盐胁迫对2个不同盐敏感性水稻品种（系）叶片光合特性与产量的影响

研究盐胁迫对不同盐敏感性水稻品种（系）叶片光合作用、叶绿素荧光参数及产量的影响,为耐盐品种选育和盐碱地有效开发利用提供理论参考。以武运粳30（盐敏感性品种）和振稻23309（耐盐性品系）为材料,比较研究不同盐分梯度（0%、0.07%、0.14%、0.21%、0.28%、0.35%）对水稻产量和抽穗期水稻叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,随盐浓度的提高,两个品种（系）产量呈现递减趋势,且武运粳30的降幅更大。在盐胁迫条件下,武运粳30的穗数、穗粒数、结实率显著降低且降幅显著大于振稻23309,两个品种（系）千粒重变化都不明显。与对照相比,在低盐胁迫（0.07%）下,振稻23309的叶片净光合速率（P_n）、叶绿素含量（SPAD值）、水分利用效率（WUE）、表观叶肉导度（AMC）、荧光参数（潜在活性F_v/F_o、最大光化学效率F_v/F_m、实际光化学效率Φ_PSⅡ、光化学猝灭系数q_p、非光化学猝灭系数q_N）均显著上升;0.14%盐浓度处理下,两个基因型水稻除q_N显著提高外,其余各参数均呈下降趋势,且振稻23309的降幅要小于武运粳30;盐浓度大于0.14%时,两个基因型水稻各参数均显著降低,且武运粳30的降幅更大。由此可见,盐胁迫对水稻产量和叶片光合特性的影响不仅与盐浓度有关,且存在显著的基因型差异;水稻叶片叶绿素含量高、光合作用的气孔限制向非气孔限制转变慢、植株水分利用率高、光合系统Ⅱ非辐射能耗散增加、光保护能力强等因素是耐盐品系振稻23309表现出较强耐盐性的内在原因。     

Effect of Pre- and Post-Kinetin Treatments on Salt Tolerance of Different Potato Cultivars Growing on Saline Soils

Different potato cultivars were subjected to 10 ⁻⁶M kinetin treatment prior to the transplantation in saline soils (pre-kinetin treatment) and to the plants already growing on the saline soils (post-kinetin treatment). The kinetine when applied before the exposure of plants to saline soils showed promotory effects on growth, tuberization and some biochemical parameters of potato at 0.5 % salinity. The degree of inhibition in number of tubers and yield was reduced at 1 % salinity due to pre-kinetin treatment. The level of proline, reducing sugars and sodium was increased in different plant parts to maintain the osmoregulation. However, kinetin did not play any specific role in reducing down the increase in proline content resulted due to salinity. The level of K⁺ was found to be higher at low salinity in all the cultivars of potato. Higher concentrations of proteins and enhanced activity of starch synthetase at low level of salinity suggest the salutary effect of Na⁺ in metabolic functions of plant cells. The nitrate reductase (NR) activity was appeared to be more sensitive than starch synthetase. This could possibly be due to the localization of the enzyme and the cellular concentration of toxic substances increased under stress. Total Glyoalkaloids (TGA) content was reduced at both the salinity levels irrespective of kinetin treatments. On the contrary Na⁺ content was increased in all the treatments of kinetin at both levels of salinity. During this study cvs. Red Lasoda, Patrones and Atom alue approved to be more tolerant as compare to rest of the cultivars tested. This could be a combined effect of genetic setup, amendments in saline soils and pre-kinetin treatments of plants exposed to various regimes of salinity. Furthermore it is argued that salt tolerance limit can be extended upto certain level of salinity by pre-kinetin treatment in potato plants.     

