Intensification of an irrigated rice system in Senegal: Crop rotations,climate risks,sowing dates and varietal adaptation options

Feeding the future world population requires increased crop production. Here, we investigate the intensification option of increasing production by increasing cropping intensity and choice of varieties with different crop duration. We developed a model to generate, compare and visualise opportunities for single/double/triple cropping systems consisting of irrigated rice and optionally a vegetable. The model was applied in a case study in the Senegal River valley. Results showed that with appropriate choice of sowing dates, severe cold sterility in rice can be avoided, also in rice–rice crop rotations. At optimal sowing dates, simulated total long term average potential yields of single, double and triple cropping yields were 10.3, 19.0 and 18.9 t/ha respectively (total of 1,2 and 3 yields). With a hypothetical completely cold tolerant variety, yields could increase to 11.2, 20.2 and 20.9 respectively. Simulated Triple crop yields are hardly any higher than those of a double crop with two medium duration varieties. Delay in sowing due to late availability of resources (machinery, irrigation water allocation within a scheme, credits for pump fuel) is a known problem in the region. Therefore we also simulated how much delay was possible (width of the sowing windows) whilst still allowing for double cropping. We found enough delay was possible to allow for a rice–rice or a rice-vegetable crop. A rice-rice-vegetable triple cropping system would only be possible without delays and with a very short duration vegetable of 2 months. Most promising options to increase production are through shifting the sowing date to facilitate double cropping, adoption of medium duration varieties and breeding for cold tolerant varieties.     

气候变暖情况下广东水稻最适播种期初探

为了初步确定在气候变暖情况下广东水稻的最适播种期,通过采用早晚两季分期播种分期移栽的方法,研究了不同播栽期对水稻生育期和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明：不同播种期和季别对各品种生育期影响较大,早播种生育期延长,且早季比晚季的更加明显;‘天优998’和‘玉香油占’早季3月15日播种的实际产量最高,分别为7.450 t/hm2和7.442 t/hm2,而‘天优428’在3月10日播种的实际产量最高为5.975 t/hm2;晚季中,7月16日播种的‘天优998’和‘天优428’实际产量最高分别为8.477 t/hm2和8.055 t/hm2,7月9日播期的‘玉香油占’实际产量最高为8.215 t/hm2。相关分析表明,合适的栽培条件下,增加每穗粒数和有效穗数可以增加产量。研究结果为合理利用当地气候资源、合理安排播栽期和提高水稻产量提供理论依据。     

Integrated breeding approaches for improving drought and heat adaptation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a dry season food legume largely grown on residual soil moisture after the rainy season. The crop often experiences moisture stress towards end of the crop season (terminal drought). The crop may also face heat stress at the reproductive stage if sowing is delayed. The breeding approaches for improving adaptation to these stresses include the development of varieties with early maturity and enhanced abiotic stress tolerance. Several varieties with improved drought tolerance have been developed by selecting for grain yield under moisture stress conditions. Similarly, selection for pod set in the crop subjected to heat stress during reproductive stage has helped in the development of heat‐tolerant varieties. A genomic region, called QTL‐hotspot, controlling several drought tolerance‐related traits has been introgressed into several popular cultivars using marker‐assisted backcrossing (MABC), and introgression lines giving significantly higher yield than the popular cultivars have been identified. Multiparent advanced generation intercross (MAGIC) approach has been found promising in enhancing genetic recombination and developing lines with enhanced tolerance to terminal drought and heat stresses.     

Increased utilization of lengthening growing season and warming temperatures by adjusting sowing dates and cultivar selection for spring maize in Northeast China

