神秘果种子和叶子中营养成分和挥发性物质分析

新鲜神秘果种子和叶子冷冻干燥后研磨成粉末,过40目筛网得到粉末样品,分别测定了神秘果种子和叶子粉末中的基本营养组成（水分、灰分、蛋白质、粗脂肪含量）、游离/总氨基酸、矿物元素、脂肪酸组成和挥发性物质。结果表明,神秘果种子和叶子都含有比较全面的氨基酸,其中谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和亮氨酸的含量最高;叶子中亚麻酸含量为29.4%,远高于种子中亚麻酸含量;种子和叶子的矿物元素都呈现高钾低钠的特点;种子中83.9%的挥发性物质是烷烃类,而叶子中主要含有的挥发性物质为醛类,含量为63.3%,其次为烷烃类化合物含量为29.1%。说明开发神秘果种子和叶子系列的功能食品具有广阔的潜力和市场价值。     

Partitioning of Biomass, N and S in Sunflower (Helianthus Annuus L.) by Nitrogen and Sulphur Nutrition

Response of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) to sulphur applied ca. 0, 30, 90 and 150 mg kg^-1 and nitrogen applied ca. 0, 100 and 200 mg kg^-1 soil were studied on a Typic Camborthids in greenhouse. Nitrogen and S application had a significant (P < 0.01) main and interactive effect on seed yield and dry weight of leaves and stem. Cumulative N and S contents of sunflower seeds, stem and leaves were significantly (P < 0.01) affected by N and S application. Sulphur transport and accumulation in sunflower seeds was increased with S application. There were significant (P < 0.01) correlations between seed yield and N and S content of sunflower plants. Critical S concentration (%) in 60 days old plants was 0.36 for 95 % relative yield of the maximum. Application of 90 mg S kg^-1 with 200 mg N kg^-1 resulted in the highest seed yield and maximum total S and N contents in sunflower leaves, stem and seeds. Relative increase in sunflower seeds yield at higher levels of N and S was more than that of dry weight of stem and leaves.     

舟山沿海锈斑蟳肌肉氨基酸组成及营养分析

采用氨基酸自动分析仪测定锈斑蟳(Charybdis feriatus Linnaeus)肌肉中的氨基酸组成,并进行相关营养分析。结果表明,锈斑蟳肌肉(鲜样)中含有17种氨基酸,总量为13.43%。其中8种人体必需氨基酸(EAA)含量为5.33%,占氨基酸总量的39.69%;4种鲜味氨基酸总量为5.59%,占氨基酸总量的41.62%。EAA与NEAA(非必需氨基酸)的比值为0.66。其必需氨基酸的构成比例符合FAO／WHO标准。AAS最高的是赖氨酸,为1.21,超过了FAO/WHO模式。必需氨基酸指数（EAAI）为60.94。结果表明锈斑蟳肌肉具有高营养、独特鲜美味道、较高食用价值和保健作用的经济蟹类。     

长柱红山茶种子营养成分的产地差异性研究

长柱红山茶(Camellia longistyla)种子颇具油用价值.以黔东南雷公山区和黔北赤水河谷采集的野生种子为材料,分别测试分析其种子形态特征、内含氨基酸及脂肪酸含量的差异,以探讨环境对种子营养价值的影响.结果表明:1)长柱红山茶种子属大粒种子,千粒重达30383.2 g,脂肪含量达428.6%;不同产地的种子形态达到显著差异、种子千粒重呈极显著差异、可溶性糖含量显著差异、可溶性蛋白含量和脂肪含量不显著差异.2)产于雷公山区和赤水河谷的种子中皆含有7种人体必需氨基酸和6种非必需氨基酸,总氨基酸(TAA)含量分别为193.7,330.1 mg/g,人体必需氨基酸(EAA)含量分别为80.1,132.9mg/g,其中组氨酸含量最高(分别为57.9mg/g和10.14mg/g),亮氨酸次之(分别为20.7mg/g和34.1mg/g),色氨酸最低(分别为01.8mg/g和00.3mg/g);不同产地种子氨基酸含量中除胱氨酸、缬氨酸含量差异显著外,其余11种氨基酸、总氨基酸、人体必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸的含量差异达到极显著差异.3)2个产地的种子营养评价皆达到WHO/FAO的理想蛋白质标准,可作为贵州特有的油用山茶种质资源开发利用.     