水稻减数分裂期颖花中激素对水分胁迫的响应

以旱A-3 (HA-3, 抗旱性品种)和武运粳7号(WY-7, 干旱敏感品种)为材料, 在减数分裂期(抽穗前15~2 d)进行充分灌溉(WW)和土壤水分胁迫(WS)处理。结果表明, WS处理显著降低叶片水势, 但穗水势没有变化。WS处理的颖花不孕率, WY-7较WW增加58.5%~50.9%, HA-3仅较WW增加12.6%~12.8%。颖花中的玉米素＋玉米素核苷、吲哚-3-乙酸和赤霉素(GA₁+GA₄)浓度在WW与WS处理间以及在两品种间无显著差异。WS显著增加颖花中脱落酸(ABA)、乙烯和1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸浓度。WY-7乙烯的增加超过ABA的增加, 而HA-3乙烯与ABA增加量大致相等。在减数分裂早期对WS稻穗施用氨基-乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸(乙烯合成抑制剂)和ABA, 颖花的不孕率显著降低; 施用乙烯利(乙烯释放促进物质)和氟草酮(ABA合成抑制物质), 结果则相反。上述结果说明, 在减数分裂期遭受水分胁迫, 内源ABA和乙烯的相互拮抗作用调控颖花的育性, 较高ABA与乙烯的比值是水稻适应水分逆境的一个生理特征。     

水分胁迫对水稻结实期一些生理性状的影响

选用抗旱性不同的3个杂交水稻品种，在干旱棚内分别在正常供水和水分胁迫条件下，研究了水稻结实期丙二醛（MDA）含量、光合速率、气孔导度、渗透调节物质及保护性酶活性等生理性状变化。结果表明，结实期随土壤水分胁迫加剧和时间延长细胞膜脂过氧化加剧，抗旱性弱的品种膜脂过氧化更为严重；剑叶光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量迅速下降，抗旱性弱的品种比抗旱性强的品种降速快、幅度大。抽穗后0～14 d随胁迫时间的延长叶片内可溶性糖、氨基酸含量增加，超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）3种酶活性升高，抗旱性强的品种增加或升高的幅度大。抽穗14 d后叶片内可溶性糖、氨基酸含量下降，SOD、CAT和POD酶活性降低。试验表明，水稻叶片MDA含量、光合作用、渗透调节物质及保护性酶活性的变化幅度与品种的抗旱性密切相关。     

NMR Techniques Coupled with Multivariate Statistical Analysis: Tools to Analyse Oryza sativa Metabolic Content under Stress Conditions

Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world and its growth is influenced by several environmental stresses, such as drought and high salinity. In our study, we first investigated the metabolic profile in shoots and roots of two rice cultivars (Arborio and Nipponbare) through ¹H-high-resolution magic angle spinning (HR MAS) and liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. Drought and salt stress experiments on shoot and root growth showed Arborio seedlings to be more sensitive than those of Nipponbare to these abiotic stresses. Moreover, the metabolic content of the same samples was analysed by liquid-state NMR coupled with multivariate statistical analysis. Principal component analysis highlighted a significant accumulation of amino acids and sugars in shoots and roots under stress conditions and the existence of clear differences between the two analysed rice cultivars. In particular, Arborio seedlings accumulated a higher concentration of amino acids and sugars than Nipponbare seedlings. Furthermore, we also obtained preliminary data about metabolic changes in rice following infection with the fungus Magnaporthe grisea . This study proves that NMR technique coupled with multivariate statistical analysis is a powerful tool to assess a possible correlation between differences in metabolic profile and in tolerance/sensitivity phenotype in rice cultivars.     