Global warming has lengthened the theoretical growing season of spring maize in Northeast China (NEC), and the temperatures during the growing season have increased. In practise, crop producers adjust sowing dates and alternate crop cultivars to take advantage of the lengthening growing season and increasing temperatures. In this study, we used crop data and daily weather data for 1981–2007 at five locations in NEC to quantify the utilization of the lengthening growing season and increasing temperatures by adjusting sowing dates and cultivar selection for spring maize production. If these two positive factors are not fully utilized, then it is important to know the potential impacts of these climatic trends on spring maize grain yields. The results show that in NEC, both the actual and theoretical growing seasons are lengthening, i.e., the sowing dates have been advanced and the maturity dates have been delayed. The actual sowing dates are 1–8 days later and the actual maturity dates are 6–22 days earlier than the theoretical perspective. Advancing sowing dates and changing cultivars led to 0–5 days and 6–26 days extension of the growing season. For the potential thermal time (TT), adjusting the sowing dates decreased the unutilized TT before sowing, while the cultivar selection increased the utilized TT and decreased the unutilized TT after maturity. On average, the unutilized heating resource before sowing is less than that after the maturity date (0.3–1.9% vs. 2.1–7.8%). During 1981–2007, for per day extension of the growing season, the spring maize grain yield increased by 75.2 kg ha⁻¹. The spring maize grain yields have increased by 7.1–57.2% when both early sowing and changing cultivars during 1981–2007. In particular, adjusting the sowing dates increased the grain yield by 1.1–7.3%, which was far less than the increase effect (6.5–43.7%) from switching to late maturing cultivars. Therefore, selecting late maturing cultivars is an important technique to improve maize grain yields in NEC under the global warming context. Nevertheless, if the currently unutilized TT were fully explored, the local spring maize grain yield would have increased by 12.0–38.4%.     

Management alternatives for improved durum wheat production under supplemental irrigation in Syria

In the Mediterranean zone, efforts to optimize combinations of supplemental irrigation (SI), improved varieties, nitrogen (N) and sowing dates aim to improve and stabilize cereal yields and maintain quality, especially for durum wheat. Thus, a 4 year field study (1992/1993 to 1995/1996) on a deep clay soil in northern Syria assessed the impact of SI (rain-fed, 1/3, 2/3 and full SI) combined with variable N application rates (0, 50, 100, 150 kg ha⁻¹) and sowing date (early, normal, late) for four improved durum wheat varieties adapted to rain-fed and irrigated conditions. As rainfall and evapotranspiration varied over the 4 years, the amount of SI water required also varied. Yields varied with the season, and the main factors, except variety, were significant. Delaying sowing from November to January reduced yields and response to both SI and N. With irrigation, crop responses were generally significant up to 100 N ha⁻¹, whereas the optimum response for rain-fed conditions occurred with 50 kg N ha⁻¹. Limited SI (1/3) significantly increased yields, but almost maximum yields were obtained by 2/3 of full SI. Water- and N-use efficiencies were greatly increased by SI, with little variation among varieties. However, irrigation and delayed sowing decreased grain protein levels, which were partially compensated for by added N. A similar effect was observed for kernel vitreousness. Models developed from the response data can facilitate the potential transfer of these findings. Thus, in most growing seasons, minimum irrigation during the winter growing season, combined with appropriate fertilization, can enhance wheat output and yet maintain grain quality.     

Modelling gross margins and potential N exports from cropland in south-eastern Australia

This study simulated the economic and environmental performance of three types of wheat sown into soils with three initial N contents and using ten different fertiliser management strategies. The Agricultural Productions Systems Simulator (APSIM) was used to model crop yields for which gross margins were estimated and a Bayesian Network used to estimate environmental risk. Based on economic and environmental considerations, it would appear that for low N soils more than 10 kg N/ha is needed at sowing. For soils with medium to high N, short and medium season wheat varieties need only 10 kg N/ha, while long season varieties require >10 kg N/ha, at sowing. Additional N fertiliser can be applied after sowing to maximise gross margins, taking into account potential crop yield and seasonal conditions. Interestingly, the study suggests that where farmers increase their gross margins they are improving their environmental performance. This is counter intuitive as it implies N fertiliser applications can lessen N exports. This results from the enhanced water uptake by the crop outweighing the adverse effects of increased N availability. It would appear that flexible cropping systems that maximise crop potential with minimum sowing N, maximise both economic and environmental performance.     