雌性中国鲎不同组织营养成分比较分析

检测分析成年雌性中国鲎不同组织的营养成分,探索其繁殖期的营养需求,寻找促进中国鲎性腺发育和卵细胞成熟的方法。采用国标生化分析方法对成年雌性中国鲎肌肉、黄色结缔组织和卵的常规营养、氨基酸和脂肪酸进行测定。结果表明,3种组织在常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成上较为一致,但在含量上存在着明显差异,肌肉水分含量最高(77.5%),卵粗蛋白含量最高(27.9%),黄色结缔组织粗脂肪(16.5%)、粗灰分(1.6%)、钙(1220 mg/kg)、磷(107 mg/100 g)含量均最高。3种组织中检测出17种氨基酸、13种脂肪酸;氨基酸组成中以谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高,脂肪酸组成中以棕榈酸(C_16:0)和油酸(C_18:1)含量为最高。DHA和EPA含量均为卵>黄色结缔组织>肌肉。以上结果说明,成年雌性中国鲎肌肉具有高蛋白质、低脂肪的特点,卵中含有丰富的氨基酸和不饱和脂肪酸。研究结果对于其种质资源保护、合理开发利用和营养价值评价均具有一定参考意义。     

大型白羽半番鸭肌肉营养成分分析与品质评价

为了探讨半番鸭肌肉营养品质特性,对大型白羽半番鸭的胸肌肉常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组分进行测定,并对其蛋白质营养价值做出评价。结果显示：大型白羽半番鸭胸肌水分含量为75.57%,粗蛋白质为21.79 %,粗脂肪为0.96 %,粗灰分为1.33 %,胸肌氨基酸总量为202.37 mg/g,必需氨基酸为83.20 mg/g,鲜味氨基酸为72.50 mg/g;氨基酸评分(AAS)和化学评分(CS)均表明：第一限制性氨基酸是蛋+胱氨酸,第二限制性氨基酸是缬氨酸;脂肪酸组分中不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸比为1.22;雄性鸭与雌性鸭间胸肌谷氨酸和脂肪酸C16:0差异均显著,脂肪酸C_18:2差异极显著。研究表明：大型白羽半番鸭肌肉具有蛋白质、氨基酸含量高,脂肪含量低的营养特性。     

菜豆新种质W9301植物学性状与品质评价初报

本文以来自哈尔滨郊区的菜豆新种质W9301和3份普通栽培菜豆为材料，对其植物学性状及菜豆嫩英中干物质、叶绿素、纤维素、脂肪、氨基酸含量进行了较系统的比较研究，结果表明：新种质W9301植株蔓生，分枝多，生长繁茂，缠绕性强。多花多英．种英硬而小．种子极小．百粒重为2.3g，种皮坚硬，透性差。菜豆新种质W930与栽培菜豆相比具有较高的氨基酸．必需氨基酸及脂肪和不饱和脂肪酸含量。是改良栽培菜豆品质营养成分的重要遗传资源。     

西伯利亚白刺不同部位的氨基酸测定分析

旨在为西伯利亚白刺不同部位的17种氨基酸测定提供理论基础和科学依据。从研究区采集白刺的果实、种子、叶等不同部位为分析样品材料。通过采用盐酸水解法对样品中17种氨基酸进行化学测定分析,检测白刺果、种、叶中氨基酸的种类和含量。结果表明：白刺干果中7种人体必需氨基酸含量为0.187~0.781 g/100 g,其中亮氨酸含量最高为0.781 g/100 g。2种半必需氨基酸（精氨酸,组氨酸）和7种非必需氨基酸的含量均为0.127~1.312 g/100 g。种子中7种人体必需氨基酸含量为0.065~0.795 g/100 g,其中亮氨酸含量最高为0.795 g/100 g。种子中2种半必需氨基酸和7种非必需氨基酸的含量为0.127~2.136 g/100 g,其中谷氨酸含量最高为2.136 g/100 g。在不同时期的干叶子中已检测的7种人体必需氨基酸含量由高到低依次为7月份4.392 g/100 g＞6月份3.885 g/100 g＞9月份3.307 g/100 g。2种半必需氨基酸和7种非必需氨基酸的含量由高到低依次为7月份8.783 g/100 g＞6月份7.456 g/100 g＞9月份6.452 g/100 g。本研究结果表明西伯利亚白刺果、种、叶等部位均有较高含量的17种氨基酸。     