Genetic Advances in Adapting Rice to a Rapidly Changing Climate

Rice, with its wide geographic distribution extending from 50°N to 35°S, is expected to be the most vulnerable cultivated crop to future changing climates. Among the different abiotic stresses, extreme temperatures coinciding with critical developmental stages, increasingly frequent floods and drought spells, and worsening sea water inundation are some of the major threats to sustainable rice productivity. Following the successful implementation of molecular marker‐assisted backcrossing to introgress large‐effect QTL for submergence tolerance in rice mega varieties, rice breeding for drought, salinity and, recently, heat tolerance is employing the same approach. Although tolerance for combined submergence and salinity has been achieved, developing rice varieties with multiple tolerance for other abiotic and biotic stresses and finding the appropriate agronomic package to exploit their performance remain a challenge. The major bottleneck is the lack of unidentified large‐effect QTL for other abiotic stresses that are strongly influenced by genotype × environment (G × E) interaction. Rapid advances in the use of molecular tools, including a plethora of SNP markers, are expected to facilitate the development of major abiotic stress‐tolerant rice. In response to the actual farmer field situation, progress achieved in understanding and developing independent abiotic stress tolerance is being exploited to combine tolerances (for example, heat and drought; salinity and submergence) to address emerging environmental problems across a wide range of rice ecosystems.     

中国水稻热害研究历史、进展与展望

水稻热害的研究正引起世界范围内的高度关注。近50年中国长江流域共发生重大水稻热害事件6次。最近一次发生在2003年,保守估计全流域受害面积达3×107 hm^2,损失稻谷达5.18×107 t。长江流域水稻热害的严重发生,主要与其特殊的气候环境有关,也与大面积推广的部分杂交稻品种对高温较敏感有关。2003年以后,长江流域水稻热害渐成为中国农业研究的一个热点,目前主要研究集中在热害形成的田间小气候环境、持续高温天气的形成机制与预测、水稻抗性材料和品种的鉴定方法、水稻抗性性状的确认、基因定位与利用和水稻高温反应机理等方面。     

Changes in Polyamine Titer in Rice Seedlings Following NaCl Salinity Stress

Seedlings of four rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance were raised in sand cultures under increasing levels of NaCl salinity and metabolic levels of total polyamines, spermidine, spermine, agmatine and the diamine putrescine were determined in roots and shoots during 5-20 days growth period. Salinity caused a remarkable increase in total polyamines level in rice seedlings. At similar level of salinity roots as well as shoots of salt sensitive cvs. Ratna and Jaya showed higher level of total polyamines than tolerants. Salinity of 14 dSm⁻¹ NaCl caused more than 2 times polyamine level in shoots of sensitive cultivars compared to tolerants. Accumulation of polyamines was greater in salt stressed shoots than roots. In nonsalinized seedlings there appeared a gradual increase in putrescine level during 5 to 20 days growth period. Salt treatment caused sharp increase in putrescine level in all cultivars, however under similar level of salinization salt stressed seedlings of sensitive cultivars had higher putrescine level than tolerants. In nonsalinized seedlings of sensitive cultivars spermidine level increased gradually during 5 to 20 days growth period whereas a decline in the level was observed in seedlings of tolerant cultivars during this period. Higher level of salinity caused marked increase in spermidine level in sensitive cultivars. Specially during 5 to 10 days of growth salinity caused increase in spermine level in seedlings of sensitive cultivars. In all cultivars salt stressed seedlings had higher agmatine level compared to non-stressed. Salinity led to greater accumulation of certain unidentified polyamines in seedlings of sensitive cultivars. Increased levels of total polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and unknown polyamines in rice seedlings under salinization suggest their possible role in combating the adverse effects of salinity stress.     

Comparative Effects of Salt and Water Stress on Seed Germination and Early Embryo Growth in Two Cultivars of Sweet Sorghum

In semiarid regions of the Mediterranean basin, water and salinity stresses restrict crop establishment. The effects of salt and water stress on seed germination and early embryo growth (radicle and shoot growth) were investigated in laboratory in two cultivars of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] – cv. ‘90‐5‐2′ and cv. ‘Keller’ – to verify how these stresses may limit crop growth during the very early stages of growing season. Six water potentials (ψ) of the imbibition solution (from 0 to ?1.0 MPa) in NaCl or polyethylene glycol (PEG) for salt and water stress tests, respectively, were studied. Daily germination was recorded, and radicle and shoot lengths and dry weights (DWs) were measured 2 days after initial germination. Seed germination was reduced (8–30% lower than control) by water stress at ψ 相似文献   

