利用种子醇溶蛋白聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定洋葱品种类型

利用改进的不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术，分析了洋葱不同类型品种的种子醇溶蛋白。结果表明：长日型与短日型洋葱品种的电泳谱图具有明显差异，Rf0.15和Rf0.17两条特征带可用于鉴别两种类型品种。     

饲用燕麦(Avena sativa L.)品种的种子醇溶蛋白超薄层等电聚焦电泳快速鉴定

利用超薄层等电聚焦电泳（UTLIEF）技术对青藏高原牧区普遍种植的6个饲用燕麦品种及1个国外品种进行种子醇溶蛋白鉴定分析.结果表明,参试品种种子醇溶蛋白UTLIIEF电泳图谱分辨率高,重复性好,可作为燕麦品种鉴定的蛋白质指纹图谱.电泳共分离出34条不同迁移率的谱带,其中85%的谱带具有多态性.根据Rf=0.469～0.781这一区域中不同品种所具有的A带数目,将参试品种分为4组：（1）丹麦444,锋利（具有2条A带）;（2）加拿大,473（3条A带）;（3）林纳,001（4条A带）;（4）甜燕麦（5条A带）.第1组中,444两条A带的迁移率为0.547和0.617,锋利两条A带的迁移率为0.469和0.594;第2组中,加拿大和473的差异仅仅在2条迁移率不同的B带上,加拿大具有Rf=0.594的B带,473具有0.742的B带;第3组中,001比林纳多了1条Rf=0.781的B带.据此,可将7个品种区分开.同时对参试7个品种进行了纯度检验,每个品种设3个重复,每个重复随机取50粒种子,进行单粒种子醇溶蛋白UTLIEF电泳,以此分析品种纯度.以丹麦444和林纳燕麦为例,根据品种纯度公式得到这2个品种的品种纯度,分别为81.3%和100%.其他5个品种的纯度值分别为锋利：96.7%;加拿大：99.3%;473：91.3%;001：93.3%;甜燕麦：99.3%.     

孜然芹种子贮藏蛋白的含量测定和电泳分析

对5个孜然芹种子的4种贮藏蛋白进行含量测定分析,结果表明:清蛋白含量最高,其次是球蛋白和谷蛋白,醇溶蛋白最低.品种问的贮藏蛋白各组分差异不明显.以清蛋白作为目标蛋白对10个孜然芹种子的真实性与纯度进行不连续性垂直板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析研究表明:只有粮引孜然多一条Rf值为0.68的谱带,其他9个国内孜然芹品种电泳图谱差异不显著.随着各项育种技术在孜然芹种子中的广泛应用,孜然芹品种资源将向多样化发晨,利用清蛋白电泳技术快速鉴定孜然芹品种真实性和纯度就具有一定的可行性.     

试用ISTA推荐的种子醇溶蛋白电泳方法鉴定大麦和小麦品种

试用国际种子检验协会(ISTA)推荐的电泳方法,以单粒种子的醇溶蛋白对41个大麦品种和47个小麦品种进行了电泳分析。结果看到,所有品种的醇溶蛋白的电泳图谱都各有差异,且品种内个体间的图谱表现一致。这表明,品种的醇溶蛋白电泳图谱与遗传因子有关,是鉴定品种的可靠特性。因此,单粒种子醇溶蛋白的电泳技术可用于大麦和小麦品种     