Generation and characterisation of colchicine-induced autotetraploid Lavandula angustifolia

Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) is a small woody perennial grown for essential oil, which is steam distilled from flowers. To potentially improve size of flowers and oil yield we produced and characterised autotetraploid plants. L. angustifolia seed germinated in the presence of the mitotic spindle inhibitor colchicine at concentrations of 125 mg l⁻¹ or less resulted in plants carrying sports with larger flowers. Propagation of two sports gave rise to putative polyploid cultivars C3/2 and C6/24. Direct chromosome counts in root tip cells of seedlings from four common cultivars of L. angustifolia and the seed lot from which C3/2 and C6/24 were derived was 50 whereas C3/2 and C6/24 had greater than 90 chromosomes indicating they were autotetraploid. Ploidy level assessed by flow cytometry (FCM) of nuclei showed that 12 cultivars of L. angustifolia had similar nuclear DNA content whereas C3/2 and C6/24 had double the amount of DNA confirming autotetraploidy. The genome size (1C-value) of a diploid L. angustifolia cultivar was estimated by FCM to be 0.90 (±0.07) pg. Morphological characteristics were measured in autotetraploid and control plants. Autotetraploids had thicker peduncles, larger flowers and larger seeds than diploids. Scanning electron microscopy revealed peltate glandular trichomes were larger in the tetraploids relative to diploids. Both tetraploid and diploid cultivars had complex non-glandular trichomes on leaves and sepals and two different types of capitate glandular trichomes were identified on leaves. Autotetraploid lavenders represent useful germplasm both for commercial oil production and future breeding.     

Drought‐induced osmotic adjustment and changes in carbohydrate distribution in leaves and flowers of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Research has indicated osmotic adjustment as a mechanism by which leaves and roots of cotton plants overcome a drought period. However, the relevance of this mechanism in reproductive tissues of modern cultivars under drought has not been fully investigated. The objectives of this study were to measure osmoregulation and carbohydrate balance in reproductive tissues and their subtending leaves grown under water‐deficit conditions. Two cotton cultivars were grown under controlled environment and field conditions. Plants were exposed to water‐deficit stress at peak flowering, approximately 70 days after planting. Measurements included stomatal conductance, proline concentration, soluble carbohydrates and starch concentration, and water potential components. Stomatal conductance of drought‐stressed plants was significantly lower compared to control, while osmotic adjustment occurred in reproductive tissues and their subtending leaves by different primary mechanisms. Pistils accumulated higher sucrose levels, maintaining cell turgor in plants exposed to drought at similar levels to those in well‐watered plants. However, subtending leaves lowered osmotic potential and maintained cell turgor by accumulating more proline. Soluble carbohydrates and starch concentration in leaves were more affected by drought than those of floral tissues, with corresponding reduction in dry matter, suggesting that flowers are more buffered from water‐deficit conditions than the adjacent leaves.     

不同养殖模式下2个群体大口黑鲈肌肉营养成分比较

为评价不同遗传背景群体与养殖模式对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)肌肉营养成分的影响,优化养殖组合并引导消费,实验选择2个鲈鱼苗种群体为材料,搭配2种模式,设定4个组,经8个月养殖后,按国标法检测各组样本肌肉营养成分并进行分析。结果显示,C组肌肉含水量显著低于其他组(P<0.05),粗蛋白含量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。B组ΣTAA、ΣEAA、ƩNEAA、ΣHEAA、ΣDAA、ΣEAA/ΣNEAA等指标均显著高于其他组(P<0.05);B、C、D组各样本ΣEAA/ΣTAA值差异不显著(P>0.05),但B组ΣEAA/ΣTAA值显著高于A组(P<0.05);各组之间的ΣDAA/ΣTAA值无显著差异(P>0.05)。A组样本共获得16种脂肪酸含量数据,B和C组分别获得13种脂肪酸含量数据,D组获得12种脂肪酸含量数据;B组SFA、MUFA、EPA+DHA、PUFA、UPA、FA等指标均显著高于其他实验组(P<0.05),只有UFA/SFA这一指标显著低于C和D组(P<0.05),但与A组差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组所测得4种常量元素中K含量最高,且B组的含量(4239.33 mg/kg)显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);Na含量次之,且B组的含量(306.87 mg/kg)显著低于其他各组(P<0.05)。综上,池塘工程化循环水槽养殖的YL3产品有一定的蛋白质积累优势;传统池塘养殖TL的产品有一定的氨基酸和脂肪酸含量优势,并具有较高的钾钠比。     