镉胁迫对不同水稻品种苗期光合特性与生理生化特性的影响

为了研究镉抗性不同的水稻品种对镉胁迫的生理生化响应差异,采用水培法,以对镉胁迫相对敏感的水稻品种28占和对镉胁迫相对耐受的水稻品种黄粤占为材料,研究了0(蒸馏水,对照),0.05,0.10,0.20 mmol/L 4种不同镉胁迫浓度对该2个水稻品种种子萌发幼苗期的生物学性状、光合特性和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:不同镉胁迫处理浓度下,2个供试水稻品种28占和黄粤占的苗高、根长、幼苗鲜质量与幼苗干质量均随镉胁迫处理浓度的增大而减小,其中28占减小相对较显著;镉胁迫条件下,水稻叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)均呈不同程度的下降趋势。耐镉水稻品种黄粤占Pn、Gs、Tr和Ci的下降均低于镉敏感型水稻品种28占;气孔限制百分率(Ls)呈增加趋势,且品种间差异不显著。随着镉胁迫处理浓度的增加,2个供试水稻品种28占和黄粤占的幼苗叶片叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,而MDA含量、SOD、POD和CAT等抗氧化酶的活性均随着镉胁迫处理浓度的升高而增大,且镉胁迫处理下黄粤占的MDA含量与各抗氧化酶活性较对照的相对增加值小于28占。结果表明,水稻品种黄粤占种子萌发幼苗期对镉胁迫具有较好的抗性。     

减数分裂期高温胁迫对耐热性不同水稻品种产量的影响及其生理原因

以两个耐热性不同的籼稻品种为材料,在减数分裂期进行高温(白天温度>35℃)处理,以同期自然温度(白天温度<33℃)为对照,研究减数分裂期高温对产量的影响及其生理机制。结果表明,高温处理与对照相比,显著降低了热敏感品种双桂1号的花药开裂率及花粉育性,对耐热品种黄华占影响较小;明显降低了每穗颖花数、结实率和粒重,从而使产量显著下降,其中耐热品种下降幅度小于热敏感品种;热敏感品种粒宽显著缩短,长宽比显著增大,而对耐热型品种影响不大;明显降低了水稻的根系活力和幼穗的核糖核酸(RNA)含量,显著增加了叶片丙二醛(MDA)含量和幼穗的乙烯释放速率,热敏感品种变化幅度大于耐热品种;显著增加了耐热品种叶片的抗氧化酶活性,对热敏感品种无显著影响。总之,根系活力和抗氧化保护系统能力强、RNA含量高、MDA含量低及乙烯合成少是耐热性品种在高温胁迫下保持较高产量的重要生理原因。     

Acquired Thermo‐Tolerance and Trans‐Generational Heat Stress Response at Flowering in Rice

In rice, pre‐exposure to sublethal treatment followed by harsh lethal treatment is known to improve tolerance of different abiotic stresses at the vegetative stage within and across generations. Our major aim was to test the phenomenon of thermo‐tolerance at flowering across (trans)‐generations and within generation using rice cultivars contrasting for heat stress tolerance at flowering. To test trans‐generational response, plants were exposed to higher temperature at flowering stage and seeds obtained from previous generations were exposed to heat stress during flowering, which recorded significantly lower fertility when exposed to the same degree of stress in their subsequent generations. A pre‐acclimation to moderately high acclimating temperatures imposed over three different durations during the vegetative and initial reproductive stage showed positive response in the tolerant N22, particularly under severe heat stress (40 °C). This finding indicates the possibility of acquiring ameliorative thermo‐tolerant mechanisms at anthesis, restricted to tolerant genetic backgrounds to combat subsequent harsh conditions within the same generation. However, trans‐generational memory was ineffective in mitigating spikelet sterility losses in both tolerant and susceptible backgrounds. Rice is extremely sensitive to heat stress during flowering; hence, similar exercise across other crops of interest needs to be carried out before generalizing conclusions.     