小麦籽粒不同发育阶段醇溶蛋白表达谱分析及在种子纯度鉴定中的应用

醇溶蛋白是小麦的主要储藏蛋白,具有丰富的品种间特异性,影响和参与小麦醇溶蛋白积累的基因在染色体上均有分布,因此,醇溶蛋白常被当作小麦的指纹,可用于种子纯度鉴定。为了研究小麦发育早期纯度鉴定的方法,以济麦31、津强11号、津强13号开花后不同天数的籽粒为研究材料,以醇溶蛋白表达模式为研究对象,通过A-PAGE电泳技术,探明醇溶蛋白带谱特征,明确开花后5,10,15,20,25,30,35 d,成熟小麦籽粒醇溶蛋白带谱积累情况,确定利用醇溶蛋白鉴定小麦纯度的籽粒最早发育时间节点。研究结果表明,小麦开花后5～10 d的籽粒检测不到醇溶蛋白带谱,开花后15 d的籽粒醇溶蛋白开始积累,但是带谱表达不完全,开花后20～25 d的籽粒醇溶蛋白带谱完全表达,与成熟籽粒带谱一致。因此,小麦开花20 d后的籽粒,可用于鉴定小麦种子纯度;利用开花后20～25 d大田种植的津强11号小麦进行醇溶蛋白带谱鉴定,可以准确鉴定出混杂籽粒,并明确该地块种子平均纯度为90.88%。因此,本研究探明了醇溶蛋白的积累模式,为找到未成熟籽粒可以进行醇溶蛋白鉴定的最早籽粒发育时间,实现收获前的纯度鉴定提供理论依据,也为种子企业鉴定种子纯度提供了快速、简便、高效的鉴定技术。     

不同环境和时期印度小麦品种麦醇溶蛋白的酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳带型分析

为了研究印度小麦品种的麦醇溶蛋白带型和遗传多样性，本试验采用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳方法，分析了印度近50年来培育的159个小麦品种麦醇溶蛋白带型。研究结果表明品种的麦醇溶蛋白带型存在广泛的多态性（遗传多样性指数（H）=0．875）。共鉴定出147条带型，其中ω麦醇溶蛋白区域有45条不同的带型；γ麦醇溶蛋白区域有42条；β麦醇溶蛋白区域有30条;     

辣椒种子贮藏蛋白的含量测定和电泳分析

对12个辣椒品种种子内4种贮藏蛋白清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白进行了含量测定和SDS，PAGE电泳分析。结果表明：辣椒种子贮藏蛋白含量以清蛋白和谷蛋白含量最高，其次是球蛋白，醇溶蛋白的含量最低。品种间蛋白质含量差异不明显。各品种都能通过清蛋白、球蛋白和谷蛋白的蛋白质亚基组成信息区别出其差异性。     

4种葱蒜类蔬菜种子表皮微形态的研究

本研究首次对4种葱蒜类蔬菜种子表文报形态进行了电镜扫描观察,发现韭菜、大葱、洋葱、韭葱之间,种子表皮微形态特征有明显差异,可以根据种子表皮微形态特征准确鉴别这4种蔬菜作物的种子。     

利用SDS-PAGE鉴定不同地区谷子籽粒醇溶蛋白差异

醇溶蛋白是谷子籽粒主要的贮藏蛋白,研究谷子醇溶蛋白的差异对于谷子品种选育及种质鉴定评价有重要的意义。本研究利用SDS-PAGE方法对来自不同省份的46份谷子材料进行醇溶蛋白谱带分析,结果表明,单个品种可分离出14~24条醇溶蛋白谱带,平均每个品种18.74条带,46份品种共分离出32条醇溶蛋白谱带,其中7条为共有带,25条为多态性带,多态性带数占分离出总带数的78.1%。根据迁移率大小将醇溶蛋白谱带分为A、B、C、D四个区段,四个区段内分别有6、16、15、4种带型。在B、C区段醇溶蛋白有较丰富的多态性,A、B区段弱带较多,C、D区段强带较多。醇溶蛋白分子量在13.0~55.0 kDa之间,在29,25 kDa(第23条带)、22.5 kDa(第26条带)、17.5 kDa(第28条带)位点附近醇溶蛋白表达丰富且品种之间存在较大差异。品种之间醇溶蛋白谱带存在较大的差异,可作为品种鉴定与评价的重要依据。聚类分析表明,在GD值为0.45时,46个品种可以分为5类,其中34个品种聚为一类,其他四类所包含的材料较少,这表明大部分材料醇溶蛋白相似度较高。     