侧条厚唇鱼肌肉营养成分分析与营养价值评价

本研究采用生化分析方法,对侧条厚唇鱼(Acrossocheilus parallens)肌肉常规营养成分、脂肪酸和氨基酸含量进行测定和分析,以期为侧条厚唇鱼肌肉的营养评价提供科学依据。结果表明：侧条厚唇鱼肌肉的常规营养成分中,水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量依次为(77.20±0.42)%、(19.70±0.22)%、(3.25±0.07)%和(1.30±0.01)%;其肌肉中共检出21种脂肪酸,其中饱和脂肪酸(SFA)8种、不饱和脂肪酸(UFA)13种,UFA和必需脂肪酸(EFA)分别占比达68.07%、21.76%;其肌肉中检测出17种氨基酸,其中必需氨基酸(EAA)7种、半必需氨基酸(HEAA)2种、非必需氨基酸(NEAA)8种,EAA和鲜味氨基酸(UAA)分别占氨基酸总量的40.85%、37.55%;侧条厚唇鱼肌肉的氨基酸组成具有较好的平衡性,其必需氨基酸的氨基酸评分值(AAS)除了缬氨酸外均大于1,化学评分值(CS)均大于0.5,必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)达到86.19,蛋白质的品质较好。综上,侧条厚唇鱼的营养价值较高,是一种具有较高开发价值的优质淡水经济鱼类。     

乌鳢和金黄色乌鳢肌肉营养成分分析与评价

比较普通乌鳢和金黄色乌鳢肌肉营养成分,为金黄色乌鳢的营养价值研究提供理论依据。采用国际标准检测方法,分别测定普通乌鳢和金黄色乌鳢肌肉的常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸的含量,并用SPSS16.0对测定结果进行分析。结果显示,2种乌鳢肌肉中粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分的含量没有表现出显著差异(P>0.05),金黄色乌鳢肌肉中水分含量显著高于普通乌鳢(P<0.05);2种乌鳢检测出的17种氨基酸中谷氨酸(Glu)含量最高,半胱氨酸(Cys)含量最低,EAA/TAA和EAA/NEAA的比值分别在39.29%~39.66%和77.20%~79.36%之间;2种乌鳢饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸总量差异不显著(P>0.05),均含有EPA和DHA,差异不显著,而金黄色乌鳢油酸和亚油酸含量显著高于普通乌鳢。金黄色乌鳢不仅与普通乌鳢同样具备较高的营养和保健价值,还具备特有的观赏价值,具有良好的开发利用前景。     

Cold Stress Injury during the Pod-Filling Phase in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.): Effects on Quantitative and Qualitative Components of Seeds

Chilling stress (<10 °C) is detrimental for chickpea, especially at the reproductive phase and leads to abortion of flowers, pods and impaired seed filling, causing severe reduction in yield. The information on the effects of low temperature during different pod-filling stages on quality and quantity of developing seeds is lacking in chickpea and hence this study. In this study, chickpea plants growing under warm conditions of the glasshouse were subjected to cold conditions of the field at the two stages, (a) early pod-filling and (b) late pod-filling, and subsequently analysed for stress injury in terms of electrolyte leakage (EL), 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride reduction, relative leaf water content and total chlorophyll content in the leaves of control and cold-stressed plants. Cold stress caused elevation of EL but reduced all the other parameters. Sucrose content decreased significantly in the leaves of cold-stressed plants. The differences between the effects of stress at two stages on the total plant dry weight were small and insignificant. The seed growth rate, seed fill duration, seed number, and average seed weight and size decreased greatly in the plants cold-stressed at the late pod-filling stage than those stressed at the early pod-filling stage. Greater reduction was observed in starch, proteins, soluble sugars, fat, crude fibre and storage protein fractions in the seeds of the plants cold-stressed at the late pod-filling stage. This coincided with a larger decrease in sucrose content, the activities of sucrose synthase, invertase and starch synthase observed at this stage. The germination and growth potential were, however, inhibited to a greater extent in seeds of plants stressed at the early pod-filling stage.     