Causes of Sterility in Seed Set of Rice under Salinity Stress

The effects of salinity at 50 mM NaCl on floral characteristics, yield components, and biochemical and physiological attributes of the sensitive rice variety IR‐28 were studied under controlled conditions to determine the causes of sterility in seed set under salinity stress. The results showed significant decreases in panicle weight, panicle length, primary branches/panicle, filled seeds/panicle, unfilled seeds/panicle, filled seeds/plant, unfilled seeds/plant, total seeds/panicle, total seed weight/panicle, 1000‐seed weight and total seed weight/plant. The sodium content in different leaves and floral parts increased significantly. In contrast, the potassium content was decreased significantly in leaves and floral parts. A reduction in chlorophyll a and b was also noted in different parts of the leaves. Inhibition of transpiration and photosynthesis was observed in flag leaves at the grain‐filling stage. Soluble carbohydrates in different leaves were reduced significantly in salinized plants but their content in different floral parts was increased, with the exception of primary and secondary branch spikelets. Under salinity stress, total protein concentration in flag, second and third leaves were higher than in control plants. The viability of rice pollen was reduced significantly in salinized plants. It was further observed that starch synthetase activity (α1–4‐glucan glucosyle transferases) in developing rice grains was inhibited very significantly under salinity stress. From these results, it is inferred that sterility and significant reductions in seed set in rice were not merely due to reduction or inhibition of different biochemical constituents and physiological functions, but were mainly due to limitation of soluble carbohydrate translocation in primary and secondary spikelets, accumulation of more sodium and less potassium in all the floral parts, and highly significant inhibition of specific activity of starch synthetase in developing rice grains, thus resulting in failure of seed set.     

水稻基因OsASIE1抗逆功能分析

作为重要的植物转录因子家族, AP2/EREBP转录因子在植物发育、激素、病原反应及非生物胁迫如干旱、高盐、低温应答方面起重要作用。本研究发现水稻AP2/EREBP转录因子家族EREBP亚家族成员OsASIE1 (abiotic stress induced EREBP gene)在水稻受到高盐、干旱胁迫时表达量迅速提高, 并且在水稻中超表达OsASIE1能够改善水稻抵抗盐胁迫的能力。凝胶迁移率实验(electrophoresis mobility shift assay, EMSA)表明该转录因子的AP2结构域能够结合干旱应答顺式作用元件DRE (dehydration-responsive element)和乙烯应答元件GCC box (ethylene response element), 推测OsASIE1可能通过结合DRE和GCC box 作用元件调控下游相关基因的表达, 进而调控相关抗逆反应。     

盐渍和涝渍对棉苗生长和叶片某些生理性状的复合效应

 以陆地棉鲁棉研17和鲁棉研28为材料,以无盐正常供水为对照,研究了在盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫14 d后棉苗干物质积累、叶片光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿素含量等的变化。结果表明,盐渍、涝渍和盐涝复合胁迫都显著影响两个品种的光合速率和干物质积累。盐渍对棉苗的影响程度小于涝渍,而涝渍又小于盐涝复合胁迫,盐涝双重胁迫对棉苗生长和干物质积累的抑制表现出累加效应。盐渍胁迫下叶绿素含量的下降是光合作用受抑制的重要原因,而涝渍和盐涝胁迫下光合速率下降可能是叶绿体结构和PSⅡ稳定性的下降引起的。     