利用A-PAGE研究谷子籽粒蛋白质多态性

研究谷子贮藏蛋白多态性对谷子品种选育和鉴定评价具有重要的意义。本文利用A-PAGE方法对来自不同生态区的24份谷子品种籽粒的水溶蛋白、盐溶蛋白、酸溶蛋白和醇溶蛋白的多态性进行了研究。结果发现,不同谷子品种之间籽粒水溶蛋白、酸溶蛋白谱带相似,基本没有差异;每个谷子品种的盐溶蛋白谱带有20多条,仅有4个品种出现多态性谱带,多态性也较低。说明谷子品种水溶蛋白、盐溶蛋白和酸溶蛋白A-PAGE谱带不适用于谷子鉴定研究。谷子醇溶蛋白谱带存在一定的异质性,每个品种有7~10条醇溶蛋白谱带,其中5条为公共条带,2~5条为多态性谱带,醇溶蛋白A-PAGE谱带可以作为谷子品种鉴定评价的依据。结果说明,和玉米、小麦等禾谷类作物相比,不同生态区谷子栽培品种蛋白质变异较小,遗传背景变化较小,因此需要不断丰富谷子品种的遗传基础,为谷子品种选育提供更加丰富的材料。     

黑龙江大葱病毒病原鉴定初报

大葱病毒病普遍发生,是导致产量和品质下降的主要原因。根据大葱病毒的寄主范围、病毒粒体形态、病理超微结构等测定结果,初步鉴定侵染病原属于马铃薯Y病毒科(Potyviridae),是马铃薯Y病毒属(Potyvirus)的暂定成员,其种子可传带病毒。     

水稻胞质不育的恢复基因分析

以结实率为育性指标，研究了粳稻恢复系Ｃ５７和ＺＨ１５７对ＢＴ型、ＷＡ型胞质雄性不育恢复性的遗传。Ｃ５７和ＺＨ１５７分别有恢复ＢＴ型雄性不育的一对显性和一对不完全显性的恢复基因Ｒｆ１ＲＦ１和Ｒｆ２Ｒｆ２；对ＷＡ型雄性不育，Ｃ５７和ＺＨ１５７则分别具有一对不完全显性恢复基因Ｒｆ４Ｒｆ４和一对显性恢复基因Ｒｆ３Ｒｆ３，等位性测验证明，Ｒｆ１与Ｒｆ２、Ｒｆ３与Ｒｆ４是独立遗传的。Ｃ５７的Ｒｆ１与恢复系台中     

葱蒜类蔬菜真菌病害调查及其病原鉴定

结合福建省农业有害生物普查,对葱蒜类蔬菜的病害进行了调查和病原鉴定。已查明福建省的葱蒜类蔬菜真菌性病害有葱霜霉病（Peronospora schleidenii ）、葱锈病（Puccinia allii）、蒜和韭菜灰霉病（Botrytis allii）、大蒜青霉病（Penicillium cyclopium）、葱紫斑病和大蒜叶枯病（Alternaria porri）、葱黑霉病和大蒜黑斑(紫斑)病(Stemphylium botryosum)。笔者对病害的症状和病原形态作了描述,提出了病害的检疫和防治措施。     

SSR-tagged breeding scheme for allogamous crops: a trial in bunching onion (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Allium fistulosum</Emphasis>)

In several autogamous and vegetatively propagated crops, DNA markers have been used for cultivar identification. However, allogamous crops such as bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.) are recalcitrant to marker-aided cultivar identification, as well as hybrid seed purity tests, due to the high degree of genetic heterogeneity within each cultivar. To aid cultivar identification and ensure its accuracy in bunching onion, we proposed the “SSR-tagged breeding” scheme in our previous study. The feasibility of this scheme was investigated here using a landrace of bunching onion with two populations tagged with two or four selected SSR markers. Compared with a control population, no significant differences were detected in the agronomic traits of the SSR-tagged populations. The targeted SSR loci were genetically uniform within each population whereas other loci maintained high heterogeneity. These results demonstrate that the SSR-tagged breeding scheme, even with a very small number of markers, is efficient for the identification of newly bred cultivars, and consequently for F₁ purity tests, in allogamous crops in which inbreeding depression is as severe as in bunching onion.     