Gene flow in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

This study was conducted in Brazil in order to assess the potential risk posed by gene escape from transgenic into non-transgenic plants and wild populations. A new methodology was applied to evaluate the gene flow between common bean cultivars, by means of a specially delineated experiment in two stages. The first stage consisted of the planting of one cultivar with violet flowers (BB) as pollen source (‘Diamante Negro’), and a receiver (‘Talismã’) with white flowers (bb), at different distances. The source was sown in the center of the area. The pollen receiver cultivar was sown, in concentrical squares around it. At maturity, the rows were sampled at varied distances from the source in the four cardinal directions. In the second stage, the sampled seeds of the previous stage were sown, and the percentage of outcrossing was evaluated during flowering through the presence of violet flowers (Bb). The highest frequency of natural hybrids, 0.136%, occurred at a distance of 0.5 m between the cultivars. The natural outcrossing rate was practically zero beyond a distance of 3.25 m.     

不同苦荞品种花和籽粒空间分布特征及差异分析

以8个苦荞品种为试验材料,研究不同苦荞品种花和籽粒在植株不同部位的分布特征及差异。结果表明,不同苦荞品种花和籽粒总数存在显著差异,其中川荞2号总花数、总籽粒数最高,分别为3 046.6和1 367.8,而川荞1号最少,分别为1 017.6和487.2,品种间总花数和总籽粒数变异系数分别为34.8%、29.0%。不同苦荞品种花和籽粒空间分布呈现相同趋势,均主要分布于分枝上,分别占整株的76.3%和74.2%以上,且均显著高于主茎,分别高68.7%~87.0%和65.2%~84.5%。生产上可通过调控分枝的有效籽粒数来提高苦荞产量。     

小米蛋白质的氨基酸组成及品质评价分析

分析北方具有代表性不同品种小米中的粗蛋白质含量和氨基酸组成,研究了小米中氮含量和赖氨酸含量的相关性。结果表明,不同品种小米中粗蛋白质含量变幅为11.02%～15.97%,平均值为12.91%。谷氨酸、亮氨酸、丙氨酸和天门冬氨酸是小米氨基酸的主要组成部分;赖氨酸和苏氨酸是限制性氨基酸,其评分分别为35.56和83.75,必需氨基酸指数为76.22。     

不同产地香菇氨基酸组成及营养价值评价

为比较不同产地香菇的氨基酸组成差异,使用氨基酸自动分析仪快速检测了5种不同产地香菇的氨基酸组成,采用氨基酸比值系数法对其氨基酸进行营养价值评价。结果表明,不同产地香菇的氨基酸含量不同,总氨基酸含量在(14.39～18.71) g/100 g;必需氨基酸含量相差较大,其范围为(4.68～6.33) g/100 g,必需氨基酸占总氨基酸(EAA/TAA)的平均值为34%,必需氨基酸占非必需氨基酸(EAA/NEAA)的平均值为51%。在5种香菇样品中,亮氨酸的比值系数(RC)最小,为第一限制性氨基酸,氨基酸比值系数分(SRC)平均值为87.846。四川通江(Q5)香菇的SRC值最高,且各必需氨基酸的RC值与1接近,与模式氨基酸最接近,因此从氨基酸含量及必需氨基酸所占比例来讲,四川通江(Q5)香菇的品质最佳,可作为香菇蛋白产品开发与利用的理想资源。     

Evaluation of the Forage Potentials of Pearl Millet in a Semi-arid Tropical Environment

The pastures and rangelands of the semi-arid region of Nigeria wherein is the bulk of the livestock in the country, provide sufficient nutrients for livestock for no more than three to five months of the year. There is therefore need to have high yielding and good quality forages to ensure adequate all-year-round forage supply for the livestock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage potentials of pearl millet ( Pennistetum americanum [L.] K. Schum.) which is well adapted to the region. Twenty cultivars were evaluated for their growth, forage yield and mineral content potentials.
The cultivars were significantly different in the number of leaves per plant, plant height, dry matter yield and potassium content in each cutting. Differences in crude protein and crude fibre contents were significant only between cuttings. Variations in crude protein and crude fibre contents ranged from 14.1 to 20.3 % and from 28 to 30.8 %, respectively. Cultivars had a progressive dimunition in growth, yield and mineral content potentials after the first or second cutting. Pearl millet therefore seems less suited to forage production in the semi-arid region of Nigeria since no cultivar showed the potentials for adequate supply of all-year-round forage.