江淮下游不同播期对稻–麦周年作物产量、品质及温光资源利用的影响

对江淮下游稻麦两熟高产优质种植模式周年气候资源分配和利用特征的探究,可以为当地机插水稻–小麦周年产量和气候资源利用效率的提高提供一定的理论依据。在泰州兴化市,水稻季以迟熟中粳南粳9108和中熟中粳连粳11为材料,设置5月22日(R-Ⅰ)、5月29日(R-Ⅱ)和6月5日(R-Ⅲ) 3个播期,小麦季以冬小麦宁麦13为材料,设置11月5日(W-Ⅰ)、11月15日(W-Ⅱ)和11月25日(W-Ⅲ) 3个播期,分析了不同播期下机插水稻–小麦周年高产优质形成与稻季、麦季资源分配特征。结果表明,水稻季,随着播期推迟,迟熟中粳南粳9108产量、温光资源量及其生产效率均显著下降,中熟中粳连粳11温光资源量呈下降趋势,但产量及温光利用率呈先升后降趋势,各播期迟熟中粳产量均高于中熟中粳。小麦季,产量、温光资源量及其生产效率均随播期推迟有不同程度降低。从周年生产看,周年稻麦产量随两季作物播期的推迟显著降低,其中迟熟中粳南粳9108播期R-Ⅰ与小麦播期W-Ⅰ组合在所有处理中产量最高。水稻产量占周年产量比例最高为62.99%,最低为55.86%。两季间积温分配率水稻季最高为68.38%,小麦季最高为34.14%。季节间辐射量分配率水稻季平均为51.7%,小麦季平均为48.3%。周年积温生产效率和光能生产效率随着稻麦播期推迟,呈下降趋势,播期越迟减少越显著。品质方面,迟熟中粳南粳9108的加工品质均随着播期推迟变劣而外观品质变优,中熟中粳连粳11加工品质变优而外观品质变劣。两品种蒸煮食味品质及营养品质(除中熟中粳连粳11食味值外)均随播期推迟变劣。小麦的湿面筋含量和蛋白质含量均随播期推迟而减少。通过优化稻麦播栽期,选用适宜生育期水稻品种,可提高周年产量和光温资源生产效率,是提升江淮下游机插水稻–冬小麦模式生产力的有效技术途径。     

成都平原栽培方式对不同类型水稻品种生长发育及产量形成的影响

为明确成都平原水稻直播技术的适宜品种和配套高产栽培技术,以杂交籼稻‘德香4103’和常规籼稻‘金农丝苗’为材料开展了田间试验,调查测定了直播、机插秧及人工移栽等3 种栽培方式的生育期、分蘖成穗、叶面积消长、干物质积累、产量及其构成因素。结果表明,栽培方式间产量的差异与品种有关,杂交籼稻品种直播产量与人工移栽产量相当,高于机插秧;常规籼稻直播产量最高,机插其次,人工移栽最低。此外,直播稻群体数量增长最快,成穗以主茎和一次低位分蘖为主,抽穗后光合生产能力品种间存在显著差异。直播稻群体规模大,采用常规籼稻直播更有利于协调群体和个体的关系,依靠穗数优势实现高产。     

Effect of Intercropping Cereal, Pulse and Oilseed Crops in Redgram on Yield, Competition and Advantage

Results of a field experiment conducted in rainy season (June to December) of 1988 and 1989 at Deochanda Experiment Station, Bihar, India, indicated that intercropping cereals, pulses and oilseeds with normal planted base crop of redgram ( Cajanus cajan [L.] Mill sp.) increased land use efficiency and gave higher total yields compared to pure cropping of redgram under rainfed conditions on upland oxisols of Bihar plateau. Cereals like maize, rice and fingermillet were more aggressive in intercropping system and they tended to have depressing effect on redgram. Intercropping of short duration pulses like blackgram and greengram and legume-oilseed crops like peanut and soybean with redgram showed balanced competitive abilities and proved more efficient in the system. Intercropping system of redgram-peanut proved to be the most efficient and productive.     

Field performance of new in vitro androgenesis-derived double haploids of barley

Although barley is extensively grown in the Peruvian highlands as a food crop, agricultural and quality performance have historically been poor. A double-haploid technique was used to obtain barley varieties better suited to this environment. Three crosses were constructed: Ya/LM94, B16/LM94 and B12/LM94. From all crosses, F₁ anthers were cultured in vitro to produce double-haploid lines. At DH₆, promising materials were evaluated in the Peruvian highlands, along with their parents and two commercial controls (PPch, UNA80). Expert agronomic criteria for the ideal barley cultivar for this region were defined and Euclidean distance was used for simultaneous selection of the recorded agricultural traits. Ya/LM94-PC27 exhibited the shortest Euclidean distance to the expert criteria (0.41), higher yield than controls, and low plant height. Periods from first rain to flowering and maturity suited growth during the rainy season. Ya/LM94-PC27 was resistant to stripe rust, and its grain protein content suited the malting-brewing industry. Hectoliter and 1,000-grain masses met or surpassed industry requirements.     

