method was effective for distinguishing resistant cotton cultivars from susceptible ones, but often caused nonuniform disease lesions on cotton leaves; thus, the incidence of diseased leaves was random and somewhat nonuniform. Spraying spores plus retaining moisture by intermittently spraying with water led to a relatively longer disease pathogenesis and slower disease progression; however, the incidence of diseased leaves was relatively consistent and uniform, thus providing repeatable inoculation experimental conditions compared with the other two inoculation methods. [Conclusion] Spraying spores plus retaining moisture by intermittently spraying with water is a suitable inoculation method for studying cotton resistance to Alternaria leaf spot.     

内生细菌TY-6对樱桃采后灰霉病菌的抑菌效果和定殖特性研究

为明确内生细菌对樱桃采后灰霉病菌的抑菌活性和定殖特性,本研究采用研磨法对樱桃果实内生细菌进行分离,并采用平板对峙法、针刺接种法、利福平抗性标记法和分子生物学手段对其离体抑菌活性、活体伤口定殖特性和系统发育树进行研究。结果表明,樱桃内生细菌TY-6对灰霉病菌具有良好抑菌活性,离体和活体抑菌效果分别为89.08%和79.18%,且在20℃和0℃下均可在樱桃果实伤口处稳定定殖,形成保护,稳定定殖后伤口处菌株数量分别为2.22×105CFU/g和1.15×105CFU/g;拮抗细菌TY-6经16S rRNA序列鉴定为Bacillus tequilensis。因此,拮抗细菌TY-6对樱桃采后灰霉病的防治具有良好的效果,可为樱桃采后病害微生物防治提供参考依据。     

Study on Different Grapevine Resistances to Plasmopora viticola

利用7个酒葡萄品种对霜霉病抗性进行了鉴定,并研究了不同感病性酒葡萄品种霜霉病的发生情况及霞多丽品种叶片内三项生化指标的变化。结果表明,在供试品种中,没有对霜霉病完全免疫的酒葡萄品种,但不同酒葡萄品种间抗性存在着显著的差异。其中,贝特和SV6059属低感品种,感病较重的品种有霞多丽、伏罗西,而华北264、夏夫拉尼、品丽珠感病性中等。随着发病程度逐渐加重,葡萄叶片内可溶性蛋白质、可溶性糖含量逐渐下降,而超氧化物歧化酶活性则呈上升趋势。     

Assessment of quantitative resistance of rice cultivars to Xanthomonas campestris pv. Oryzae: a comparison of inoculation methods

Summary Lesion size and lesion number were measured on cultivars of rice inoculated by clipping or spraying with virulent isolates of Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae. Mean percentage diseased leaf area (%DLA) gave a similar ranking for the two inoculation methods but differences in lesion size among cultivars were much more evident after clip than after spray inoculation. Correlation between the methods was high (r=0.82^**), but some cultivars responded differently with the two techniques. Cultivars which had low scores following spray inoculation showed low disease progress during the first nine weeks after transplanting into a screen-house experiment. Assessment after clip inoculation measures resistance due to spread of bacteria within the leaf xylem system, an important component of quantitative resistance. Assessment after spray inoculation measures all resistance, including resistance to entrance of bacteria into the leaf. In order to select rice entries with improved quantitative resistance to X. c. oryzae based on both components, a screening based on lesion length after clip inoculation, followed by a test for lesion number after spray inoculation, is advised.