Can conventional breeding programmes provide onion varieties that are suitable for organic farming in the Netherlands?

Main stream commercial onion breeders do not select varieties for organic farming, but solely for conventional farming. Seed companies consider the organic market too small to justify investments in breeding for this sector. In order to study if their varieties also suit organic farmers’ needs we interviewed four Dutch commercial onion breeders on their breeding programme and selection criteria and compared the outcome with a variety profile composed of the priority traits of Dutch organic farmers. Breeders gave priority to the same storage and bulb quality traits that are demanded by organic farmers, because organic onions are exported to conventional supermarkets that apply the same quality standards to organic and conventional onions. However, organic farmers also need varieties that perform well in the field. Breeders give low priority to field selection. Furthermore, three of the four seed companies only breed hybrids. The cytoplasmic male sterility system used to produce these hybrids does not comply with organic principles. We conclude that at present breeders can provide varieties that meet organic farmers’ demands for storability and quality traits, but they should give higher priority to field selection to also improve required field traits. The latter will only occur, if in future the organic seed market will grow. If the organic sector wants varieties developed according to its own principles, it should either set up its own onion breeding programme or seek alliances with breeding companies that are prepared to harmonize their breeding methodology with the organic principles.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Participatory design of farm level adaptation to climate risks in an arable region in The Netherlands

In the arable farming region Flevoland in The Netherlands climate change, including extreme events and pests and diseases, will likely pose risks to a variety of crops including high value crops such as seed potato, ware potato and seed onion. A well designed adaptation strategy at the farm level can reduce risks for farmers in Flevoland. Currently, most of the impact assessments rely heavily on (modelling) techniques that cannot take into account extreme events and pests and diseases and cannot address all crops, and are thus not suited as input for a comprehensive adaptation strategy at the farm level.To identify major climate risks and impacts and develop an adaptation measure portfolio for the most relevant risks we complemented crop growth modelling with a semi-quantitative and participatory approach, the Agro Climatic Calendar (ACC), A cost-benefit analysis and stakeholder workshops were used to identify robust adaptation measures and design an adaptation strategy for contrasting scenarios in 2050.For Flevoland, potential yields of main crops were projected to increase, but five main climate risks were identified, and these are likely to offset the positive impacts. Optimized adaptation strategies differ per scenario (frequency of occurrence of climate risks) and per farm (difference in economic loss). When impacts are high (in the +2 °C and A1 SRES scenario) drip irrigation was identified as the best adaptation measure against the main climate risk heat wave that causes second-growth in seed and ware potato. When impacts are smaller (the +1 °C and B2 SRES scenario), other options including no adaptation are more cost-effective.Our study shows that with relatively simple techniques such as the ACC combined with a stakeholder process, adaptation strategies can be designed for whole farming systems. Important benefits of this approach compared to modelling techniques are that all crops can be included, all climate factors can be addressed, and a large range of adaptation measures can be explored. This enhances that the identified adaptation strategies are recognizable and relevant for stakeholders.     

Onion germplasm interacts with sulfur fertility for plant sulfur utilization and bulb pungency

Summary Sixty-two onion (Allium cepa L.) entries grown under high (4.0 mequiv.liter^-1) and low (0.1 mequiv.liter^–1) S fertility were evaluated for foliar and bulb S utilization, and pungency. Significant differences were detected among entries at both S fertility levels for foliar and bulb %S, and enzymatically developed pyruvate (pungency) in bulb tissue. Correlations between foliar %S and enzymatically developed pyruvate and between bulb %S and enzymatically developed pyruvate were poor suggesting that S is differentially partitioned into flavor and non-flavor compounds in the bulbs of onion germplasm. Significant S by entry interactions were found for all variables tested indicating that selection for S utilization and bulb pungency in onions be conducted at S fertility levels indicative of targeted production areas.