镉污染稻田玉米对水稻的季节性替代种植可行性研究

通过比较种植模式双季稻（RR）,春玉米―晚稻（MR）,早稻―秋玉米（RM）的生育期、产量、经济效益及农产品镉含量等,探讨湖南镉污染稻田玉米对水稻季节性替代种植的可行性。结果表明,从生育季节来看,3种模式的晚季作物均能在10月下旬成熟,均适合在湖南双季稻区应用。2015和2016年两季作物总产量分别以RR和MR模式较高,但差异均不显著。与RR模式相比,2015年MR和RM模式下的纯收入有所下降,但2016年明显提高,2年总收入表现为MR>RM>RR,且前2种模式的单个劳动力纯收入明显高于RR模式。RM与MR模式的水稻糙米镉含量较RR模式有降低趋势,2016年晚稻表现更明显,从0.823mg/kg降到了0.621mg/kg。水稻糙米镉含量在0.231~0.823mg/kg,玉米籽粒镉含量在0.036~0.081mg/kg。水稻镉积累量远高于玉米,晚稻镉积累量远高于早稻,3种模式2季作物地上部总镉积累量表现为RR>MR>RM,且差异显著。可见,从生育季节、产量、纯收入和籽粒镉含量等角度考虑,春玉米―晚稻与早稻―秋玉米种植模式替代双季稻模式是可行的,考虑到春玉米―晚稻种植模式地上部镉移除量较多,因此宜首选春玉米―晚稻模式。     

连续阴雨天气对水稻灌浆中后期稻瘟病发生的影响

为明确水稻灌浆中后期的连续阴雨天气对稻瘟病发生的影响，本研究对镇江市2011—2016年10月份气象条件和稻瘟病发生情况进行相关性分析。结果发现：水稻灌浆中后期稻瘟病病情指数与10月份的平均低温呈正相关、相关系数0.929、关系极显著，与相对湿度≥90%的天数呈正相关、相关系数0.883、关系显著，与月降雨量呈正相关、相关系数0.761，与雨日呈正相关、相关系数0.671，与日照时数呈负相关、相关系数-0.775。10月份的连续阴雨天气和较高的平均低温对未防治区稻瘟病的影响程度重于对2次药剂防治区的影响；对防治区水稻稻瘟病的影响为枝梗瘟、谷粒瘟发生加重，对未用药区稻瘟病的影响为穗颈瘟发生加重；对感病品种稻瘟病发生影响较大，对中抗品种影响较小。因此，在连续阴雨天气到来前，建议使用不同作用机理的药剂再防治1次，对稻瘟病的后期扩展具有一定抑制作用，可有效减少褐斑谷粒比例，提高稻谷卖相、销售价格和农民收入。     

气候变化对沈阳地区大田作物的影响

为了当地农业结构调整、保障粮食生产提供依据,研究沈阳地区1951-2010年气候变化,采用气候倾向率及标准偏差方法对气候变化做定量分析。结果表明：沈阳地区年平均气温倾向率为0.196℃/10a,气候跃变之后年平均气温升高0.7℃;年降水量倾向率为-16.724 mm/10a,气候跃变之后降水减少40mm,多雨年在减少,少雨年在增加;第一场透雨出现时间被推迟,个别年份播种期受到限制。气候跃变之后终霜日提前,初霜日后推,延长了无霜期,作物播种期可适当早播;降水量减少、第一场透雨出现时间后延和不稳定,对作物生长和播种影响较大,成为农作物正常生长和产量稳定提高的限制因素。     

Effects of sowing date and nitrogen fertilization on growth,development and yield of a short day cultivar of millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in Mali

The effects of different nitrogen supplies on the performance of the short-day cultivar M9D3 of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R.Br.) and their interaction with sowing time were analysed in a two-year experiment in Mali. The first sowing dates coincided with the beginning of the rainy season. The second sowings were 20 days later. The sowing date affected only the emergence-earing duration independently of nitrogen application. The linear reduction in straw yield, caused by the shortening of the cycle, was not combined with a reduction in grain yield. The application of even low levels of nitrogen to millet crops always increased the grain yield, as a consequence of a higher number of productive panicles, while the straw production was positively affected only when the rainy season started early. The non-agreement between the high productive potential of the first sowing crops and their grain yield, in comparison with the plants of the second sowing date, could be ascribed, first of all, to the more marked asynchrony between the time corresponding to LAImax and the grain filling phase, characterised by the maximum sink demand and, second, to a longer time interval during which stem growth and panicle growth are in direct competition.     