抽穗和灌浆早期高温对耐热性不同籼稻品种产量的影响及其生理原因

选用4个耐热性不同的籼稻品种,分别于抽穗(始穗后0~10 d)和灌浆早期(始穗后11~20 d)进行高温(白天温度>33℃)处理,以同期自然温度(白天温度<30℃)为对照,研究高温对产量的影响及其生理机制。结果表明,与对照相比,高温处理显著降低热敏感品种的花粉可育率、受精率,而耐热品种与对照无显著差异。高温胁迫明显降低热敏感品种的结实率,导致产量显著下降,且抽穗期高温处理影响大于灌浆早期处理。高温胁迫显著增加耐热品种黄华占叶片的抗氧化酶活性,对热敏感品种影响不大。高温胁迫显著降低热敏感品种籽粒ATP酶活性,耐热品种结果则相反。高温处理增加两类品种叶片温度和丙二醛(MDA)含量,降低根系活力和叶片光合速率,耐热品种增降的幅度显著小于热敏感品种。在高温胁迫下较低的叶片温度,较强的根系活力和抗氧化保护系统能力及较高的籽粒ATP酶活性是耐热性品种保持较高产量的重要生理原因,也是耐热品种的重要生理特征。     

不同水稻品种产量对抽穗期高温的响应及其差异

为探讨全球气候变暖情况下,水稻高产稳产栽培技术及耐热新品种选育,以13个杂交水稻品种为材料,在田间自然条件下,研究了抽穗期高温对水稻产量的影响及其品种差异。结果表明,抽穗期温度升高会显著降低水稻产量,该时期平均温度每升高1℃会造成水稻减产15.3%。不同水稻品种对抽穗期高温的响应表现出显著的差异,父本丰新占所配组合对抽穗期高温的耐热能力较差,表现为结实率较低(40.5%～59.3%),而父本GR560所配组合对抽穗期高温有一定的耐热能力,结实率较高(64.9%～75.6%)。水稻抽穗期高温胁迫问题的解决,应侧重于培育生育期与当地栽培环境相适宜的新品种或通过种植制度调整和栽培技术创新,使其避开抽穗期高温。     

水分胁迫对大豆生长与产量的影响及应对措施

在大豆生长发育过程中,非生物胁迫严重影响理化进程并降低产量,其中水分胁迫是所有其他非生物胁迫（高温、低温、土地瘠薄、盐碱等）损失的总和。为了提高大豆在水分胁迫中的抗逆性,通过归纳水分胁迫对大豆生长发育及产量的研究现状,总结干旱和淹水胁迫对大豆形态结构、生理指标及产量指标的影响,分析抵御水分胁迫的应对措施和有效方法。指出目前抗旱防涝存在的问题,并提出解决方案,以期降低水分胁迫对大豆生产造成的损失。     

高温胁迫对早稻根系质膜ATPase活性及NH4+吸收速率的影响

以耐热型品种“农大228”、“082”和热敏感品种“茉莉占”、“协清早B”为材料，研究高温胁迫后不同耐性品种之间的生理差异。结果如下：高温胁迫后，耐热型品种根系质膜ATPa~e活性升高，热敏感型品种活性降低；耐热型品种根系NHf吸收速率不受影响，热敏感型品种明显下降。高温胁迫后根系NHf吸收动力学参数的变化与品种的耐热性无关。     

水稻高温胁迫的生理响应及耐热机理研究进展

自国际水稻所最先开展耐热水稻品种选育至今近三十几年来,国内外大批学者对于高温灾害评估与预测,耐热水稻品种选育及高温胁迫抗性鉴定,高温胁迫水稻形态发育、产量、品质、生理生化响应及其防御与调控,耐高温胁迫水稻品种遗传改良等方面开展了大量研究,并取得了很大的进展。该综述简要回顾了国内外水稻高温胁迫研究进展,重点评述了高温胁迫对水稻生长的影响,水稻高温胁迫下的生理响应,高温肋迫下其他环境因素对水稻生长的综合效应,以及水稻耐热/热响应的可能分子机制,以期为水稻耐热性研究提供参考。