Leaf shape × sowing density interaction affects chickpea grain yield

Modifying plant architecture is considered a promising breeding option to enhance crop productivity. Modern chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars with either compound (wild‐type) or simple leaf shapes are commercially grown but the relationships between leaf shape and yield are not well understood. In this study, a random sample of ‘Kabuli’ type progeny lines of both leaf types, derived from two crosses between modern American simple leaf cultivars and early‐flowering wild‐type breeding lines, were planted at different sowing densities. Leaf area development and final grain yield in genotypes of the two leaf types responded differently to changes in sowing densities. Compound leaf lines attained higher leaf area indices and higher grain yields at both low and high sowing densities. Yield responses of the simple leaf lines to increasing sowing density were significantly higher compared to compound leaf genotypes in two of three field experiments. The prospects for utilizing the simple leaf trait as a breeding target for short‐season growing areas are discussed.     

不同降水状况下旱地玉米生长与产量对施氮量的响应

水分不足是旱地玉米生长主要限制因素,渭北旱塬雨养玉米种植区降水季节波动大,干旱频繁发生,已严重影响春玉米正常生长发育及产量稳定性。于2016—2018年在渭北旱塬合阳县进行旱地玉米施氮量定位试验,设置5个施氮量处理, 2016—2017年包括0、75、150、270、360 kg hm~(–2) (分别以N0、N75、N150、N270、N360表示), 2018年施氮量处理为0、90、180、270、360kgNhm~(–2) (分别以N0、N90、N180、N270、N360表示),供试品种为郑单958(ZD958)和陕单8806(SD8806)。分析了不同降水分布年份施氮量对春玉米生育期土壤水分变化动态、干物质积累动态、产量构成、经济效益及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。结果表明,试验年份降水分布可分为穗期多雨、粒期干旱型(2016年和2018年)和穗期干旱、粒期多雨型(2017年)。生长季降水量及其分布显著影响土壤蓄水量和玉米地上部干物质积累,从而影响玉米产量及其构成因素,穗期干旱显著降低地上部干物质积累量和穗粒数,粒期干旱会明显降低粒重。不同降水分布年份施氮处理较N0增产6.72%～91.23%不等,施氮量对玉米产量、水分利用效率(WUE)影响呈现二次曲线关系,穗期多雨、粒期干旱型以N270处理籽粒产量和WUE最高,而穗期干旱、粒期多雨型以N150处理产量和WUE最好。籽粒产量与"休闲至抽雄期降水(FP2)"、"播前土壤蓄水量+播种至抽雄期降水(SP2)"相关性较强(FP2:R2=0.839**; SP2:R2=0.837**)。根据产量、水分利用和经济收益综合评价,渭北旱地玉米最适施氮方案为基施氮肥150kghm~(–2),再根据休闲至抽雄期降水量或播前土壤蓄水量与播种至抽雄期降水量之和预测产量,估算并及时追施适宜施氮量。     

四川盆地东南部气象因子对杂交中稻产量的影响

为了探明四川盆地东南部气象因子对杂交中稻产量的影响, 并提出相应的丰产技术对策。2015年和2016年, 以2个杂交中稻品种II优602和旌优127为材料, 在5个播种期和高氮低密与低氮高密2种栽培方式下, 研究了四川盆地东南部气象因子对杂交中稻产量的影响。结果表明, 随着播种期推迟, 平均全生育期从148.13 d逐渐缩短到123.25 d, 缩短了14.77%; 气象因子对水稻全生育期的影响主要在营养生长期, 生殖生长期受其影响较小。年度间、栽培方式间、品种间稻谷产量差异均不显著; 随着播种期推迟, 稻谷产量呈下降趋势, 从3月5日的8507.76 kg hm^-2下降到5月24日的6251.01 kg hm^-2, 降低了26.53%。播种-移栽、移栽-拔节、营养生长的日数和全生育期日数分别与穗粒数和产量呈极显著正相关。气象因子对产量的影响在不同年份和不同品种间的表现不一致: 优质稻旌优127 2015年的结实率、千粒重和产量分别与齐穗-成熟的日平均气温呈极显著正相关, 分别与拔节-齐穗的日照时数呈显著负相关; 2016年的穗粒数、产量分别与播种—移栽日最高气温、移栽—拔节的日平均气温呈极显著负相关。高产品种II优602, 2015年的有效穗、千粒重和产量分别与移栽—拔节的降雨量呈显著或极显著负相关, 2016年的穗粒数和产量分别与移栽-拔节的日最高气温呈显著或极显著负相关, 结实率、千粒重和产量分别与拔节-齐穗的日平均相对湿度呈显著正相关。生产上一季中稻模式的最佳播种期在3月5日至3月25日, 而中稻-再生稻模式则在3月5日至3月25日期间尽可能早播, 以利于提高再生稻安全齐穗保证率。     

气象条件对优质再生稻米形成的影响

为探明影响再生稻稻米品质的主要气象因子,以甬优4949、新两优223和丰两优香1号为试验材料,于2016-2017年在湖北省洪湖市沙口镇展开大田试验,对比分析2年3个再生稻品种的品质差异及其与头季、再生季各气象因子间的相关性。结果表明,不同品种再生稻稻米品质差异显著。供试品种中,甬优4949的加工、外观及蒸煮品质表现最佳,其整精米率2016年为68.5%,2017年为66.2%,显著高于新两优223和丰两优香1号;其垩白粒率、垩白度和直链淀粉含量最低,2016年分别为2.5%、1.4%和17.4%,2017年分别为2.9%、1.6%和16.5%。丰两优香1号营养品质最佳,其清蛋白、球蛋白、谷蛋白和总蛋白含量最高,并显著高于甬优4949,2年丰两优香1号总蛋白含量分别达9.23g/100g（2016年）和9.16g/100g（2017年）。再生稻稻米品质与气象条件相关性分析结果表明,再生稻加工品质与头季灌浆期日最低温度（T_min）、日均温度（T_mean）和有效积温（effective accumulated temperature,EAT）,及再生季始穗前和灌浆期EAT呈显著正相关。外观、蒸煮食味与营养品质均与头季营养生长期间T_mean和EAT呈显著负相关,与再生季始穗前T_min,灌浆期间T_min、日最高温度及T_mean呈显著正相关。再生稻头季营养生长阶段与再生季灌浆期气象条件均能显著影响再生稻稻米品质,温度因子是影响再生稻稻米品质的主要气象因素。     

Genotypic yield responses of lowland rice in high-altitude cropping systems

Rising global mean temperatures open opportunities in high-altitude production systems for temperature-sensitive crops such as lowland rice. Currently, the cropping window for rice in higher altitudes is still narrow, and thus, genotypes that tolerate a certain degree of chilling are needed to achieve their potential yield. Final yield depends on the interaction between genotype and environmental conditions. Exposing the genotype to a wide range of environments is a way to evaluate its adaptability into an expanding cropping calendar. Over a 2-year period, an experiment was conducted in lowland rice systems in Madagascar at two locations differing in altitude. Twenty genotypes with contrasting levels of tolerance to low temperature were sown monthly in a non-replicated rice garden trial. Plant development was monitored and yield and yield components were determined. Yield stability across the different growing environments was investigated. While crop duration was affected by sowing dates and altitude, yield was mainly determined by sowing date. Panicle number per m² and number of spikelets per panicle were the most limiting factors for yield potential in mid-altitude, while in high altitude, yield was mainly limited by spikelet fertility. Resulting cropping calendar and genotype recommendations are discussed.     

气候变化对中国主要作物生育期的影响研究进展

作物生育进程受环境直接影响,其中气候条件是主要的影响因子之一。本文基于中国粮食主产区分布,阐述了历史气候变化对小麦、玉米和水稻生育期的影响。结果表明,气候变化使北方冬麦区小麦播期推迟,传统品种生育期缩短;西北区冬麦越冬死亡率降低,水分利用率提高,但全生育期缩短。东北区春玉米适宜播期提前,近50年来潜在适宜生长期延长10天左右,晚熟玉米面积增加;华北区小麦-玉米一年两熟适宜生育期延长,推动了小麦—玉米“两晚技术”发展;西北区玉米整体播期提前,灌区玉米全生育期延长,旱区生育期缩短。长江中下游稻区水稻生育期普遍提前,除东北区水稻生育期延长约3天/10年,其他地区水稻全生育期基本呈缩短趋势。总体而言,气候变暖使生产中作物春季适宜播期提前,秋季适宜播期推迟,生产中传统作物品种生育期普遍缩短。通过品种选择和播期调整,可以充分发挥热量资源潜力,规避关键生育期灾害风险,并通过延长作物生长期提高产量。